Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 255 - 280, 30.06.2025
Abstract
References
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- P. Li, D. Karunanidhi, T. Subramani, and K. Srinivasamoorthy, “Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2021.
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- A. Rezaei, H. Hassani, S. Hassani, N. Jabbari, S. B. Fard Mousavi, and S. Rezaei, “Evaluation of groundwater quality and heavy metal pollution indices in Bazman basin, southeastern Iran,” Groundwater for Sustainable Development, vol. 9, p. 100245, 2019.
- F. Alshehri, S. Almadani, A. S. El-Sorogy, E. Alwaqdani, H. J. Alfaifi, and T. Alharbi, “Influence of seawater intrusion and heavy metals contamination on groundwater quality, Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 165, p. 112094, 2021.
- G. Dodbiba, J. Ponou, and T. Fujita, “Biosorption of heavy metals,” Microbiology for Minerals, Metals, Materials and the Environment, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 409–426, 2015.
- K. Kumar Yadav et al., “Mechanistic understanding and holistic approach of phytoremediation: A review on application and future prospects,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 120, pp. 274–298, 2018.
- M. Hasan, M. A. Islam, M. J. Alam, M. Rahman, and M. A. Hasan, “Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater resource in Savar — an industrialized zone of Bangladesh,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 194, no. 8, 2022.
- N. J. Pawar and J. B. Pawar, “Intra-annual variability in the heavy metal geochemistry of ground waters from the Deccan basaltic aquifers of India,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 1–24, 2016.
- P. Patel, N. J. Raju, B. C. S. R. Reddy, U. Suresh, D. B. Sankar, and T. V. K. Reddy, “Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin, India: risk assessment and environmental implications,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 609–623, 2018.
- S. I. Abba et al., “Trace element pollution tracking in the complex multi-aquifer groundwater system of Al-Hassa oasis (Saudi Arabia) using spatial, chemometric and index-based techniques,” Environmental Research, vol. 249, p. 118320, 2024.
- P. Sharma, A. Dubey, S. K. C.-I. J. S. E. Res, and U. 2013, “Determination of heavy metals in surface and ground water in an around (Agrang Block) Raipur District, Chhattisgarh, India,” International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 722–724, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amit-Dubey-5/publication/337622173_Determination_of_heavy_metals_in_surface_and_ground_water_in_an_around_Agrang_block_Raipur_district_Chhattisgarh_India/links/5de5f32f299bf10bc33a8919/Determination-of-heavy-metals-in-
- D. A. Ayejoto, J. C. Agbasi, J. C. Egbueri, and S. I. Abba, “Evaluation of oral and dermal health risk exposures of contaminants in groundwater resources for nine age groups in two densely populated districts, Nigeria,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 4, p. e15483, Apr. 2023.
- C. C. Aralu, P. A. C. Okoye, H. O. Abugu, K. E. Ochiagha, and J. C. Egbueri, “Evaluating the seasonal variations of risks associated with potentially toxic elements in underground water sources near a dumpsite in Awka, Nigeria,” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, vol. 15, p. 100440, 2024.
- G. Katalakute, V. Wagh, D. Panaskar, and S. Mukate, “Impact of Drought on Environmental, Agricultural and Socio-economic Status in Maharashtra State, India,” Natural Resources and Conservation, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 35–41, 2016.
- A. Jamal, M. A. Delavar, A. Naderi, N. Nourieh, B. Medi, and A. H. Mahvi, “Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding a lead and zinc smelting plant in Zanjan, Iran,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1018–1033, 2019.
- M. Kaur, A. Kumar, R. Mehra, and I. Kaur, “Quantitative assessment of exposure of heavy metals in groundwater and soil on human health in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 77–94, 2020.
- P. K. Rai, S. S. Lee, M. Zhang, Y. F. Tsang, and K. H. Kim, “Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management,” Environment International, vol. 125, pp. 365–385, 2019.
- D. A. Ayejoto and J. C. Egbueri, “Human health risk assessment of nitrate and heavy metals in urban groundwater in Southeast Nigeria,” Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 60–72, 2023.
- K. Sharma, N. Janardhana Raju, N. Singh, and S. Sreekesh, “Heavy metal pollution in groundwater of urban Delhi environs: Pollution indices and health risk assessment,” Urban Climate, vol. 45, p. 101233, 2022.
- B. Abou Zakhem and R. Hafez, “Heavy metal pollution index for groundwater quality assessment in Damascus Oasis, Syria,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 6591–6600, 2015.
- D. Attarde, M. Jain, P. K. Singh, and S. K. Gupta, “Energy-efficient seawater desalination and wastewater treatment using osmotically driven membrane processes,” Desalination, vol. 413, pp. 86–100, 2017.
- I. Doyi, D. Essumang, G. Gbeddy, S. Dampare, E. Kumassah, and D. Saka, “Spatial distribution, accumulation and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and groundwater of the Tano Basin, Ghana,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 165, pp. 540–546, 2018.
- V. M. Wagh, D. B. Panaskar, S. V. Mukate, S. K. Gaikwad, A. A. Muley, and A. M. Varade, “Health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Kadava River Basin, Nashik, India,” Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 969–980, 2018.
- S. Nazneen, S. Singh, and N. J. Raju, “Heavy metal fractionation in core sediments and potential biological risk assessment from Chilika lagoon, Odisha state, India,” Quaternary International, vol. 507, pp. 370–388, 2019.
- D. Huang, H. Gui, M. Lin, and W. Peng, “Accumulation characteristics and health risk of heavy metals in soil and plant: A case study from huaibei coalfield, China,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 8246–8254, 2017.
- K. Ravindra and S. Mor, “Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 250, pp. 820–830, 2019.
- Z. Zhaoyong, J. Abuduwaili, and J. Fengqing, “Heavy metal contamination, sources, and pollution assessment of surface water in the Tianshan Mountains of China,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 187, no. 2, pp. 1–13, 2015.
- Ammar Salman Dawood, “Using of Nemerow’s Pollution Index (NPI) for Water Quality Assessment of Some Basrah Marshes, South of Iraq,” Journal of University of Babylon, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1708–1720, 2017.
- Y. Jiang et al., “Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province, China,” Chemosphere, vol. 168, pp. 1658–1668, 2017.
- S. Pervez et al., “Sources and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in groundwater in the mineral-rich tribal belt of Bastar, Central India,” Groundwater for Sustainable Development, vol. 14, p. 100628, 2021.
- V. P. Dheeraj, C. S. Singh, A. K. Sonkar, and N. Kishore, “Heavy metal pollution indices estimation and principal component analysis to evaluate the groundwater quality for drinking purposes in coalfield region, India,” Sustainable Water Resources Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2024.
- P. Ravikumar and R. K. Somashekar, “Principal component analysis and hydrochemical facies characterization to evaluate groundwater quality in Varahi river basin, Karnataka state, India,” Applied Water Science, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 745–755, 2017.
- R. A. Mir and K. A. Lone, “A Recent Scenario of Groundwater Quality in Kashmir, Northwest Himalaya, India,” in Bioremediation and Biotechnology, vol. 4, Cham: Springer, 2020, pp. 39–63.
- W. Xie et al., “Shale gas wastewater characterization: Comprehensive detection, evaluation of valuable metals, and environmental risks of heavy metals and radionuclides,” Water Research, vol. 220, p. 118703, 2022.
- S. Cao et al., “Health risks from the exposure of children to As, Se, Pb and other heavy metals near the largest coking plant in China,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 472, pp. 1001–1009, 2014.
- H. K. Alluri, S. R. Ronda, V. S. Settalluri, B. Jayakumar Singh, V. Suryanarayana, and P. Venkateshwar, “Biosorption: An eco-friendly alternative for heavy metal removal,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 6, no. 25, pp. 2924–2931, 2007.
- Y. Wang, C. Xin, S. Yu, Y. Xie, W. Zhang, and R. Fu, “Health Risk Assessment Based on Source Identification of Heavy Metal(loid)s: A Case Study of Surface Water in the Lijiang River, China,” Toxics, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 726, 2022.
- G. H. Jeelani, R. A. Shah, and A. Hussain, “Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Kashmir Valley, India,” Journal of Earth System Science, vol. 123, no. 5, pp. 1031–1043, 2014.
- S. C. Homoncik, A. M. MacDonald, K. V. Heal, B. É. Ó Dochartaigh, and B. T. Ngwenya, “Manganese concentrations in Scottish groundwater,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, no. 12, pp. 2467–2473, 2010.
- C. Anastassiadis, “Effects of a high-fat diet and an exercise-based rescue on neuroanatomy in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,” no. July. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ww72bh10r
- D. Khan, S. Qayyum, S. Saleem, and F. Khan, “Lead-induced oxidative stress adversely affects health of the occupational workers,” Toxicology and Industrial Health, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 611–618, 2008.
- H. N. Saleh et al., “Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Wells in Neyshabur Plain, Iran,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 190, no. 1, pp. 251–261, 2019.
- V. Andreu and E. Gimeno-García, “Total content and extractable fraction of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in calcareous orchard soils,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 27, no. 13–14, pp. 2633–2648, 1996.
- N. Defarge, J. Spiroux de Vendômois, and G. E. Séralini, “Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides,” Toxicology Reports, vol. 5, pp. 156–163, 2018.
- S. Punitha and G. Selvarajan, “Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Ground Water From Kilvelur Taluk, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India,” Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 538–547, 2018.
Heavy metal contamination in the groundwater of the southern expanse of the Northwestern Himalayan region: An evaluation of pollution indices and health risks utilizing Mathematical Modelling
Abstract
Water quality has a direct impact on both human health and the socioeconomic system's viability. Pollutants, especially heavy metals, seep into water systems and deteriorate water quality as human activity increases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the heavy metal contamination in groundwater and its potential health risk posed to humans in the southern part of the Northwestern Himalayan region, encompassing four Kashmir districts (Anantnag, Pulwama, Shopian, and Kulgam), during both pre- and post-monsoon, using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The research scrutinized heavy metal levels in 25 borewell water samples. The Nemerow pollution index was employed to assess water quality, revealing varying degrees: Dooru Shahabad exhibited excellent quality (NPI < 0.5), Hillar and Kakapura were classified as good (NPI 0.5–0.75), while Wanpoh and Zeewan displayed moderate quality (NPI 0.75–1). The remaining 20 samples showed consistently poor quality (NPI > 1). Spatial distribution of heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Mn, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn) was mapped using contour maps, revealing concentrations ranging from 0.01 mg/L to 0.15 mg/L for Pb, 0.05 mg/L to 0.2 mg/L for Ni, and 0.1 mg/L to 0.5 mg/L for Mn. Statistical analysis, including ANOVA, showed no significant variations in mean concentrations of Pb (0.05 ± 0.01 mg/L), Ni (0.1 ± 0.02 mg/L), Cd (0.01 ± 0.005 mg/L), Cu (0.03 ± 0.01 mg/L), Fe (0.4 ± 0.1 mg/L), and Zn (0.2 ± 0.05 mg/L) (p > 0.05), Principal component analysis and cluster analysis showed that the main source of heavy metal pollution in the groundwater of study area is anthropogenic. The contamination extent underscores the necessity to evaluate its human health impact. The carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic hazards were calculated using the measured concentration of heavy metals and the average daily water intake. The calculated carcinogenic risk values for Pb is 2.31x 10-3, Cd is 6.51x10-5, and Ni is 3.94 x 10-5 exceeds the acceptable limit of 1.0 x 10-6 as per different agencies. Non-carcinogenic risk rankings across districts were Pb>Ni>Mn>Cd>Cu>Fe>Zn, with Pb posing the highest carcinogenic risk. Subsequently, total health risk, incorporating non-carcinogenic risks for seven heavy metals and carcinogenic risks for three, was mathematically computed. Lead was found to contribute 72% to the total health risk. This research illuminates the degree of pollution caused by heavy metals in a region of paramount importance, urging further investigation into its health implications that can support the decision-making of local government organisations regarding the sustainable use of groundwater resources and the efficient protection of the groundwater environment.
Keywords
Groundwater quality assessment nemerrow pollution index carcinogenic risk non-carcinogenic risk human health risk
References
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- P. Li, D. Karunanidhi, T. Subramani, and K. Srinivasamoorthy, “Sources and Consequences of Groundwater Contamination,” Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 80, no. 1, pp. 1–10, 2021.
- M. Rodell, I. Velicogna, and J. S. Famiglietti, “Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India,” Nature, vol. 460, no. 7258, pp. 999–1002, 2009.
- A. Rezaei, H. Hassani, S. Hassani, N. Jabbari, S. B. Fard Mousavi, and S. Rezaei, “Evaluation of groundwater quality and heavy metal pollution indices in Bazman basin, southeastern Iran,” Groundwater for Sustainable Development, vol. 9, p. 100245, 2019.
- F. Alshehri, S. Almadani, A. S. El-Sorogy, E. Alwaqdani, H. J. Alfaifi, and T. Alharbi, “Influence of seawater intrusion and heavy metals contamination on groundwater quality, Red Sea coast, Saudi Arabia,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 165, p. 112094, 2021.
- G. Dodbiba, J. Ponou, and T. Fujita, “Biosorption of heavy metals,” Microbiology for Minerals, Metals, Materials and the Environment, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 409–426, 2015.
- K. Kumar Yadav et al., “Mechanistic understanding and holistic approach of phytoremediation: A review on application and future prospects,” Ecological Engineering, vol. 120, pp. 274–298, 2018.
- M. Hasan, M. A. Islam, M. J. Alam, M. Rahman, and M. A. Hasan, “Hydrogeochemical characterization and quality assessment of groundwater resource in Savar — an industrialized zone of Bangladesh,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 194, no. 8, 2022.
- N. J. Pawar and J. B. Pawar, “Intra-annual variability in the heavy metal geochemistry of ground waters from the Deccan basaltic aquifers of India,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 75, no. 8, pp. 1–24, 2016.
- P. Patel, N. J. Raju, B. C. S. R. Reddy, U. Suresh, D. B. Sankar, and T. V. K. Reddy, “Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin, India: risk assessment and environmental implications,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 609–623, 2018.
- S. I. Abba et al., “Trace element pollution tracking in the complex multi-aquifer groundwater system of Al-Hassa oasis (Saudi Arabia) using spatial, chemometric and index-based techniques,” Environmental Research, vol. 249, p. 118320, 2024.
- P. Sharma, A. Dubey, S. K. C.-I. J. S. E. Res, and U. 2013, “Determination of heavy metals in surface and ground water in an around (Agrang Block) Raipur District, Chhattisgarh, India,” International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 722–724, 2013, [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amit-Dubey-5/publication/337622173_Determination_of_heavy_metals_in_surface_and_ground_water_in_an_around_Agrang_block_Raipur_district_Chhattisgarh_India/links/5de5f32f299bf10bc33a8919/Determination-of-heavy-metals-in-
- D. A. Ayejoto, J. C. Agbasi, J. C. Egbueri, and S. I. Abba, “Evaluation of oral and dermal health risk exposures of contaminants in groundwater resources for nine age groups in two densely populated districts, Nigeria,” Heliyon, vol. 9, no. 4, p. e15483, Apr. 2023.
- C. C. Aralu, P. A. C. Okoye, H. O. Abugu, K. E. Ochiagha, and J. C. Egbueri, “Evaluating the seasonal variations of risks associated with potentially toxic elements in underground water sources near a dumpsite in Awka, Nigeria,” Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, vol. 15, p. 100440, 2024.
- G. Katalakute, V. Wagh, D. Panaskar, and S. Mukate, “Impact of Drought on Environmental, Agricultural and Socio-economic Status in Maharashtra State, India,” Natural Resources and Conservation, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 35–41, 2016.
- A. Jamal, M. A. Delavar, A. Naderi, N. Nourieh, B. Medi, and A. H. Mahvi, “Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding a lead and zinc smelting plant in Zanjan, Iran,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 1018–1033, 2019.
- M. Kaur, A. Kumar, R. Mehra, and I. Kaur, “Quantitative assessment of exposure of heavy metals in groundwater and soil on human health in Reasi district, Jammu and Kashmir,” Environmental Geochemistry and Health, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 77–94, 2020.
- P. K. Rai, S. S. Lee, M. Zhang, Y. F. Tsang, and K. H. Kim, “Heavy metals in food crops: Health risks, fate, mechanisms, and management,” Environment International, vol. 125, pp. 365–385, 2019.
- D. A. Ayejoto and J. C. Egbueri, “Human health risk assessment of nitrate and heavy metals in urban groundwater in Southeast Nigeria,” Acta Ecologica Sinica, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 60–72, 2023.
- K. Sharma, N. Janardhana Raju, N. Singh, and S. Sreekesh, “Heavy metal pollution in groundwater of urban Delhi environs: Pollution indices and health risk assessment,” Urban Climate, vol. 45, p. 101233, 2022.
- B. Abou Zakhem and R. Hafez, “Heavy metal pollution index for groundwater quality assessment in Damascus Oasis, Syria,” Environmental Earth Sciences, vol. 73, no. 10, pp. 6591–6600, 2015.
- D. Attarde, M. Jain, P. K. Singh, and S. K. Gupta, “Energy-efficient seawater desalination and wastewater treatment using osmotically driven membrane processes,” Desalination, vol. 413, pp. 86–100, 2017.
- I. Doyi, D. Essumang, G. Gbeddy, S. Dampare, E. Kumassah, and D. Saka, “Spatial distribution, accumulation and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and groundwater of the Tano Basin, Ghana,” Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 165, pp. 540–546, 2018.
- V. M. Wagh, D. B. Panaskar, S. V. Mukate, S. K. Gaikwad, A. A. Muley, and A. M. Varade, “Health risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Kadava River Basin, Nashik, India,” Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 969–980, 2018.
- S. Nazneen, S. Singh, and N. J. Raju, “Heavy metal fractionation in core sediments and potential biological risk assessment from Chilika lagoon, Odisha state, India,” Quaternary International, vol. 507, pp. 370–388, 2019.
- D. Huang, H. Gui, M. Lin, and W. Peng, “Accumulation characteristics and health risk of heavy metals in soil and plant: A case study from huaibei coalfield, China,” Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 8246–8254, 2017.
- K. Ravindra and S. Mor, “Distribution and health risk assessment of arsenic and selected heavy metals in Groundwater of Chandigarh, India,” Environmental Pollution, vol. 250, pp. 820–830, 2019.
- Z. Zhaoyong, J. Abuduwaili, and J. Fengqing, “Heavy metal contamination, sources, and pollution assessment of surface water in the Tianshan Mountains of China,” Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 187, no. 2, pp. 1–13, 2015.
- Ammar Salman Dawood, “Using of Nemerow’s Pollution Index (NPI) for Water Quality Assessment of Some Basrah Marshes, South of Iraq,” Journal of University of Babylon, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1708–1720, 2017.
- Y. Jiang et al., “Source apportionment and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil for a township in Jiangsu Province, China,” Chemosphere, vol. 168, pp. 1658–1668, 2017.
- S. Pervez et al., “Sources and health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in groundwater in the mineral-rich tribal belt of Bastar, Central India,” Groundwater for Sustainable Development, vol. 14, p. 100628, 2021.
- V. P. Dheeraj, C. S. Singh, A. K. Sonkar, and N. Kishore, “Heavy metal pollution indices estimation and principal component analysis to evaluate the groundwater quality for drinking purposes in coalfield region, India,” Sustainable Water Resources Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–16, 2024.
- P. Ravikumar and R. K. Somashekar, “Principal component analysis and hydrochemical facies characterization to evaluate groundwater quality in Varahi river basin, Karnataka state, India,” Applied Water Science, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 745–755, 2017.
- R. A. Mir and K. A. Lone, “A Recent Scenario of Groundwater Quality in Kashmir, Northwest Himalaya, India,” in Bioremediation and Biotechnology, vol. 4, Cham: Springer, 2020, pp. 39–63.
- W. Xie et al., “Shale gas wastewater characterization: Comprehensive detection, evaluation of valuable metals, and environmental risks of heavy metals and radionuclides,” Water Research, vol. 220, p. 118703, 2022.
- S. Cao et al., “Health risks from the exposure of children to As, Se, Pb and other heavy metals near the largest coking plant in China,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 472, pp. 1001–1009, 2014.
- H. K. Alluri, S. R. Ronda, V. S. Settalluri, B. Jayakumar Singh, V. Suryanarayana, and P. Venkateshwar, “Biosorption: An eco-friendly alternative for heavy metal removal,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 6, no. 25, pp. 2924–2931, 2007.
- Y. Wang, C. Xin, S. Yu, Y. Xie, W. Zhang, and R. Fu, “Health Risk Assessment Based on Source Identification of Heavy Metal(loid)s: A Case Study of Surface Water in the Lijiang River, China,” Toxics, vol. 10, no. 12, p. 726, 2022.
- G. H. Jeelani, R. A. Shah, and A. Hussain, “Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Kashmir Valley, India,” Journal of Earth System Science, vol. 123, no. 5, pp. 1031–1043, 2014.
- S. C. Homoncik, A. M. MacDonald, K. V. Heal, B. É. Ó Dochartaigh, and B. T. Ngwenya, “Manganese concentrations in Scottish groundwater,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 408, no. 12, pp. 2467–2473, 2010.
- C. Anastassiadis, “Effects of a high-fat diet and an exercise-based rescue on neuroanatomy in the triple-transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,” no. July. 2020. [Online]. Available: https://escholarship.mcgill.ca/concern/theses/ww72bh10r
- D. Khan, S. Qayyum, S. Saleem, and F. Khan, “Lead-induced oxidative stress adversely affects health of the occupational workers,” Toxicology and Industrial Health, vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 611–618, 2008.
- H. N. Saleh et al., “Carcinogenic and Non-carcinogenic Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater Wells in Neyshabur Plain, Iran,” Biological Trace Element Research, vol. 190, no. 1, pp. 251–261, 2019.
- V. Andreu and E. Gimeno-García, “Total content and extractable fraction of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead, and zinc in calcareous orchard soils,” Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 27, no. 13–14, pp. 2633–2648, 1996.
- N. Defarge, J. Spiroux de Vendômois, and G. E. Séralini, “Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides,” Toxicology Reports, vol. 5, pp. 156–163, 2018.
- S. Punitha and G. Selvarajan, “Analysis of Heavy Metals Concentration in Ground Water From Kilvelur Taluk, Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India,” Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 538–547, 2018.
There are 46 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Environmental Pollution and Prevention |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | June 12, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | August 22, 2024 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 |
