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EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 63 - 72, 30.04.2025

Muhammet Mevlüt Karaca , İzel Ekinci , Daver Ali

Abstract

Porous structures are of great interest in biomedical and engineering applications due to their light weight, high mechanical strength, and biological compatibility. In this study, based on the widespread use of gyroid structures in bone scaffolds and their potential to adapt to the heterogeneous mechanical properties of bone tissue, the effect of geometric arrangements on mechanical strength was investigated. Using the tri-periodic minimal surface trigonometric function, the reference model G(0) with 80% porosity was taken as a basis, and three different geometries were created by reducing the unit cell of the gyroid on the y-axis by 25% (G(-25)), keeping it constant (G(0)), and enlarging it by 25% (G(+25)). Using the biomaterial PLA, these non-isotropic structures were fabricated through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and 3D printed in the longitudinal and lateral axes, then subjected to compression tests. The compression test results showed that the printing direction and loading direction play a decisive role in mechanical strength. Especially when the printing and loading directions were the same, an increase in strength was observed, with the G(-25) model exhibiting 37.8% higher strength than G(0) in the PLt-CLt (Printed Lateral – Compression Lateral) configuration. Conversely, increasing the pore size resulted in a 14.7% reduction in strength for G(-25) compared to G(0). Furthermore, when the printing and loading directions were aligned, the lateral axis exhibited 38.4% higher strength than the longitudinal axis in the G(-25) model. It was found that the arrangement of the pores parallel to the load direction minimized strength loss, and the increase in porosity did not significantly affect mechanical strength. In addition, the structure of the compression layers before and after the test was examined in detail by SEM analysis. The findings show that the geometrical arrangements of the gyroid structures have a significant effect on mechanical strength and that these structures can be optimized and used in biomedical applications.

Keywords

PLA Gyroid Structure Porosity Bone Scaffold Anisotropic Structure.

Supporting Institution

This research received funding from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) under the project number 124M262. The study was conducted in the laboratories of Karabuk University, Material Research and Development Centre, with their support gratefully acknowledged.

Project Number

TUBITAK 124M262

References

  • 1. Lehder, E. F., Ashcroft, I. A., Wildman, R. D., Ruiz-Cantu, L. A., and Maskery, I., “A multiscale optimisation method for bone growth scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces”, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, Vol. 20, Issue 6, 2085-2096, 2021.
  • 2. Zhang, Q., Ma, L., Ji, X., He, Y., Cui, Y., Liu, X., Xuan, C., Wang, Z., Yang, W., Chai, M., and Shi, X, “High‐Strength Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Minimal Surface Macrostructures for Load‐Bearing Bone Regeneration”, Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 33, 2022.
  • 3. Noroozi, R., Shamekhi, M. A., Mahmoudi, R., Zolfagharian, A., Asgari, F., Mousavizadeh, A., Bodaghi, M., Hadi, A., and Haghighipour, “In vitro static and dynamic cell culture study of novel bone scaffolds based on 3D-printed PLA and cell-laden alginate hydrogel”, Biomedical Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 4, 2022.
  • 4. Wang, Z., Liao, B., Liu, Y., Liao, Y., Zhou, Y., and Li, W., “Influence of structural parameters of 3D‐printed triply periodic minimal surface gyroid porous scaffolds on compression performance, cell response, and bone regeneration”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, Vol. 112, Issue 1, 2024.
  • 5. Charbonnier, B., Manassero, M., Bourguignon, M., Decambron, A., El‐Hafci, H., Morin, C., Leon D., Bensidoum M., Corsia, S., Petite H., Marchat D., Potier, E., “Custom-made macroporous bioceramic implants based on triply-periodic minimal surfaces for bone defects in load-bearing sites”, Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 109, 254-266, 2020.
  • 6. Verisqa, F., Park, J. H., Mandakhbayar, N., Cha, J. R., Nguyen, L., Kim, H. W., Knowles, J. C., “In vivo osteogenic and angiogenic properties of a 3d-printed isosorbide-based gyroid scaffold manufactured via digital light processing”, Biomedicines, Vol. 12, Issue 3, 1-15, 2024.
  • 7. Baumer, V., Isaacson, N., Kanakamedala, S., McGee, D., Kaze, I., Prawel, D. A., “Comparing ceramic fischer-koch-s and gyroid tpms scaffolds for potential in bone tissue engineering”, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 12, 1-13, 2024.
  • 8. Hayashi, K., Kishida, R., Tsuchiya, A., & Ishikawa, K., Periodic Minimal Surface Gyroid Structure to Strut-Based Grid Structure in Both Strength and Bone Regeneration”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 15, Issue 29, 34570-34577, 2023.
  • 9. Eltlhawy, B., “Numerical Evaluation of a Porous Tibial-Knee Implant using Gyroid Structure”, Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 1, 75-82, 2022.
  • 10. Ali, D., “Mimicking Bone Anisotropic Structure with Modified Gyroid Scaffolds; A Finite Element Analysis”, Politeknik Dergisi, Vol. 24, Issue 4, 1637-1646, 2021.
  • 11. Baumer, V., Gunn, E., Riegle, V., Bailey, C., Shonkwiler, C., and Prawel, D., “Robocasting of Ceramic Fischer–Koch S Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering”, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, Vol. 14, Issue 5, 1-20, 2023.
  • 12. Cubo-Mateo, N., and Rodríguez-Lorenzo, L. M., “Design of Thermoplastic 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Influence of Parameters of “Hidden” Importance in the Physical Properties of Scaffolds”, Polymers, Vol. 12, Issue 7, 1-14, 2020.
  • 13. Naghavi, S. A., Tamaddon, M., Marghoub, A., Wang, K., Babamiri, B. B., Hazeli, K., Xu, W., Lu, X., Sun, C., Wang, L., Moazen, M., Wang, L., Li, D., and Liu, C., “Mechanical Characterisation and Numerical Modelling of TPMS-Based Gyroid and Diamond Ti6Al4V Scaffolds for Bone Implants: An Integrated Approach for Translational Consideration”, Bioengineering, Vol. 9, Issue 10, 1-25, 2022.
  • 14. N. Musthafa, H.-S., Walker, J., Rahman, T., Bjørkum, A., Mustafa, K., & Velauthapillai, D., “In-Silico Prediction of Mechanical Behaviour of Uniform Gyroid Scaffolds Affected by Its Design Parameters for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications”, Computation, Vol. 11, Issue 9, 1-28, 2023.
  • 15. Wu, F., Yang, J., Ke, X., Ye, S., Bao, Z., Yang, X., Zhong, C., Shen, M., Xu, S., Zhang, L., Gou, Z., and Yang, G., “Integrating pore architectures to evaluate vascularization efficacy in silicate-based bioceramic scaffolds”, Regenerative Biomaterials, Vol. 9, 1-10, 2022. 16. Caiazzo, F., Alfieri, V., Guillen, D. G., and Fabbricatore, A., “Metal functionally graded gyroids: additive manufacturing, mechanical properties, and simulation”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 123, Issue 7-8, 2501-2518, 2022.
  • 17. Gülcan, O., “Eklemeli İmalatla Üretilen Kafes Yapıların Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerine Etki Eden Faktörler”, Makina Tasarım ve İmalat Dergisi, Vol. 19, Issue 2, 64-81, 2021.
  • 18. Ergene B, Yalçın B, “Eriyik yığma modelleme (EYM) ile üretilen çeşitli hücresel yapıların mekanik performanslarının incelenmesi”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 38, Issue 1, 201-217, 2023.
  • 19. Khan, N., Riccio, A., “A systematic review of design for additive manufacturing of aerospace lattice structures: Current trends and future directions”, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 149, 1-34, 2024.
  • 20. Burkhard, M., Fürnstahl, P., and Farshad, M., “Three-dimensionally printed vertebrae with different bone densities for surgical training”, European Spine Journal, Vol. 28, Issue 4, 798-806, 2019.
  • 21. Li, N., and Chen, J., “Advances in chemical modifications of polylactide biodegradable materials”, 3rd International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2017), 1640-1643, Shenzhen, 2017.
  • 22. Gonçalves, A. P. B., Barbosa, W. T., Vieira J. L., Barbosa, J. D. V., and Soares, M. B. P., “Production of the Scaffold Using 3D Bioprinting Applied to the Biomedical Area: A Bibliometric Study”, Journal of Bioengineering, Technologies and Health, Vol. 6, Issue 3, 244-251, 2023.
  • 23. Shasteen, C., and Choy, Y. Bin., “Controlling degradation rate of poly(lactic acid) for its biomedical applications”, Biomedical Engineering Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 3, 163-167, 2011.
  • 24. Flash Forge, “Technical Data Sheet”, https://after-support.flashforge.jp/uploads/datasheet/tds/PLA_Pro_TDS_EN.pdf, February 24, 2025.
  • 25. Hergel, J., and Lefebvre, S., “Clean color: Improving multi‐filament 3D prints”, Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 33, Issue 2, 469-478, 2014.
  • 26. Prasher, A., Shrivastava, R., Dahl, D., Sharma-Huynh, P., Maturavongsadit, P., Pridgen, T., Schorzman, A., Zamboni, W., Ban, J., Blikslager, A., Dellon, E. S., and Benhabbour, S. R., “Steroid Eluting Esophageal-Targeted Drug Delivery Devices for Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis”, Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 4, 1-20, 2021.
  • 27. Catana, D. I., Pop, M. A., and Brus, D. I., “Comparison between Tests and Simulations Regarding Bending Resistance of 3D Printed PLA Structures”, Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 24, 1-11, 2021.
  • 28. Zohourkari, I., “Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Poly-Lactic Acid Parts in the Plane Stress State”, International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol. 4, Issue 3, 4943-4948, 2023.
  • 29. Syaefudin, E. A., Kholil, A., Hakim, M., Wulandari, D. A., Riyadi, and Murtinugraha, E., “The effect of orientation on tensile strength 3D printing with ABS and PLA materials”, 12th International Physics Seminar, 1-7, Jakarta, 2023.
  • 30. Spišák, E., Nováková-Marcinčínová, E., Nováková-Marcinčínová, Ľ., Majerníková, J., & Mulidrán, P., “Investigation of the Manufacturing Orientation Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Elements in the Fused Filament Fabrication Process”, Polymers, Vol. 15, Issue 13, 1-17, 2023.
  • 31. Shen, Y., Lin, L., Wei, S., Yan, J., and Xu, T., “Research on the Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Solidified 3D Printed Concrete Materials”, Buildings, Vol. 12, Issue 12, 1-23, 2022. 32. Zaharin, H. A., Abdul Rani, A. M., Azam, F. I., Ginta, T. L., Sallih, N., Ahmad, A., Yunus, N. A., and Zulkifli, T. Z. A., “Effect of Unit Cell Type and Pore Size on Porosity and Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Scaffolds”, Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12, 1-15, 2018.
  • 33. Isaacson, N., Lopez-Ambrosio, K., Chubb, L., Waanders, N., Hoffmann, E., Witt, C., James, S., and Prawel, D. A., “Compressive properties and failure behavior of photocast hydroxyapatite gyroid scaffolds vary with porosity”, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, Vol. 37, Issue 1, 55-76, 2022.
  • 34. Wolff, S., Lee, T., Faierson, E., Ehmann, K., and Cao, J., “Anisotropic properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti–6Al–4V”, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 24, 397-405, 2016.
  • 35. von Windheim, N., Collinson, D. W., Lau, T., Brinson, L. C., and Gall, K., “The influence of porosity, crystallinity and interlayer adhesion on the tensile strength of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA)”, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 27, Issue 7, 1327-1336, 2021.
  • 36. Honda, S., Hashimoto, S., Nait‐Ali, B., Smith, D. S., Daiko, Y., and Iwamoto, Y., “Characterization of anisotropic gas permeability and thermomechanical properties of highly textured porous alumina”, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 105, Issue 10, 6335-6344, 2022.

EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 63 - 72, 30.04.2025

Muhammet Mevlüt Karaca , İzel Ekinci , Daver Ali

Abstract

Porous structures are of great interest in biomedical and engineering applications due to their light weight, high mechanical strength, and biological compatibility. In this study, based on the widespread use of gyroid structures in bone scaffolds and their potential to adapt to the heterogeneous mechanical properties of bone tissue, the effect of geometric arrangements on mechanical strength was investigated. Using the tri-periodic minimal surface trigonometric function, the reference model G(0) with 80% porosity was taken as a basis, and three different geometries were created by reducing the unit cell of the gyroid on the y-axis by 25% (G(-25)), keeping it constant (G(0)), and enlarging it by 25% (G(+25)). Using the biomaterial PLA, these non-isotropic structures were fabricated through Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and 3D printed in the longitudinal and lateral axes, then subjected to compression tests. The compression test results showed that the printing direction and loading direction play a decisive role in mechanical strength. Especially when the printing and loading directions were the same, an increase in strength was observed, with the G(-25) model exhibiting 37.8% higher strength than G(0) in the PLt-CLt (Printed Lateral – Compression Lateral) configuration. Conversely, increasing the pore size resulted in a 14.7% reduction in strength for G(-25) compared to G(0). Furthermore, when the printing and loading directions were aligned, the lateral axis exhibited 38.4% higher strength than the longitudinal axis in the G(-25) model. It was found that the arrangement of the pores parallel to the load direction minimized strength loss, and the increase in porosity did not significantly affect mechanical strength. In addition, the structure of the compression layers before and after the test was examined in detail by SEM analysis. The findings show that the geometrical arrangements of the gyroid structures have a significant effect on mechanical strength and that these structures can be optimized and used in biomedical applications.

Keywords

PLA Gyroid Yapı Porozite Kemik İskelesi Anizotropik Yapı.

Project Number

TUBITAK 124M262

References

  • 1. Lehder, E. F., Ashcroft, I. A., Wildman, R. D., Ruiz-Cantu, L. A., and Maskery, I., “A multiscale optimisation method for bone growth scaffolds based on triply periodic minimal surfaces”, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, Vol. 20, Issue 6, 2085-2096, 2021.
  • 2. Zhang, Q., Ma, L., Ji, X., He, Y., Cui, Y., Liu, X., Xuan, C., Wang, Z., Yang, W., Chai, M., and Shi, X, “High‐Strength Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds with Minimal Surface Macrostructures for Load‐Bearing Bone Regeneration”, Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 33, 2022.
  • 3. Noroozi, R., Shamekhi, M. A., Mahmoudi, R., Zolfagharian, A., Asgari, F., Mousavizadeh, A., Bodaghi, M., Hadi, A., and Haghighipour, “In vitro static and dynamic cell culture study of novel bone scaffolds based on 3D-printed PLA and cell-laden alginate hydrogel”, Biomedical Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 4, 2022.
  • 4. Wang, Z., Liao, B., Liu, Y., Liao, Y., Zhou, Y., and Li, W., “Influence of structural parameters of 3D‐printed triply periodic minimal surface gyroid porous scaffolds on compression performance, cell response, and bone regeneration”, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, Vol. 112, Issue 1, 2024.
  • 5. Charbonnier, B., Manassero, M., Bourguignon, M., Decambron, A., El‐Hafci, H., Morin, C., Leon D., Bensidoum M., Corsia, S., Petite H., Marchat D., Potier, E., “Custom-made macroporous bioceramic implants based on triply-periodic minimal surfaces for bone defects in load-bearing sites”, Acta Biomaterialia, Vol. 109, 254-266, 2020.
  • 6. Verisqa, F., Park, J. H., Mandakhbayar, N., Cha, J. R., Nguyen, L., Kim, H. W., Knowles, J. C., “In vivo osteogenic and angiogenic properties of a 3d-printed isosorbide-based gyroid scaffold manufactured via digital light processing”, Biomedicines, Vol. 12, Issue 3, 1-15, 2024.
  • 7. Baumer, V., Isaacson, N., Kanakamedala, S., McGee, D., Kaze, I., Prawel, D. A., “Comparing ceramic fischer-koch-s and gyroid tpms scaffolds for potential in bone tissue engineering”, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 12, 1-13, 2024.
  • 8. Hayashi, K., Kishida, R., Tsuchiya, A., & Ishikawa, K., Periodic Minimal Surface Gyroid Structure to Strut-Based Grid Structure in Both Strength and Bone Regeneration”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 15, Issue 29, 34570-34577, 2023.
  • 9. Eltlhawy, B., “Numerical Evaluation of a Porous Tibial-Knee Implant using Gyroid Structure”, Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, Vol. 12, Issue 1, 75-82, 2022.
  • 10. Ali, D., “Mimicking Bone Anisotropic Structure with Modified Gyroid Scaffolds; A Finite Element Analysis”, Politeknik Dergisi, Vol. 24, Issue 4, 1637-1646, 2021.
  • 11. Baumer, V., Gunn, E., Riegle, V., Bailey, C., Shonkwiler, C., and Prawel, D., “Robocasting of Ceramic Fischer–Koch S Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering”, Journal of Functional Biomaterials, Vol. 14, Issue 5, 1-20, 2023.
  • 12. Cubo-Mateo, N., and Rodríguez-Lorenzo, L. M., “Design of Thermoplastic 3D-Printed Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering: Influence of Parameters of “Hidden” Importance in the Physical Properties of Scaffolds”, Polymers, Vol. 12, Issue 7, 1-14, 2020.
  • 13. Naghavi, S. A., Tamaddon, M., Marghoub, A., Wang, K., Babamiri, B. B., Hazeli, K., Xu, W., Lu, X., Sun, C., Wang, L., Moazen, M., Wang, L., Li, D., and Liu, C., “Mechanical Characterisation and Numerical Modelling of TPMS-Based Gyroid and Diamond Ti6Al4V Scaffolds for Bone Implants: An Integrated Approach for Translational Consideration”, Bioengineering, Vol. 9, Issue 10, 1-25, 2022.
  • 14. N. Musthafa, H.-S., Walker, J., Rahman, T., Bjørkum, A., Mustafa, K., & Velauthapillai, D., “In-Silico Prediction of Mechanical Behaviour of Uniform Gyroid Scaffolds Affected by Its Design Parameters for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications”, Computation, Vol. 11, Issue 9, 1-28, 2023.
  • 15. Wu, F., Yang, J., Ke, X., Ye, S., Bao, Z., Yang, X., Zhong, C., Shen, M., Xu, S., Zhang, L., Gou, Z., and Yang, G., “Integrating pore architectures to evaluate vascularization efficacy in silicate-based bioceramic scaffolds”, Regenerative Biomaterials, Vol. 9, 1-10, 2022. 16. Caiazzo, F., Alfieri, V., Guillen, D. G., and Fabbricatore, A., “Metal functionally graded gyroids: additive manufacturing, mechanical properties, and simulation”, The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 123, Issue 7-8, 2501-2518, 2022.
  • 17. Gülcan, O., “Eklemeli İmalatla Üretilen Kafes Yapıların Mekanik Özellikleri Üzerine Etki Eden Faktörler”, Makina Tasarım ve İmalat Dergisi, Vol. 19, Issue 2, 64-81, 2021.
  • 18. Ergene B, Yalçın B, “Eriyik yığma modelleme (EYM) ile üretilen çeşitli hücresel yapıların mekanik performanslarının incelenmesi”, Gazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, Vol. 38, Issue 1, 201-217, 2023.
  • 19. Khan, N., Riccio, A., “A systematic review of design for additive manufacturing of aerospace lattice structures: Current trends and future directions”, Progress in Aerospace Sciences, Vol. 149, 1-34, 2024.
  • 20. Burkhard, M., Fürnstahl, P., and Farshad, M., “Three-dimensionally printed vertebrae with different bone densities for surgical training”, European Spine Journal, Vol. 28, Issue 4, 798-806, 2019.
  • 21. Li, N., and Chen, J., “Advances in chemical modifications of polylactide biodegradable materials”, 3rd International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials (IFEESM 2017), 1640-1643, Shenzhen, 2017.
  • 22. Gonçalves, A. P. B., Barbosa, W. T., Vieira J. L., Barbosa, J. D. V., and Soares, M. B. P., “Production of the Scaffold Using 3D Bioprinting Applied to the Biomedical Area: A Bibliometric Study”, Journal of Bioengineering, Technologies and Health, Vol. 6, Issue 3, 244-251, 2023.
  • 23. Shasteen, C., and Choy, Y. Bin., “Controlling degradation rate of poly(lactic acid) for its biomedical applications”, Biomedical Engineering Letters, Vol. 1, Issue 3, 163-167, 2011.
  • 24. Flash Forge, “Technical Data Sheet”, https://after-support.flashforge.jp/uploads/datasheet/tds/PLA_Pro_TDS_EN.pdf, February 24, 2025.
  • 25. Hergel, J., and Lefebvre, S., “Clean color: Improving multi‐filament 3D prints”, Computer Graphics Forum, Vol. 33, Issue 2, 469-478, 2014.
  • 26. Prasher, A., Shrivastava, R., Dahl, D., Sharma-Huynh, P., Maturavongsadit, P., Pridgen, T., Schorzman, A., Zamboni, W., Ban, J., Blikslager, A., Dellon, E. S., and Benhabbour, S. R., “Steroid Eluting Esophageal-Targeted Drug Delivery Devices for Treatment of Eosinophilic Esophagitis”, Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 4, 1-20, 2021.
  • 27. Catana, D. I., Pop, M. A., and Brus, D. I., “Comparison between Tests and Simulations Regarding Bending Resistance of 3D Printed PLA Structures”, Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 24, 1-11, 2021.
  • 28. Zohourkari, I., “Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of 3D Printed Poly-Lactic Acid Parts in the Plane Stress State”, International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol. 4, Issue 3, 4943-4948, 2023.
  • 29. Syaefudin, E. A., Kholil, A., Hakim, M., Wulandari, D. A., Riyadi, and Murtinugraha, E., “The effect of orientation on tensile strength 3D printing with ABS and PLA materials”, 12th International Physics Seminar, 1-7, Jakarta, 2023.
  • 30. Spišák, E., Nováková-Marcinčínová, E., Nováková-Marcinčínová, Ľ., Majerníková, J., & Mulidrán, P., “Investigation of the Manufacturing Orientation Impact on the Mechanical Properties of Composite Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Elements in the Fused Filament Fabrication Process”, Polymers, Vol. 15, Issue 13, 1-17, 2023.
  • 31. Shen, Y., Lin, L., Wei, S., Yan, J., and Xu, T., “Research on the Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Solidified 3D Printed Concrete Materials”, Buildings, Vol. 12, Issue 12, 1-23, 2022. 32. Zaharin, H. A., Abdul Rani, A. M., Azam, F. I., Ginta, T. L., Sallih, N., Ahmad, A., Yunus, N. A., and Zulkifli, T. Z. A., “Effect of Unit Cell Type and Pore Size on Porosity and Mechanical Behavior of Additively Manufactured Ti6Al4V Scaffolds”, Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12, 1-15, 2018.
  • 33. Isaacson, N., Lopez-Ambrosio, K., Chubb, L., Waanders, N., Hoffmann, E., Witt, C., James, S., and Prawel, D. A., “Compressive properties and failure behavior of photocast hydroxyapatite gyroid scaffolds vary with porosity”, Journal of Biomaterials Applications, Vol. 37, Issue 1, 55-76, 2022.
  • 34. Wolff, S., Lee, T., Faierson, E., Ehmann, K., and Cao, J., “Anisotropic properties of directed energy deposition (DED)-processed Ti–6Al–4V”, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, Vol. 24, 397-405, 2016.
  • 35. von Windheim, N., Collinson, D. W., Lau, T., Brinson, L. C., and Gall, K., “The influence of porosity, crystallinity and interlayer adhesion on the tensile strength of 3D printed polylactic acid (PLA)”, Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 27, Issue 7, 1327-1336, 2021.
  • 36. Honda, S., Hashimoto, S., Nait‐Ali, B., Smith, D. S., Daiko, Y., and Iwamoto, Y., “Characterization of anisotropic gas permeability and thermomechanical properties of highly textured porous alumina”, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 105, Issue 10, 6335-6344, 2022.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Biomaterial
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammet Mevlüt Karaca 0000-0001-9644-3663

İzel Ekinci 0009-0006-9198-0324

Daver Ali 0000-0002-8500-7820

Project Number TUBITAK 124M262
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date December 30, 2024
Acceptance Date March 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karaca, M. M., Ekinci, İ., & Ali, D. (2025). EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 9(1), 63-72.
AMA Karaca MM, Ekinci İ, Ali D. EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS. IJ3DPTDI. April 2025;9(1):63-72.
Chicago Karaca, Muhammet Mevlüt, İzel Ekinci, and Daver Ali. “EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9, no. 1 (April 2025): 63-72.
EndNote Karaca MM, Ekinci İ, Ali D (April 1, 2025) EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9 1 63–72.
IEEE M. M. Karaca, İ. Ekinci, and D. Ali, “EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS”, IJ3DPTDI, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 63–72, 2025.
ISNAD Karaca, Muhammet Mevlüt et al. “EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9/1 (April 2025), 63-72.
JAMA Karaca MM, Ekinci İ, Ali D. EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9:63–72.
MLA Karaca, Muhammet Mevlüt et al. “EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, vol. 9, no. 1, 2025, pp. 63-72.
Vancouver Karaca MM, Ekinci İ, Ali D. EFFECT OF GEOMETRIC MODIFICATIONS ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF GYROID-BASED BONE SCAFFOLDS. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9(1):63-72.
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