Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Mikroekonominin Alt Disiplini Olarak Spor Ekonomisi: Kuramsal Temeller ve Türkiye’deki Konumu

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 35 - 52, 29.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1638505

Abstract

Amaç - Tüm dünyada ekonomi biliminin saygın bir alt dalı olarak kabul gören spor ekonomisi, ülkemizde, ekonomistler tarafından henüz yeterince kabul görmemiş ve gelişimi sınırlı kalmıştır. Bu çalışma spor ekonomisinin neden mikroekonominin bir alt disiplini olduğunu ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem Bu çalışma, teorik olarak spor ekonomisi ile genel ekonomi prensipleri arasındaki kavramsal bağlantıları kurmaktadır.
Bulgular – Spor ekonomisi, mikroekonomik teorilerle yakından ilişkili olduğu ortaya konumuştur. Türkiye’de yapılan mevcut araştırmalar daha çok spor bilimleri perspektifinden yürütülmekte olup, ekonomi disiplininin sunduğu teorik ve analitik araçlar yeterince kullanılmamaktadır. Bu eksiklik, spor ekonomisi alanında yapılan akademik çalışmaların uluslararası literatürde sınırlı bir görünürlüğe sahip olmasına neden olmaktadır
Sonuç – Spor ekonomisinin akademik temellerinin güçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Sağlık ve tarım ekonomisi gibi alanlarda olduğu gibi, spor ekonomisinin de bağımsız bir mikroekonomi alt disiplini olarak kabul edilmesi, akademik araştırmalara katkı sağlayarak politika yapıcılar ve spor organizasyonları için değerli içgörüler sunabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Spor Ekonomisi, Mikroekonomi, Spor Piyasası
JEL Kodları: Z2

References

  • Allen, W. D. (2015). The demand for younger and older workers: Patterns from NFL labor markets. Journal of Sports Economics, 16(2), 127-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512462583.
  • Ay, Ş., & Aktuğ, S. (2021). Futbol endüstrisi ile bölgesel kalkınmanın sağlanması: Siirt ili örneği. Atlas Journal, 7(38), 1483-1499. https://doi.org/10.31568/atlas.643.
  • Aydın, M. (2015). Bisiklet kullanımının ortaya çıkardığı pozitif dışsallıklar. Dokuz Eylul University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences, 17(3). https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/120614/mod_resource/content/0/bisiklet%20kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1nda%20pozitif%20d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C5%9Fall%C4%B1k.pdf.
  • Aydın, Y., & Kılınç, K. (2024). Taraftarlıkta Marka Sadakatinin Lisanslı Spor Ürünleri Satın Alma Tercihine Etkisi. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (21), 86-101. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1522005.
  • Aydoğdu, A., & Kırlı, H.. (2017). Turizmde atlı spor kümelenmesi: Kastamonu ve Daday için karma bir analiz. Gümüshane University Electronic Journal of the Institute of Social Science/Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 8(19). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dpusbe/issue/27739/294685.
  • Ayyıldız, E., & Murat, M. (2018). Türkiye Süper Ligi’nin veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 73-86. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/498833.
  • Booth, R. (2009). Sports Economics. The Australian Economic Review, 42(3), 377-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2009.00562.x
  • Cao, Z., Price, J., & Stone, D. (2011). Performance Under Pressure in the NBA. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(3), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002511404785.
  • Cerrahoğlu, N. (2016). Spor Ekonomisi Bilim Dalının Gelişim Analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(27), 309-329. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/comuybd/issue/43601/533908.
  • Çalışkan, Z. (2008). Sağlık ekonomisi: Kavramsal bir yaklaşım. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 29-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/huniibf/issue/7871/315862.
  • Cinemre, H. A., & Kılıç, O. (2015). Tarım ekonomisi. Samsun: 19 Mayıs Üniversitesi.
  • Curry, T. & Jiobu, R. (1984). Sports a Sociological Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Czarnitzki, D., & Stadtmann, G. (2002). Uncertainty of outcome versus reputation: Empirical evidence for the First German Football Division. Empirical Economics, 27, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s181-002-8361-7.
  • Çokpartal, C., & Yenel, F. (2021). Altyapı organizasyonlarının futbolcu yetiştirme verimliliği üzerine bir inceleme: Beşiktaş Jk örneği. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1), 96-108. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejsse/issue/61512/936836.
  • Dawson, P., Dobson, S., & Gerrard, B. (2000). Estimating coaching efficiency in professional team sports: evidence from English association football. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 47(4), 399-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00170.
  • Devecioğlu, S. (2004). Halka arz edilen spor kulüplerinin sportif başarıları ile piyasa değerleri arasındaki ilişki. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000020.
  • Dilek, S., & Kesgingöz, H. (2020). Relationship Between Success and Competition: The Analysis of Selected European Football Leagues. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 966-988. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.696881.
  • Doğru, C. (2010). Gutbol endüstrisinde rekabetçi dengenin oluşturulmasına matematiksel bir yaklaşım: ücret tavanı modeli. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (4). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/202025.
  • Doria, M., & Nalebuff, B. (2021). Measuring competitive balance in sports. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 17(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2020-0006.
  • Dubinsky, Y. (2019). From soft power to sports diplomacy: a theoretical and conceptual discussion. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15, 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-019-00116-8.
  • Eakins, J. (2018). An analysis of the determinants of sports participation and time spent in different sporting contexts. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(3), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1527713.
  • Eckard, W. (2015). The Uncertainty-of-Outcome Hypothesis and the Industrial Organization of Sports Leagues: Evidence From U.S. College Football. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(3), 298-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002515576002.
  • El-Hodiri, M., & Quirk, J. (1971). An Economic Model of a Professional Sports League. Journal of Political Economy, 79(6), 1302-1319. https://doi.org/10.1086/259837.
  • Espitia-Escuer, M., & Garcia-Cebrian, L. I. (2020). Efficiency of football teams from an organisation management perspective. Managerial and Decision Economics, 41, 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3102.
  • Eurostat (2024). Government expenditure on recreational and sporting services. Avrupa Komisyonu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_recreational_and_sporting_services#:~:text=In%20absolute%20terms%2C%20EU%20general,2021%20(see%20Table%201) adresinden 20.03.2025 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Evans, R. (2024). The S-Score of financial sustainability for professional football clubs. Journal of Sports Economics, 25(3), 322-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025231222634.
  • Faccia, A., Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L., Helú, H., & Range, D. (2020). Measuring and monitoring sustainability in listed European football clubs: A value-added reporting perspective. Sustainability, 12(23), 9853. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239853.
  • Fai, C., David, S., & Benno, T. (2021). Sport as a behavioral economics lab. CREMA working paper, no. 2021-20. Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA), Zürich. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/234635/1/2021-20.pdf.
  • Filiztekin, A. (2004). Türkiye Birinci Futbol Ligi’nde rekabet, 1990–2004. https://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/alpayf/files/2010/04/futbol_sept04.pdf.
  • Flake, C. R., Dufur, M. J., & Moore, E. L. (2013). Advantage men: The sex pay gap in professional tennis. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(3), 366-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212442166.
  • Frick, B. (2007). The football players' labor market: empirical evidence from the major European leagues. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 54(3), 422-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2007.00423.x.
  • Gambarelli, D., Gambarelli, G. & Goossens, D. (2019). Offensive or defensive play in soccer: a game-theoretical approach. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 15(4), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2017-0071.
  • Garcia-del-Barrio, P., & Pujol, F. (2021). Recruiting talent in a global sports market: appraisals of soccer players' transfer fees. Managerial Finance, 47(6), 789-811. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-04-2020-0213.
  • Gerrard, B. and Kringstad, M. (2023), "Dispersion and persistence in the competitive balance of North American major leagues 1960–2019", Sport, Business and Management, 13(5), 640-662. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-03-2023-0028.
  • Görün, L. (2020). 2018-2019 Sezonu Spor Toto Süper Lig’de rekabetçi denge. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.615996.
  • Groothuis, P. A., Hill, J. R., & Perri, T. J. (2007). Early Entry in the NBA Draft: The Influence of Unraveling, Human Capital, and Option Value. Journal of Sports Economics, 8(3), 223-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002505281228.
  • Guzmán, I., & Morrow, S. (2007). Measuring efficiency and productivity in professional football teams: evidence from the English Premier League. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 15, 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-007-0034-y.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (1998). Türkiye 1. Profesyonel Football Ligi rekabet düzeyi: 1958–1998 (No. 0508003). Munich: University Library of Munich. https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/othr/papers/0508/0508003.pdf.
  • Haugen, K. (2006). An Economic Model of Player Trade in Professional Sports: A Game Theoretic Approach. Journal of Sports Economics, 7(3), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002504272941.
  • Hoang, H., & Rascher, D. (1999). The NBA, exit discrimination, and career earnings. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 38(1), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/0019-8676.00110.
  • Humphreys, B., & Nowak, A. (2017). Professional sports facilities, teams and property values: Evidence from NBA team departures. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 66, 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.06.001.
  • Hutchins, B., Li, B., & Rowe, D. (2019) Over-the-top sport: live streaming services, changing coverage rights market and the growth of media sport portals. Media, Culture & Society, 41(7), 975-944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719857623.
  • Jones, S. (1984). The economic aspects of association football in England, 1918-39. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 1(3), 286-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02649378408713553.
  • Hyun, D. (2022). Proud of, but too close: the negative externalities of a new sports stadium in an urban residential area. The Annals of Regional Science, 68(3), 615-633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-021-01095-6.
  • Kahn, L. (2007). Markets: Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(1), 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.1.209.
  • Kara, O., Pehlivan, M., Tiryaki, K., & Bayhan, M. (2017). Türkiye Basketbol Liglerinin Rekabet Yapisi Ve Spor Endüstrisi İle İlişkisi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 213-237. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/itobiad/issue/31835/357667.
  • Karabulut, R., & Açak, M. (2016). Amatör Spor Kulüplerinin Kuruluşu, Kuruluş Maliyeti ve Vergilendirilmesi: Bir Amatör Futbol Takımı Kuruluş Örneği. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 7(1), 270-283. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/269317.
  • Karacan, N. (1967). Türkiye profesyonel futbol liginde rekabet derecesi artıyor mu, azalıyor mu? İstatistik bir yaklaşım. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 1(4), 82-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuifm/issue/828/9054.
  • Keefer, Q. (2021). Sunk costs in the NBA: the salary cap and free agents. Empirical Economics, 61, 3445-3478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01996-z. Kesenne, S. (2015). Revenue sharing and absolute league quality; talent investment and talent allocation. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 62(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12062.
  • Keskin, H. İ., & Öndes, H. (2020). Seçilmiş Avrupa futbol kulüplerinin etkinliğinin ölçülmesi: vza ve panel tobit modeli. Sosyoekonomi, 28(43), 153-174. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.01.09.
  • Bülbül-Kocaman, G. (2023) Spor Endüstrisinde Hedef Maliyetleme: Okçuluk Sektörü Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 25-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/makusbd/issue/80976/1381560.
  • Koçdemir, M. (2020). Türkiye futbol federasyonu mali verilerinin amatör futbolun finansmanı açısından analizi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(2), 93-106. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1031761.
  • Konjer, M., Meier, H., & Wedeking, K. (2017). Consumer Demand for Telecasts of Tennis Matches in Germany. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(4), 351-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002515577882.
  • Leah, F. (2015). On the Antitrust Exemption for Professional Sports in the United States and Europe. Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal, 22(1). http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/mslj/vol22/iss1/2.
  • Lobmeyer, H., & Weidinger, L. (1992). Commercialism as a Dominant Factor in the American Sports Scene: Sources, Developments, Perspectives. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 27(4), 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269029202700403.
  • Madden, P. (2010). Game Theoretic Analysis of Basic Team Sports Leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(4), 407-431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002510381721.
  • Manasis, V., Avgerinou, V., Ntzoufras, I., & Reade, J. J. (2011). Measurement of competitive balance in professional team sports using the Normalized Concentration Ratio. Economics Bulletin, 31(3), 2529-2540.
  • Marin, B., & Lee, C. (2020). Exploring new trends of sport business: Japanese companies’ investment in ownership of foreign football clubs. Sport in Society, 23(12), 2031–2054. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1817897.
  • Martín, G. R., García, C. M., Sánchez, F. J., & Navarrete, Á. F. (2023). The wisdom of crowd, real option and game theory decisions: can they be used by clubs to improve their investment in football players? Managerial Finance, 49(6), 1036-1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-05-2022-0230.
  • McGough, E., Clemons, C., Ferrera, M., Norfolk, T., & Young, G. (2010). A Game-Theoretic Approach to Personnel Decisions in American Football. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 6(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1255.
  • Montolio, D., & Planells-Struse, S. (2019). Measuring the negative externalities of a private leisure activity: hooligans and pickpockets around the stadium. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(2), 465-504. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbx041.
  • Mottley, C. M. (1954). The application of operations-research method to athletic games. Journal of the Operations Research Society of America, 2(3), 335–338. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/pdf/10.1287/opre.2.3.335
  • Myerson, R. (2013). Game Theory. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Neale, W. (1964). The peculiar economics of professional sports. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 78(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1880543.
  • New, B., & Le Grand, J. (1999). Monopoly in sports broadcasting. Policy Studies, 20(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442879908423764.
  • Ötkan, C., & Çolakoğlu, T. (2017). Salary Cap system in NBA and adaptability to Turkish basketball leaguespNBA’de uygulanan Salary Cap sistemi ve Türkiye basketbol liglerine uyarlanabilirliği. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1). https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/4450/2152.
  • Özaydın, S. (2024a). Süper Lig’de Azalan Gelirler Rekabetçi Dengeyi Nasıl Etkiliyor?. Turkish Studies-Economics, Finance, Politics, 19(4). . https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.77646.
  • Özaydın, S. (2024b). Spor Yatırımlarının Verimlilik Analizi–İstanbul İli Örneği. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(3), 798-811. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1391240.
  • Özaydın, S., & Donduran, M. (2020). Efficiency analysis of social performance – the case of Turkish Super League. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 27(3), 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13571516.2020.1787786.
  • Özenç, Y. (2024). Eğitim ekonomisinde temel kavramlar. Uluslararası Düzce Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 103-116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijdes/issue/89490/1542852.
  • Paul, R., Weinbach, A., & Humphreys, B. (2014). Bettor Belief in the “Hot Hand”: Evidence From Detailed Betting Data on the NFL. Journal of Sports Economics, 15(6), 636-649. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512465414.
  • Pawlowski, T., Rambaccussing, D., Ramirez, P., Reade, J., & Rossi, G. (2024). Exploring entertainment utility from football games. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 223, 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2024.04.018.
  • Pinto, H. (2011). The role of econometrics in economic science: An essay about the monopolization of economic methodology by econometric methods. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(4), 436-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.011.
  • Pyun, H., Kim, J., Schlesinger, T., & Matto, L. (2020). Positive externalities from professional football clubs in the Metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, Germany: Trickle-down effects associated with promotion and relegation. Sustainability, 12(20), 8638. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208638.
  • Rottenberg, S. (1956). The Baseball Players' Labor Market. Journal of Political Economy, 64(3), 242-58. https://doi.org/10.1086/257790
  • Şaşmaz-Ataçocuğu, M. (2023). Akademik Bir Alan Olarak Spor Ekonomisi: Türkiye’de Spor Ekonomisi Tezleri ve Yaygın Temalar. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 203-228. https://doi.org/10.33468/sbsebd.343.
  • Şaşmaz-Ataçocuğu, M, & Zelyurt, M. (2016). Profesyonel futbolda emek-sermaye ilişkileri: alt liglerde ücret, sosyal güvence ve sendika olgusu üstüne nitel bir çalışma. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 99-115. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/355518.
  • Saban, M., & Demirci, F. (2016). Finansal fair play ve Türkiye'deki dört büyük futbol kulübünün uyum düzeyinin incelenmesi. Financial Analysis/Mali Cozum Dergisi, 26(137), 25-49.
  • Scandizzo, P., & Pierleoni, M. (2018). Assessing the Olympic Games: The economic impact and beyond. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(3), 649-682. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12213.
  • Simmons, R. (1996). The demand for English league football: a club-level analysis. Applied Economics, 28(2), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368496328777.
  • Soygüden, A. (2020). A study of consumer behavior in sports. Journal of International Social Research, 13(70). https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/a-study-of-consumer-behavior-in-sports.pdf.
  • Sönmez, H., & İçöz, C. (2014). Avrupa futbol liglerinin etkinliklerinin veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 2(1), 1-15. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iy/issue/22655/241960.
  • Subathra, S., Sivanesan, K., Narmadha, M., Senthilkumar, K., Alkitani, M., Essa, M. M., & Walid Qoronfleh, M. (2022). Economic implications of hosting FIFA World Cup–A study with special reference to South Africa, Brazil, Russia and Qatar. FIFA, 73-94. https://squ.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/economic-implications-of-hosting-fifa-world-cup-a-study-with-spec.
  • Sunay, H. A. K. A. N. (2023). Kamu spor yatırımları ve özel spor işletmeleri. Şura Akademi, (3), 11-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3594760.
  • Thompson, A., & Bunds, K. (2022). Stadia and community stewardship: community benefits and public finance for New York's Yankee Stadium. In T. Kellison (Ed.), Sports Stadiums and Environmental Justice (pp. 129-142). New York: Routledge.
  • Totty, E., & Owens, M. (2011). Salary caps and competitive balance in professional sports leagues. Journal of Economic Educators, 11(2), 46-56. https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jfee/article/view/1474/1056. Üçışık, H. F., & Ekren, N. (2000). Spor sektörünün piyasa yapısı: teorik bir yaklaşım. Marmara Üniversitesi, III. Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, 11-13.
  • Ünal, H., & Babaoğlu, A. (2014). A research on the levels of conscious consumerism of the sport consumer Spor tüketicilerinin bilinçli tüketicilik düzeyleri üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Human Sciences, 11(1), 992-1003. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2838.
  • Vamplew, W. (2022). Sports Economics for Non-Economists. London: Routledge.
  • Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & Dallmeyer, S. (2023). The gender earnings gap among elite athletes in semi-professional sports. Managing Sport and Leisure, 28(6), 583-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1944819.
  • Willamson, J. (1988). Migrant Selectivity, Urbanization, and Industrial Revolutions. Population and Development Review, 14(2), 287-314. https://doi.org/10.2307/1973573.
  • Zygband, P., Collignon, H., Sultan, N., Santander, C., & Valensi, U. (2011). Sports Market. Paris: A.T. Kearney. https://www.kearney.com/documents/291362523/291364094/Sports_Market.pdf/c9e7b15f-c9a1-370e-6b0c-3de3591f9050?t=1687444595000.

Sports Economics as a Subdiscipline of Microeconomics

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 35 - 52, 29.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1638505

Abstract

Purpose – Recognized as a respected subfield of economics worldwide, sports economics has a well-established academic and professional literature. However, in Turkey, it has yet to gain sufficient recognition among economists, limiting its development. This study aims to demonstrate why sports economics should be considered a subdiscipline of microeconomics.
Methodology – This study theoretically establishes conceptual links between sports economics and general economic principles.
Findings – It has been demonstrated that sports economics is closely related to microeconomic theories. Existing research in Turkey is primarily conducted from a sports sciences’ perspective, without sufficiently utilizing the theoretical and analytical tools provided by economics. This shortcoming limits the international visibility of academic studies in Turkish sports economics.
Conclusions – The academic foundations of sports economics need to be strengthened. As in fields such as health and agricultural economics, recognizing sports economics as an independent subdiscipline of microeconomics would contribute to academic research and could provide valuable insights for policymakers and sports organizations.
Keywords: Sports Economics, Microeconomics, Sports Market
JEL Codes: Z2

References

  • Allen, W. D. (2015). The demand for younger and older workers: Patterns from NFL labor markets. Journal of Sports Economics, 16(2), 127-158. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512462583.
  • Ay, Ş., & Aktuğ, S. (2021). Futbol endüstrisi ile bölgesel kalkınmanın sağlanması: Siirt ili örneği. Atlas Journal, 7(38), 1483-1499. https://doi.org/10.31568/atlas.643.
  • Aydın, M. (2015). Bisiklet kullanımının ortaya çıkardığı pozitif dışsallıklar. Dokuz Eylul University Journal of Graduate School of Social Sciences, 17(3). https://acikders.ankara.edu.tr/pluginfile.php/120614/mod_resource/content/0/bisiklet%20kullan%C4%B1m%C4%B1nda%20pozitif%20d%C4%B1%C5%9F%C5%9Fall%C4%B1k.pdf.
  • Aydın, Y., & Kılınç, K. (2024). Taraftarlıkta Marka Sadakatinin Lisanslı Spor Ürünleri Satın Alma Tercihine Etkisi. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (21), 86-101. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbed.1522005.
  • Aydoğdu, A., & Kırlı, H.. (2017). Turizmde atlı spor kümelenmesi: Kastamonu ve Daday için karma bir analiz. Gümüshane University Electronic Journal of the Institute of Social Science/Gümüshane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 8(19). https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dpusbe/issue/27739/294685.
  • Ayyıldız, E., & Murat, M. (2018). Türkiye Süper Ligi’nin veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(1), 73-86. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/498833.
  • Booth, R. (2009). Sports Economics. The Australian Economic Review, 42(3), 377-85. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8462.2009.00562.x
  • Cao, Z., Price, J., & Stone, D. (2011). Performance Under Pressure in the NBA. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(3), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002511404785.
  • Cerrahoğlu, N. (2016). Spor Ekonomisi Bilim Dalının Gelişim Analizi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(27), 309-329. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/comuybd/issue/43601/533908.
  • Çalışkan, Z. (2008). Sağlık ekonomisi: Kavramsal bir yaklaşım. Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 29-50. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/huniibf/issue/7871/315862.
  • Cinemre, H. A., & Kılıç, O. (2015). Tarım ekonomisi. Samsun: 19 Mayıs Üniversitesi.
  • Curry, T. & Jiobu, R. (1984). Sports a Sociological Perspective. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  • Czarnitzki, D., & Stadtmann, G. (2002). Uncertainty of outcome versus reputation: Empirical evidence for the First German Football Division. Empirical Economics, 27, 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1007/s181-002-8361-7.
  • Çokpartal, C., & Yenel, F. (2021). Altyapı organizasyonlarının futbolcu yetiştirme verimliliği üzerine bir inceleme: Beşiktaş Jk örneği. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1), 96-108. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ejsse/issue/61512/936836.
  • Dawson, P., Dobson, S., & Gerrard, B. (2000). Estimating coaching efficiency in professional team sports: evidence from English association football. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 47(4), 399-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9485.00170.
  • Devecioğlu, S. (2004). Halka arz edilen spor kulüplerinin sportif başarıları ile piyasa değerleri arasındaki ilişki. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 11-18. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000020.
  • Dilek, S., & Kesgingöz, H. (2020). Relationship Between Success and Competition: The Analysis of Selected European Football Leagues. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 9(2), 966-988. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.696881.
  • Doğru, C. (2010). Gutbol endüstrisinde rekabetçi dengenin oluşturulmasına matematiksel bir yaklaşım: ücret tavanı modeli. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, (4). https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/202025.
  • Doria, M., & Nalebuff, B. (2021). Measuring competitive balance in sports. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 17(1), 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2020-0006.
  • Dubinsky, Y. (2019). From soft power to sports diplomacy: a theoretical and conceptual discussion. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, 15, 156-164. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-019-00116-8.
  • Eakins, J. (2018). An analysis of the determinants of sports participation and time spent in different sporting contexts. Managing Sport and Leisure, 23(3), 157-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2018.1527713.
  • Eckard, W. (2015). The Uncertainty-of-Outcome Hypothesis and the Industrial Organization of Sports Leagues: Evidence From U.S. College Football. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(3), 298-317. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002515576002.
  • El-Hodiri, M., & Quirk, J. (1971). An Economic Model of a Professional Sports League. Journal of Political Economy, 79(6), 1302-1319. https://doi.org/10.1086/259837.
  • Espitia-Escuer, M., & Garcia-Cebrian, L. I. (2020). Efficiency of football teams from an organisation management perspective. Managerial and Decision Economics, 41, 321-338. https://doi.org/10.1002/mde.3102.
  • Eurostat (2024). Government expenditure on recreational and sporting services. Avrupa Komisyonu. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Government_expenditure_on_recreational_and_sporting_services#:~:text=In%20absolute%20terms%2C%20EU%20general,2021%20(see%20Table%201) adresinden 20.03.2025 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
  • Evans, R. (2024). The S-Score of financial sustainability for professional football clubs. Journal of Sports Economics, 25(3), 322-345. https://doi.org/10.1177/15270025231222634.
  • Faccia, A., Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L., Helú, H., & Range, D. (2020). Measuring and monitoring sustainability in listed European football clubs: A value-added reporting perspective. Sustainability, 12(23), 9853. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239853.
  • Fai, C., David, S., & Benno, T. (2021). Sport as a behavioral economics lab. CREMA working paper, no. 2021-20. Center for Research in Economics, Management and the Arts (CREMA), Zürich. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/234635/1/2021-20.pdf.
  • Filiztekin, A. (2004). Türkiye Birinci Futbol Ligi’nde rekabet, 1990–2004. https://myweb.sabanciuniv.edu/alpayf/files/2010/04/futbol_sept04.pdf.
  • Flake, C. R., Dufur, M. J., & Moore, E. L. (2013). Advantage men: The sex pay gap in professional tennis. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 48(3), 366-376. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690212442166.
  • Frick, B. (2007). The football players' labor market: empirical evidence from the major European leagues. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 54(3), 422-446. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.2007.00423.x.
  • Gambarelli, D., Gambarelli, G. & Goossens, D. (2019). Offensive or defensive play in soccer: a game-theoretical approach. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 15(4), 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1515/jqas-2017-0071.
  • Garcia-del-Barrio, P., & Pujol, F. (2021). Recruiting talent in a global sports market: appraisals of soccer players' transfer fees. Managerial Finance, 47(6), 789-811. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-04-2020-0213.
  • Gerrard, B. and Kringstad, M. (2023), "Dispersion and persistence in the competitive balance of North American major leagues 1960–2019", Sport, Business and Management, 13(5), 640-662. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-03-2023-0028.
  • Görün, L. (2020). 2018-2019 Sezonu Spor Toto Süper Lig’de rekabetçi denge. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(1), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.17155/omuspd.615996.
  • Groothuis, P. A., Hill, J. R., & Perri, T. J. (2007). Early Entry in the NBA Draft: The Influence of Unraveling, Human Capital, and Option Value. Journal of Sports Economics, 8(3), 223-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002505281228.
  • Guzmán, I., & Morrow, S. (2007). Measuring efficiency and productivity in professional football teams: evidence from the English Premier League. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 15, 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10100-007-0034-y.
  • Halıcıoğlu, F. (1998). Türkiye 1. Profesyonel Football Ligi rekabet düzeyi: 1958–1998 (No. 0508003). Munich: University Library of Munich. https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/othr/papers/0508/0508003.pdf.
  • Haugen, K. (2006). An Economic Model of Player Trade in Professional Sports: A Game Theoretic Approach. Journal of Sports Economics, 7(3), 309-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002504272941.
  • Hoang, H., & Rascher, D. (1999). The NBA, exit discrimination, and career earnings. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 38(1), 69-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/0019-8676.00110.
  • Humphreys, B., & Nowak, A. (2017). Professional sports facilities, teams and property values: Evidence from NBA team departures. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 66, 39-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2017.06.001.
  • Hutchins, B., Li, B., & Rowe, D. (2019) Over-the-top sport: live streaming services, changing coverage rights market and the growth of media sport portals. Media, Culture & Society, 41(7), 975-944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719857623.
  • Jones, S. (1984). The economic aspects of association football in England, 1918-39. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 1(3), 286-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/02649378408713553.
  • Hyun, D. (2022). Proud of, but too close: the negative externalities of a new sports stadium in an urban residential area. The Annals of Regional Science, 68(3), 615-633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-021-01095-6.
  • Kahn, L. (2007). Markets: Cartel Behavior and Amateurism in College Sports. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(1), 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.21.1.209.
  • Kara, O., Pehlivan, M., Tiryaki, K., & Bayhan, M. (2017). Türkiye Basketbol Liglerinin Rekabet Yapisi Ve Spor Endüstrisi İle İlişkisi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(6), 213-237. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/itobiad/issue/31835/357667.
  • Karabulut, R., & Açak, M. (2016). Amatör Spor Kulüplerinin Kuruluşu, Kuruluş Maliyeti ve Vergilendirilmesi: Bir Amatör Futbol Takımı Kuruluş Örneği. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 7(1), 270-283. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/269317.
  • Karacan, N. (1967). Türkiye profesyonel futbol liginde rekabet derecesi artıyor mu, azalıyor mu? İstatistik bir yaklaşım. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 1(4), 82-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iuifm/issue/828/9054.
  • Keefer, Q. (2021). Sunk costs in the NBA: the salary cap and free agents. Empirical Economics, 61, 3445-3478. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00181-020-01996-z. Kesenne, S. (2015). Revenue sharing and absolute league quality; talent investment and talent allocation. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 62(1), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12062.
  • Keskin, H. İ., & Öndes, H. (2020). Seçilmiş Avrupa futbol kulüplerinin etkinliğinin ölçülmesi: vza ve panel tobit modeli. Sosyoekonomi, 28(43), 153-174. https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.01.09.
  • Bülbül-Kocaman, G. (2023) Spor Endüstrisinde Hedef Maliyetleme: Okçuluk Sektörü Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(2), 25-37. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/makusbd/issue/80976/1381560.
  • Koçdemir, M. (2020). Türkiye futbol federasyonu mali verilerinin amatör futbolun finansmanı açısından analizi. Gazi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(2), 93-106. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1031761.
  • Konjer, M., Meier, H., & Wedeking, K. (2017). Consumer Demand for Telecasts of Tennis Matches in Germany. Journal of Sports Economics, 18(4), 351-375. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002515577882.
  • Leah, F. (2015). On the Antitrust Exemption for Professional Sports in the United States and Europe. Jeffrey S. Moorad Sports Law Journal, 22(1). http://digitalcommons.law.villanova.edu/mslj/vol22/iss1/2.
  • Lobmeyer, H., & Weidinger, L. (1992). Commercialism as a Dominant Factor in the American Sports Scene: Sources, Developments, Perspectives. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 27(4), 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269029202700403.
  • Madden, P. (2010). Game Theoretic Analysis of Basic Team Sports Leagues. Journal of Sports Economics, 12(4), 407-431. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002510381721.
  • Manasis, V., Avgerinou, V., Ntzoufras, I., & Reade, J. J. (2011). Measurement of competitive balance in professional team sports using the Normalized Concentration Ratio. Economics Bulletin, 31(3), 2529-2540.
  • Marin, B., & Lee, C. (2020). Exploring new trends of sport business: Japanese companies’ investment in ownership of foreign football clubs. Sport in Society, 23(12), 2031–2054. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430437.2020.1817897.
  • Martín, G. R., García, C. M., Sánchez, F. J., & Navarrete, Á. F. (2023). The wisdom of crowd, real option and game theory decisions: can they be used by clubs to improve their investment in football players? Managerial Finance, 49(6), 1036-1055. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-05-2022-0230.
  • McGough, E., Clemons, C., Ferrera, M., Norfolk, T., & Young, G. (2010). A Game-Theoretic Approach to Personnel Decisions in American Football. Journal of Quantitative Analysis in Sports, 6(4), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.2202/1559-0410.1255.
  • Montolio, D., & Planells-Struse, S. (2019). Measuring the negative externalities of a private leisure activity: hooligans and pickpockets around the stadium. Journal of Economic Geography, 19(2), 465-504. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbx041.
  • Mottley, C. M. (1954). The application of operations-research method to athletic games. Journal of the Operations Research Society of America, 2(3), 335–338. https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/pdf/10.1287/opre.2.3.335
  • Myerson, R. (2013). Game Theory. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
  • Neale, W. (1964). The peculiar economics of professional sports. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 78(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2307/1880543.
  • New, B., & Le Grand, J. (1999). Monopoly in sports broadcasting. Policy Studies, 20(1), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.1080/01442879908423764.
  • Ötkan, C., & Çolakoğlu, T. (2017). Salary Cap system in NBA and adaptability to Turkish basketball leaguespNBA’de uygulanan Salary Cap sistemi ve Türkiye basketbol liglerine uyarlanabilirliği. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(1). https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/4450/2152.
  • Özaydın, S. (2024a). Süper Lig’de Azalan Gelirler Rekabetçi Dengeyi Nasıl Etkiliyor?. Turkish Studies-Economics, Finance, Politics, 19(4). . https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.77646.
  • Özaydın, S. (2024b). Spor Yatırımlarının Verimlilik Analizi–İstanbul İli Örneği. Abant Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 24(3), 798-811. https://doi.org/10.11616/asbi.1391240.
  • Özaydın, S., & Donduran, M. (2020). Efficiency analysis of social performance – the case of Turkish Super League. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 27(3), 391–409. https://doi.org/10.1080/13571516.2020.1787786.
  • Özenç, Y. (2024). Eğitim ekonomisinde temel kavramlar. Uluslararası Düzce Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 103-116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijdes/issue/89490/1542852.
  • Paul, R., Weinbach, A., & Humphreys, B. (2014). Bettor Belief in the “Hot Hand”: Evidence From Detailed Betting Data on the NFL. Journal of Sports Economics, 15(6), 636-649. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002512465414.
  • Pawlowski, T., Rambaccussing, D., Ramirez, P., Reade, J., & Rossi, G. (2024). Exploring entertainment utility from football games. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 223, 185-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2024.04.018.
  • Pinto, H. (2011). The role of econometrics in economic science: An essay about the monopolization of economic methodology by econometric methods. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 40(4), 436-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2011.04.011.
  • Pyun, H., Kim, J., Schlesinger, T., & Matto, L. (2020). Positive externalities from professional football clubs in the Metropolitan Rhine-Ruhr, Germany: Trickle-down effects associated with promotion and relegation. Sustainability, 12(20), 8638. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12208638.
  • Rottenberg, S. (1956). The Baseball Players' Labor Market. Journal of Political Economy, 64(3), 242-58. https://doi.org/10.1086/257790
  • Şaşmaz-Ataçocuğu, M. (2023). Akademik Bir Alan Olarak Spor Ekonomisi: Türkiye’de Spor Ekonomisi Tezleri ve Yaygın Temalar. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 203-228. https://doi.org/10.33468/sbsebd.343.
  • Şaşmaz-Ataçocuğu, M, & Zelyurt, M. (2016). Profesyonel futbolda emek-sermaye ilişkileri: alt liglerde ücret, sosyal güvence ve sendika olgusu üstüne nitel bir çalışma. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(2), 99-115. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/355518.
  • Saban, M., & Demirci, F. (2016). Finansal fair play ve Türkiye'deki dört büyük futbol kulübünün uyum düzeyinin incelenmesi. Financial Analysis/Mali Cozum Dergisi, 26(137), 25-49.
  • Scandizzo, P., & Pierleoni, M. (2018). Assessing the Olympic Games: The economic impact and beyond. Journal of Economic Surveys, 32(3), 649-682. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12213.
  • Simmons, R. (1996). The demand for English league football: a club-level analysis. Applied Economics, 28(2), 139-155. https://doi.org/10.1080/000368496328777.
  • Soygüden, A. (2020). A study of consumer behavior in sports. Journal of International Social Research, 13(70). https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/articles/a-study-of-consumer-behavior-in-sports.pdf.
  • Sönmez, H., & İçöz, C. (2014). Avrupa futbol liglerinin etkinliklerinin veri zarflama analizi ile değerlendirilmesi. İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 2(1), 1-15. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/iy/issue/22655/241960.
  • Subathra, S., Sivanesan, K., Narmadha, M., Senthilkumar, K., Alkitani, M., Essa, M. M., & Walid Qoronfleh, M. (2022). Economic implications of hosting FIFA World Cup–A study with special reference to South Africa, Brazil, Russia and Qatar. FIFA, 73-94. https://squ.elsevierpure.com/en/publications/economic-implications-of-hosting-fifa-world-cup-a-study-with-spec.
  • Sunay, H. A. K. A. N. (2023). Kamu spor yatırımları ve özel spor işletmeleri. Şura Akademi, (3), 11-23. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3594760.
  • Thompson, A., & Bunds, K. (2022). Stadia and community stewardship: community benefits and public finance for New York's Yankee Stadium. In T. Kellison (Ed.), Sports Stadiums and Environmental Justice (pp. 129-142). New York: Routledge.
  • Totty, E., & Owens, M. (2011). Salary caps and competitive balance in professional sports leagues. Journal of Economic Educators, 11(2), 46-56. https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jfee/article/view/1474/1056. Üçışık, H. F., & Ekren, N. (2000). Spor sektörünün piyasa yapısı: teorik bir yaklaşım. Marmara Üniversitesi, III. Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, 11-13.
  • Ünal, H., & Babaoğlu, A. (2014). A research on the levels of conscious consumerism of the sport consumer Spor tüketicilerinin bilinçli tüketicilik düzeyleri üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Human Sciences, 11(1), 992-1003. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/2838.
  • Vamplew, W. (2022). Sports Economics for Non-Economists. London: Routledge.
  • Wicker, P., Breuer, C., & Dallmeyer, S. (2023). The gender earnings gap among elite athletes in semi-professional sports. Managing Sport and Leisure, 28(6), 583-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2021.1944819.
  • Willamson, J. (1988). Migrant Selectivity, Urbanization, and Industrial Revolutions. Population and Development Review, 14(2), 287-314. https://doi.org/10.2307/1973573.
  • Zygband, P., Collignon, H., Sultan, N., Santander, C., & Valensi, U. (2011). Sports Market. Paris: A.T. Kearney. https://www.kearney.com/documents/291362523/291364094/Sports_Market.pdf/c9e7b15f-c9a1-370e-6b0c-3de3591f9050?t=1687444595000.
There are 91 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Microeconomics (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selçuk Özaydın 0000-0003-3935-8790

Publication Date April 29, 2025
Submission Date February 12, 2025
Acceptance Date April 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özaydın, S. (2025). Mikroekonominin Alt Disiplini Olarak Spor Ekonomisi: Kuramsal Temeller ve Türkiye’deki Konumu. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.30976/susead.1638505