Araştırma Makalesi
Madarounfa Gölü (Marradi/Nijer) Çevresinde Balıkçılığın Karakterizasyonu ve Bunun Ekosistem Üzerindeki Etkisi
Öz
Bu çalışma, Madarounfa Gölü balıkçılığını ve ekosisteme etkisini karakterize etmeyi amaçlamıştır. Balıkçılık uygulamalarını, kullanılan av araçlarını belirlemek, balık stoğunu ve balıkçılık faaliyetlerinin ekosistem üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek için anketler yapılmıştır. Balık faunası zanaatkâr balıkçıların 4 istasyondan yakaladıkları av üzerinden Haziran-Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasında incelenmiştir. 12 familya ve 19 cinse ait 22 tür tespit edilmiştir. Cichlidae familyası 4 cins ve 4 tür ile en fazla temsil edilen familyadır. Belirlenen 5 av aracı arasında en çok kullanılanı uzatma ağıydı. Bu çalışma sırasında toplam taze balık üretimi 35 tondur. Bu sonuç, birim çaba başına en büyük avın (CPUE) dökme ağda (9,72 kg/saat) bulunduğunu gösterdi. Boy yapılarının analizi, küçük bireylerin baskınlığını gösterdi. Bireylerin %73,97'sinden fazlasının boyu 18,11±9,25 cm'den küçüktü. Gençler üzerindeki bu seviyede balıkçılık baskısı, balık stoklarının normal şekilde kullanılmasını etkileyebilir ve biyolojik çeşitlilik erozyonuna yol açabilir. Madarounfa Gölü'nün küçüklüğü ve yıl boyunca kontrolsüz balıkçılığın yoğunluğu göz önüne alındığında ekosistemin işleyişi büyük ölçüde bozulmaktadır. Bu durum, gölün ekosisteme sağladığı katkıların sürdürülebilirliğine tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Gölde sürdürülebilir bir balıkçılık yönetimi sağlamak için, bu su kütlesinin çevresinde sürekli bir izleme sisteminin kurulması ve ekosistemin korunmasına ilişkin yasaların uygulanmasının güçlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Antropojenik faaliyetler Sulak alan Ramsar Alanı Balık tutma Maradi
Kaynakça
- Adélie, P. (2018). Atténuer l’impact des pratiques de pêche sur les écosystèmes par l’application du gradient de juridicité. Vertigo-la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, 18(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.20795
- Albaret, J. J., & Laë, R. (2003). Impact of fishing on fish assemblages in tropical lagoons : the example of the Ebrie lagoon, West Africa. Aquatic Living Resources, 16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00002-0
- Anene, A. (2005). Condition factor of four Cichlid species of a man-made lake in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 5(1), 43-47. https://www.trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_277.pdf
- Assane A. T., & Issiaka, Y. (2021). Diversité ichtyologique d’un petit lac tropical : cas du lac Madarounfa, Niger. Revue ivoirienne des sciences et technologie, 37(9), 143 – 154. https://revist.net/REVIST_37/9-ST-775.pdf
- Balirwa, J. S, Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., Cowx, I. G., Geheb, K., Kaufman, L., Lowe-McConnell, R. H., Seehausen, O., Wanink, J. H., Welcomme, R. L., & Witte, F. (2003). Biodiversity and fishery sustainability in the lake Victoria Basin : An unexpected marriage ? BioScience, 53(8), 703-716. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0703:BAFSIT]2.0.CO;2
- Brahim, A. A., Houndonogbo, P. K., Baglo, I. S., Chikou, A., & Laleye, P. A. (2023). Weight-length and total length-standard length factor relationships, and condition factor of the main fish species in Lake Maabo, Chad (Central Africa). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 17(7), 2631-2642. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i7.3
- Camille, V., Dorothée, K., Sonia, M., & Alain, B. (2016). Synthèse bibliographique « Sélectivité des engins de pêche ». Ifremer, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, Unité Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques, Laboratoire Technologie et Biologie Halieutique.
- Candy, S. G. (2004). Modelling catch and effort data using generalised linear models, the tweedie distribution, random vessel effects and Random stratum-by-year effects. CCAMLR science journal of the Scientific Committee and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 11(1), 59–80. http://archive.ccamlr.org/ccamlr_science/Vol-11-2004/04candy.pdf
- Chapman, L. J., Chapman, C.A., Schofield, P. J., Olowo, J. P., Kaufman, L., Seehausen, O., & Ogutu-OhWayo, R. (2003). Fish faunal resurgence in lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 500-511. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01519.x
- Ducharme-Barth, N. D. (2021). What is CPUE standardisation and why is it important for stock assessments? https://www.spc.int/digitallibrary/get/i3f3a
- Froese, R. (2006). Cube law, condition factor and weight–length relationships : history, meta‐analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 241-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
- George, J. P., & Nédélec, C. (1991). Dictionnaire des engins de pêche: Index en six langues. IFREMER; Rennes: Ed. Ouest-France.
- Greenstreet, S. P. R., Spence, F. B., Shanks, A. M., & McMillan, J. A. (1999). Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. V. Changes in structure of the North Sea groundfish species assemblage between 1925 and 1996. Fisheries Research, 40(2), 153-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00210-0
- Hall, M. A., Alverson, D. L., & Metuzal, K. I. (2000). By-Catch: Problems and Solutions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41(1), 204-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00111-9
- Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Moore, P. G. (2000). Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(5), 1407-1415. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0918
- Jeppe, K., Paul, V. Z., Felix, M., & Florence, P. (2017). La pêche dans les zones arides d’Afrique subsaharienne -“Le poisson vient avec la pluie. Favoriser la résilience dans les zones arides pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition des populations qui dépendent de la pêche. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture.
- Jennings, S., Reynolds, J. D., & Mills, S. C. (1998). Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proceedings of Royal Society Biology Sciences, 265(1393), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0300
- Jisr, N., Younes, G., Sukhn, C., & El-Dakdouki, M. H. (2018). Length-weight relationships and relative condition factor of fish inhabiting the marine area of the Eastern Mediterranean city, Tripoli-Lebanon. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2018.11.004
- Justin, K. (2007). Impacts de la pression de pêche sur l’organisation des peuplements de poissons : Application aux retenues artificielles de Sélingué et de Manantali, Mali, Afrique de l’Ouest. [Doctoral dissertation, Agrocampus Rennes]
- Kaiser, M. J., Collie, J. S., Hall, S. J., Jennings, S., & Poiner, I. R. (2002). Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities : prognosis and solutions. Fish and Fisheries, 3(2), 114-136. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2002.00079.x
- Lae, R. (1997). Estimation des rendements de pêche des lacs africains au moyen de modèles empiriques. Aquatic Living Resources, 10(2), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:1997009
- Lalèyè, P. A. (2006). Length–weight and length–length relationships of fishes from the Oueme River in Benin (West Africa). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 330-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00752.x
- Laurans, M., Gascuel, D., Chassot, E., & Thiam, D. (2004). Changes in the trophic structure of fish demersal communities in West Africa in the three last decades. Aquatic Living Resources, 17(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2004023
- Lederoun, D., Ahouanganon, V.H., Dagnide, R.A., Vandewalle, P., & Lalèyè, P. (2022). Evaluation of length-weight and length-length relationships of some of the most abundant commercial fishes from the Couffo River basin (Benin, West Africa). Fisheries & Aquatic Life, 30(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2022-0006
- Lederoun, D., Lalèyè, P. A., Vreven, E. J., & Vandewalle, P. (2016). Length-weight and length-length relationships and condition factors of 30 actinopterygian fish from the Mono basin (Benin and Togo, West Africa).
- Cybium : International Journal of Ichthyology, 40(4), 267-274. https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2016-404-001 Lévêque, C., & Paugy, D. (1999). Impact des activités humaines. In: Leveque C. et Paugy D. (Eds.) Les poissons des eaux continentales africaines. Diversité, écologie, utilisation par l’homme. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.
- Lévêque, C., & Paugy, D. (2006). Les poissons des eaux continentales Africaines : Diversité, écologie et utilisation par l’homme. IRD.
- Montcho, A. S. (2011). Diversité et exploitation des poissons de la rivière Pendjari (Bénin, Afrique de l’Ouest). [Doctoral dissertation, University of Abomey-Calavi].
- Montchowui, E., Chikou, A., Kogbeto, M. J., & Laleye, P. (2008). Biodiversité et structure des communautés de poissons du lac Hlan au Bénin. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2(2), 196-206. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v2i2.39733
- Moutopoulos, D. K., & Stergiou, K. I. (2002). Length-weight and length-length relationships of fish species from the Aegean Sea (Greece). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 18(3), 200 – 203. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00281.x
- Ouattara, M., Gourène, G., & Vanga, A. F. (2006). Propositions de fermeture saisonnière de la pêche en vue d’une exploitation durable du poisson au lac d’Ayamé (Côte d’Ivoire). Tropicultura, 24(1), 7‑13. http://www.tropicultura.org/text/v24n1/7.pdf
- Paugy, D., Lévêque, C., & Teugels, G. G. (2003). Poissons d’eaux douces et saumâtres de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, vol. 1 & 2. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle.
- Piet, G. J., Rijnsdorp, A. D., Bergman, M. J. N., Van Santbrink, J. W., Craeymeersch, J., & Buijs, J. (2000). A quantitative evaluation of the impact of beam trawling on benthic fauna in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(5), 1332-1339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0915
- Ramsar. (2021). Fiche descriptive Ramsar pour le Site n° 2451, Lac de Madarounfa, Niger. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2451
- Ricker, W. E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Fisheries Research Board Can. Bulletin, 191, 1-382.
- Tsikliras, A. C., Dinouli, A.., Tsiros, V. Z., & Tsalkou, E. (2015). The Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries at risk from overexploitation. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0121188. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121188
- Yacouba, H. (2019). Analyse de la biodiversité ichtyologique et de la productivité des pêcheries de Say au Niger. [Master’s thesis, University of d'Abomey Calavi].
- Yarombé, Y. K., Sanogo, Y., Savane, I., & Yakubu I. (2019). Ichthyological Diversity Trend of Sélingué Hydroelectric Dam Lake in Mali. African Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 1(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.11113/ajees.v3.n1.104
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3, 227 - 241, 01.09.2025
Öz
This study aimed to characterize fishing and its effect on the functioning of Lake Madarounfa. Surveys were conducted to identify the fishing practices, used gears, the fish stock, and the impacts of fishing activities on the ecosystem. The fish fauna was studied through the catches of artisanal fishermen at four stations from June to December 2023. Twenty-two species belonging to twelve families and nineteen genera were identified. The Cichlidae family, with 4 genera and 4 species, was the most prevalent. Of the 5 fishing gear identified, the gillnet was the most used. A total of 35 tons of fresh fish were produced during the present study. This result showed that the greatest catch per unit effort (CPUE) was found with the cast net (9.72 kg/h). The analysis of the size structures showed a dominance of small individuals. More than 73.97% of individuals were smaller than 18.11±9.25 cm, corresponding to the mean total length of all fish individuals measured during this study. This level of fishing pressure on juveniles could affect the normal recruitment of fish stocks and lead to biodiversity erosion. Due to the intensity of uncontrolled fishing all year, agricultural activities and climate change, the functioning of the ecosystem is greatly disrupted. This constitutes a threat to the sustainability of the ecosystemic services provided by the lake. The findings of this work suggests that to ensure a sustainable fishery management of the lake, it is necessary to establish continuous monitoring and strengthen the enforcement of laws concerning ecosystem protection around this water body.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Adélie, P. (2018). Atténuer l’impact des pratiques de pêche sur les écosystèmes par l’application du gradient de juridicité. Vertigo-la revue électronique en sciences de l'environnement, 18(2), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.20795
- Albaret, J. J., & Laë, R. (2003). Impact of fishing on fish assemblages in tropical lagoons : the example of the Ebrie lagoon, West Africa. Aquatic Living Resources, 16(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0990-7440(03)00002-0
- Anene, A. (2005). Condition factor of four Cichlid species of a man-made lake in Imo State, Southeastern Nigeria. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 5(1), 43-47. https://www.trjfas.org/uploads/pdf_277.pdf
- Assane A. T., & Issiaka, Y. (2021). Diversité ichtyologique d’un petit lac tropical : cas du lac Madarounfa, Niger. Revue ivoirienne des sciences et technologie, 37(9), 143 – 154. https://revist.net/REVIST_37/9-ST-775.pdf
- Balirwa, J. S, Chapman, C. A., Chapman, L. J., Cowx, I. G., Geheb, K., Kaufman, L., Lowe-McConnell, R. H., Seehausen, O., Wanink, J. H., Welcomme, R. L., & Witte, F. (2003). Biodiversity and fishery sustainability in the lake Victoria Basin : An unexpected marriage ? BioScience, 53(8), 703-716. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0703:BAFSIT]2.0.CO;2
- Brahim, A. A., Houndonogbo, P. K., Baglo, I. S., Chikou, A., & Laleye, P. A. (2023). Weight-length and total length-standard length factor relationships, and condition factor of the main fish species in Lake Maabo, Chad (Central Africa). International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 17(7), 2631-2642. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i7.3
- Camille, V., Dorothée, K., Sonia, M., & Alain, B. (2016). Synthèse bibliographique « Sélectivité des engins de pêche ». Ifremer, Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, Unité Sciences et Technologies Halieutiques, Laboratoire Technologie et Biologie Halieutique.
- Candy, S. G. (2004). Modelling catch and effort data using generalised linear models, the tweedie distribution, random vessel effects and Random stratum-by-year effects. CCAMLR science journal of the Scientific Committee and the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 11(1), 59–80. http://archive.ccamlr.org/ccamlr_science/Vol-11-2004/04candy.pdf
- Chapman, L. J., Chapman, C.A., Schofield, P. J., Olowo, J. P., Kaufman, L., Seehausen, O., & Ogutu-OhWayo, R. (2003). Fish faunal resurgence in lake Nabugabo, East Africa. Conservation Biology, 17(2), 500-511. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01519.x
- Ducharme-Barth, N. D. (2021). What is CPUE standardisation and why is it important for stock assessments? https://www.spc.int/digitallibrary/get/i3f3a
- Froese, R. (2006). Cube law, condition factor and weight–length relationships : history, meta‐analysis and recommendations. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 241-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00805.x
- George, J. P., & Nédélec, C. (1991). Dictionnaire des engins de pêche: Index en six langues. IFREMER; Rennes: Ed. Ouest-France.
- Greenstreet, S. P. R., Spence, F. B., Shanks, A. M., & McMillan, J. A. (1999). Fishing effects in northeast Atlantic shelf seas: patterns in fishing effort, diversity and community structure. V. Changes in structure of the North Sea groundfish species assemblage between 1925 and 1996. Fisheries Research, 40(2), 153-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00210-0
- Hall, M. A., Alverson, D. L., & Metuzal, K. I. (2000). By-Catch: Problems and Solutions. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41(1), 204-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00111-9
- Hall-Spencer, J. M., & Moore, P. G. (2000). Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl habitats. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(5), 1407-1415. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0918
- Jeppe, K., Paul, V. Z., Felix, M., & Florence, P. (2017). La pêche dans les zones arides d’Afrique subsaharienne -“Le poisson vient avec la pluie. Favoriser la résilience dans les zones arides pour la sécurité alimentaire et la nutrition des populations qui dépendent de la pêche. Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'Alimentation et l'Agriculture.
- Jennings, S., Reynolds, J. D., & Mills, S. C. (1998). Life history correlates of responses to fisheries exploitation. Proceedings of Royal Society Biology Sciences, 265(1393), 333-339. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.0300
- Jisr, N., Younes, G., Sukhn, C., & El-Dakdouki, M. H. (2018). Length-weight relationships and relative condition factor of fish inhabiting the marine area of the Eastern Mediterranean city, Tripoli-Lebanon. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 44(4), 299–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2018.11.004
- Justin, K. (2007). Impacts de la pression de pêche sur l’organisation des peuplements de poissons : Application aux retenues artificielles de Sélingué et de Manantali, Mali, Afrique de l’Ouest. [Doctoral dissertation, Agrocampus Rennes]
- Kaiser, M. J., Collie, J. S., Hall, S. J., Jennings, S., & Poiner, I. R. (2002). Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities : prognosis and solutions. Fish and Fisheries, 3(2), 114-136. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-2979.2002.00079.x
- Lae, R. (1997). Estimation des rendements de pêche des lacs africains au moyen de modèles empiriques. Aquatic Living Resources, 10(2), 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:1997009
- Lalèyè, P. A. (2006). Length–weight and length–length relationships of fishes from the Oueme River in Benin (West Africa). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 22(4), 330-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0426.2006.00752.x
- Laurans, M., Gascuel, D., Chassot, E., & Thiam, D. (2004). Changes in the trophic structure of fish demersal communities in West Africa in the three last decades. Aquatic Living Resources, 17(2), 163-173. https://doi.org/10.1051/alr:2004023
- Lederoun, D., Ahouanganon, V.H., Dagnide, R.A., Vandewalle, P., & Lalèyè, P. (2022). Evaluation of length-weight and length-length relationships of some of the most abundant commercial fishes from the Couffo River basin (Benin, West Africa). Fisheries & Aquatic Life, 30(1), 63-73. https://doi.org/10.2478/aopf-2022-0006
- Lederoun, D., Lalèyè, P. A., Vreven, E. J., & Vandewalle, P. (2016). Length-weight and length-length relationships and condition factors of 30 actinopterygian fish from the Mono basin (Benin and Togo, West Africa).
- Cybium : International Journal of Ichthyology, 40(4), 267-274. https://doi.org/10.26028/CYBIUM/2016-404-001 Lévêque, C., & Paugy, D. (1999). Impact des activités humaines. In: Leveque C. et Paugy D. (Eds.) Les poissons des eaux continentales africaines. Diversité, écologie, utilisation par l’homme. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement.
- Lévêque, C., & Paugy, D. (2006). Les poissons des eaux continentales Africaines : Diversité, écologie et utilisation par l’homme. IRD.
- Montcho, A. S. (2011). Diversité et exploitation des poissons de la rivière Pendjari (Bénin, Afrique de l’Ouest). [Doctoral dissertation, University of Abomey-Calavi].
- Montchowui, E., Chikou, A., Kogbeto, M. J., & Laleye, P. (2008). Biodiversité et structure des communautés de poissons du lac Hlan au Bénin. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2(2), 196-206. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v2i2.39733
- Moutopoulos, D. K., & Stergiou, K. I. (2002). Length-weight and length-length relationships of fish species from the Aegean Sea (Greece). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 18(3), 200 – 203. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00281.x
- Ouattara, M., Gourène, G., & Vanga, A. F. (2006). Propositions de fermeture saisonnière de la pêche en vue d’une exploitation durable du poisson au lac d’Ayamé (Côte d’Ivoire). Tropicultura, 24(1), 7‑13. http://www.tropicultura.org/text/v24n1/7.pdf
- Paugy, D., Lévêque, C., & Teugels, G. G. (2003). Poissons d’eaux douces et saumâtres de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, vol. 1 & 2. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle.
- Piet, G. J., Rijnsdorp, A. D., Bergman, M. J. N., Van Santbrink, J. W., Craeymeersch, J., & Buijs, J. (2000). A quantitative evaluation of the impact of beam trawling on benthic fauna in the southern North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57(5), 1332-1339. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmsc.2000.0915
- Ramsar. (2021). Fiche descriptive Ramsar pour le Site n° 2451, Lac de Madarounfa, Niger. https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2451
- Ricker, W. E. 1975. Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. Fisheries Research Board Can. Bulletin, 191, 1-382.
- Tsikliras, A. C., Dinouli, A.., Tsiros, V. Z., & Tsalkou, E. (2015). The Mediterranean and Black Sea fisheries at risk from overexploitation. PLoS ONE, 10(3), e0121188. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121188
- Yacouba, H. (2019). Analyse de la biodiversité ichtyologique et de la productivité des pêcheries de Say au Niger. [Master’s thesis, University of d'Abomey Calavi].
- Yarombé, Y. K., Sanogo, Y., Savane, I., & Yakubu I. (2019). Ichthyological Diversity Trend of Sélingué Hydroelectric Dam Lake in Mali. African Journal of Earth and Environmental Sciences, 1(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.11113/ajees.v3.n1.104
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hidrobiyoloji, Ekoloji (Diğer), Balıkçılık Yönetimi, Sucul Kültür ve Balıkçılık (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 3 Haziran 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Eylül 2025 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 11 Nisan 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2025 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 3 |
