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Pain intensity, fear of movement, and fear of falling in earthquake suvivors in Turkiye: a cross-sectional observational study

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 375 - 382, 30.05.2025

Nagihan Acet , Naime Uluğ , Sena Begen , Nur Sena Yarımkaya , Erden Kılıç , Hülya Arıkan

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1649505

Öz

Aims: On February 6, 2023, devastating earthquakes struck 11 provinces in Turkiye, leading to significant physical and psychological consequences for survivors. This study aimed to determine the frequency of pain intensity, fear of movement, and fear of falling among earthquake survivors and to examine their relationships with each other, as well as with psychological resilience and physical activity level.
Methods: This observational, cross-sectional study included 184 survivors (93 males-91 females; mean age: 34.02±10.76 years) with no pre-earthquake pain or physical trauma. Pain intensity, fear of movement, fear of falling, physical activity level, and psychological resilience were assessed using the ‘Numerical Pain Scale’, ‘Causes of Fear of Movement Scale’, ‘Modified Falls Efficacy Scale’, ‘Short Form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire’, and ‘Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale’, respectively between May 02/2023 and July 30/2023. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to examine associations between these parameters.
Results: 46.7% of participants had fear of movement, 33.2% had fear of falling, and 37.7-50.5% experienced moderate to severe pain. Fear of movement was significantly associated with pain intensity, including headache (r=0.275, p<0.001), neck pain (r=0.294, p<0.001), upper back pain (r=0.262, p<0.001), and low back pain (r=0.284, p<0.001). Similarly, fear of falling (higher scores indicate lower fear) was positively associated with pain intensity, including headache (r=0.202, p=0.006), neck pain (r=0.179, p=0.015), upper back pain (r=0.191, p=0.010), and low back pain (r=0.282, p<0.001). Both fear of movement (r=-0.243, p=0.001) and fear of falling (r=0.220, p=0.003) were significantly associated with psychological resilience, while neither was correlated with physical activity level (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Fear of movement, fear of falling, and pain intensity are prevalent among survivors who had no prior pain and did not sustain physical trauma during the disaster. These factors are closely interrelated, independent of physical activity level. Psychological resilience plays a critical role in fear-related responses. These findings highlight the need for post-disaster rehabilitation strategies that address pain intensity, fear-related responses while considering psychological resilience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Earthquakes pain kinesiophobia falling psychological resilience

Kaynakça

  • Yılmaz S, Karakayali O, Yilmaz S, et al. Emergency medicine association of Turkey disaster committee summary of field observations of february 6th Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2023;38(3):415-418. doi:10.1017/S1049023X23000523
  • Ehring T, Razik S, Emmelkamp PM. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185(1-2): 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.018
  • Valladares-Garrido MJ, Zapata-Castro LE, Domínguez-Troncos H, et al. Mental health disturbance after a major earthquake in Northern Peru: a preliminary, cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8357. doi:10.3390/ijerph19148357
  • Varela E, Koustouki V, Davos CH, Eleni K. Psychological consequences among adults following the 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece. Disasters. 2008;32(2):280-291. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01039.x
  • Kim Y, Lee H. Sleep problems among disaster victims: a long-term survey on the life changes of disaster victims in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3294. doi:10.3390/ijerph18063294
  • Kato H, Asukai N, Miyake Y, Minakawa K, Nishiyama A. Post-traumatic symptoms among younger and elderly evacuees in the early stages following the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93(6):477-481. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10680.x
  • Valladares-Garrido MJ, Zapata-Castro LE, Peralta CI, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder after the 6.1 magnitude earthquake in Piura, Peru: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(17):11035. doi:10.3390/ijerph191711035
  • Boztaş MH, Aker AT, Münir K, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder among adults in the aftermath of 2011 Van-Ercis earth-quake in Turkiye. Turk J Clin Psych. 2019;22(4):380-388. doi:10.5505/kpd.2019.62534
  • Chen CH, Tan HK, Liao LR, et al. Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: a survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(3):269-275. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.12.003
  • Honma M, Endo N, Osada Y, Kim Y, Kuriyama K. Disturbances in equilibrium function after major earthquake. Sci Rep. 2012;2:749. doi:10. 1038/srep00749
  • Tevzadze N, Shakarishvili R. Vertigo syndromes associated with earthquake in Georgia. Georgian Med News. 2007;(148-149):36-39.
  • Miwa T, Minoda R. Epidemiology of post-earthquake dizziness in Kumamoto prefecture. Equilib Res. 2019;78:93-101.
  • Miwa T, Matsuyoshi H, Nomura Y, Minoda R. Post-earthquake dizziness syndrome following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, Japan. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255816. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255816
  • Miwa T. Vestibular function after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes: a retrospective chart review. Front Neurol. 2021;11:626613. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.626613
  • Kumar V, Bhavana K. Post earthquake equilibrium disturbance: a study after Nepal-India Earthquake 2015. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1258-1265. doi:10.1007/s12070-018-1296-5
  • Hasegawa J, Hidaka H, Kuriyama S, et al. Change in and long-term investigation of neuro-otologic disorders in disaster-stricken Fukushima prefecture: retrospective cohort study before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122631. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0122631
  • Angeletti C, Guetti C, Papola R, et al. Pain after earthquake. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:43. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-43
  • Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, et al. Musculoskeletal pain in other body sites is associated with new-onset low back pain: a longitudinal study among survivors of the great East Japan earthquake. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):227. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03234-0
  • Karabulut DG, Yıldırım H, Elpeze G, Maden Ç. The relationship between post-earthquake anxiety status with sleep problems, low back and neck pain in victims of the Kahramanmaraş-centred earthquakes. Harran Üni Tıp Fak Derg. 2024;21(1):11-16. doi:10.35440/hutfd.1385631
  • Nomura Y, Toi T. Post earthquake dizziness syndrome. Equilibrium Res. 2014;73(3):167-173.
  • Stoffregen TA, Riccio GE. An ecological theory of orientation and the vestibular system. Psychol Rev. 1988;95(1):3-14. doi:10.1037/0033-295x. 95.1.3
  • Walton D, Lamb S, Kwok KC. A review of two theories of motion sickness and their implications for tall building motion sway. Wind Structures. 2011;14(6):499-515.
  • Coskun Benlidayi I, Sariyildiz A. Evaluation of fear of falling, balance, and kinesiophobia in earthquake survivors: a comparative study between older and young adults. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024;71(1):1-10. doi:10.5606/tftrd.2024.14578
  • Holdgate A, Asha S, Craig J, Thompson J. Comparison of a verbal numeric rating scale with the Visual Analogue Scale for the measurement of acute pain. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2003;15(5-6):441-446. doi:10.1046/j. 1442-2026.2003.00499.x
  • Çayır M. Hareket Korkusu Nedenleri Ölçeğinin (Kinesiophopia Causes Scale) Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • Kocjan J, Knapik A. Barriers of physical activity (kinesiophobia) in patients subjected to cardiac rehabilitation. Baltic J Health Physic Activity. 2014;6(4):291. doi:10.2478/bjha-2014-0028
  • Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(10):1025-1029. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90063-5
  • Çetişli Korkmaz N, Duray M, Doğru Hüzmeli E, Şenol H. The Turkish version of the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale: reliability and validity from the viewpoint of balance. Turk J Med Sci. 2019;49(6):1727-1735. doi:10. 3906/sag-1903-212
  • Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381-1395. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
  • Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):278-284. doi:10.2466/06.08.PMS.111.4.278-284
  • Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003; 18(2):76-82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
  • Karaırmak O. Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample. Psychiatry Res. 2010;179(3):350-356. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.012
  • Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Atıf İndeksi. 2018:001-214.

Türkiye'deki depremzedelerde ağrı şiddeti, hareket korkusu ve düşme korkusu: kesitsel gözlemsel çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 375 - 382, 30.05.2025

Nagihan Acet , Naime Uluğ , Sena Begen , Nur Sena Yarımkaya , Erden Kılıç , Hülya Arıkan

https://doi.org/10.32322/jhsm.1649505

Öz

Amaç: 6 Şubat 2023'te Türkiye'deki 11 ilde meydana gelen yıkıcı depremler, hayatta kalanlar üzerinde önemli fiziksel ve psikolojik etkiler bırakmıştır. Bu çalışma, depremzedelerde ağrı şiddeti, hareket korkusu ve düşme korkusunun sıklığını belirlemeyi ve bunların birbirleriyle olan ilişkilerini, ayrıca psikolojik dayanıklılık ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile bağlantılarını incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntemler: Bu gözlemsel, kesitsel çalışmaya, deprem öncesinde ağrısı veya fiziksel travması bulunmayan 184 hayatta kalan (93 erkek, 91 kadın; yaş ortalaması: 34,02 ± 10,76 yıl) dahil edilmiştir. Ağrı şiddeti, hareket korkusu, düşme korkusu, fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ve psikolojik dayanıklılık sırasıyla ‘Sayısal Ağrı Skalası’, ‘Hareket Korkusu Nedenleri Ölçeği’, ‘Modifiye Düşme Etkililik Ölçeği’, ‘Uluslararası Fiziksel Aktivite Anketi Kısa Formu’ ve ‘Connor-Davidson Dayanıklılık Ölçeği’ kullanılarak 02 Mayıs 2023 ile 30 Temmuz 2023 tarihleri arasında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu parametreler arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek için Pearson korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular: Katılımcıların %46,7’sinde hareket korkusu, %33,2’sinde düşme korkusu ve %37,7–50,5’inde orta ila şiddetli ağrı gözlenmiştir. Hareket korkusu, baş ağrısı (r = 0,275, p < 0,001), boyun ağrısı (r = 0,294, p < 0,001), üst sırt ağrısı (r = 0,262, p < 0,001) ve bel ağrısı (r = 0,284, p < 0,001) dahil olmak üzere ağrı şiddeti ile anlamlı şekilde ilişkili bulunmuştur. Benzer şekilde, düşme korkusu (daha yüksek skorlar daha düşük korkuyu gösterir), baş ağrısı (r = 0,202, p = 0,006), boyun ağrısı (r = 0,179, p = 0,015), üst sırt ağrısı (r = 0,191, p = 0,010) ve bel ağrısı (r = 0,282, p < 0,001) ile pozitif yönde ilişkilidir. Hem hareket korkusu (r = -0,243, p = 0,001) hem de düşme korkusu (r = 0,220, p = 0,003) psikolojik dayanıklılıkla anlamlı bir ilişki göstermiştir. Ancak, her iki korku türü de fiziksel aktivite düzeyi ile ilişkili bulunmamıştır (p > 0,05).

Sonuç: Deprem sırasında fiziksel travma geçirmeyen ve önceden ağrısı olmayan hayatta kalanlar arasında hareket korkusu, düşme korkusu ve ağrı şiddeti yaygındır. Bu faktörler, fiziksel aktivite düzeyinden bağımsız olarak birbirleriyle yakından ilişkilidir. Psikolojik dayanıklılık, korkuya bağlı tepkilerde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu bulgular, afet sonrası rehabilitasyon stratejilerininde ağrı şiddetini ve korkuya bağlı tepkileri ele alırken, psikolojik dayanıklılığının da göz önünde bulundurması gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ağrı kinezifobi düşme psikolojik sağlamlık fiziksel aktivite Depremler

Kaynakça

  • Yılmaz S, Karakayali O, Yilmaz S, et al. Emergency medicine association of Turkey disaster committee summary of field observations of february 6th Kahramanmaraş earthquakes. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2023;38(3):415-418. doi:10.1017/S1049023X23000523
  • Ehring T, Razik S, Emmelkamp PM. Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and burnout in Pakistani earthquake recovery workers. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185(1-2): 161-166. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.10.018
  • Valladares-Garrido MJ, Zapata-Castro LE, Domínguez-Troncos H, et al. Mental health disturbance after a major earthquake in Northern Peru: a preliminary, cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(14):8357. doi:10.3390/ijerph19148357
  • Varela E, Koustouki V, Davos CH, Eleni K. Psychological consequences among adults following the 1999 earthquake in Athens, Greece. Disasters. 2008;32(2):280-291. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.2008.01039.x
  • Kim Y, Lee H. Sleep problems among disaster victims: a long-term survey on the life changes of disaster victims in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(6):3294. doi:10.3390/ijerph18063294
  • Kato H, Asukai N, Miyake Y, Minakawa K, Nishiyama A. Post-traumatic symptoms among younger and elderly evacuees in the early stages following the 1995 Hanshin-Awaji earthquake in Japan. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1996;93(6):477-481. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10680.x
  • Valladares-Garrido MJ, Zapata-Castro LE, Peralta CI, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder after the 6.1 magnitude earthquake in Piura, Peru: a cross-sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(17):11035. doi:10.3390/ijerph191711035
  • Boztaş MH, Aker AT, Münir K, et al. Post traumatic stress disorder among adults in the aftermath of 2011 Van-Ercis earth-quake in Turkiye. Turk J Clin Psych. 2019;22(4):380-388. doi:10.5505/kpd.2019.62534
  • Chen CH, Tan HK, Liao LR, et al. Long-term psychological outcome of 1999 Taiwan earthquake survivors: a survey of a high-risk sample with property damage. Compr Psychiatry. 2007;48(3):269-275. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2006.12.003
  • Honma M, Endo N, Osada Y, Kim Y, Kuriyama K. Disturbances in equilibrium function after major earthquake. Sci Rep. 2012;2:749. doi:10. 1038/srep00749
  • Tevzadze N, Shakarishvili R. Vertigo syndromes associated with earthquake in Georgia. Georgian Med News. 2007;(148-149):36-39.
  • Miwa T, Minoda R. Epidemiology of post-earthquake dizziness in Kumamoto prefecture. Equilib Res. 2019;78:93-101.
  • Miwa T, Matsuyoshi H, Nomura Y, Minoda R. Post-earthquake dizziness syndrome following the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes, Japan. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0255816. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255816
  • Miwa T. Vestibular function after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes: a retrospective chart review. Front Neurol. 2021;11:626613. doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.626613
  • Kumar V, Bhavana K. Post earthquake equilibrium disturbance: a study after Nepal-India Earthquake 2015. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;71(Suppl 2):1258-1265. doi:10.1007/s12070-018-1296-5
  • Hasegawa J, Hidaka H, Kuriyama S, et al. Change in and long-term investigation of neuro-otologic disorders in disaster-stricken Fukushima prefecture: retrospective cohort study before and after the Great East Japan Earthquake. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0122631. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0122631
  • Angeletti C, Guetti C, Papola R, et al. Pain after earthquake. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:43. doi:10.1186/1757-7241-20-43
  • Yabe Y, Hagiwara Y, Sekiguchi T, et al. Musculoskeletal pain in other body sites is associated with new-onset low back pain: a longitudinal study among survivors of the great East Japan earthquake. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):227. doi:10.1186/s12891-020-03234-0
  • Karabulut DG, Yıldırım H, Elpeze G, Maden Ç. The relationship between post-earthquake anxiety status with sleep problems, low back and neck pain in victims of the Kahramanmaraş-centred earthquakes. Harran Üni Tıp Fak Derg. 2024;21(1):11-16. doi:10.35440/hutfd.1385631
  • Nomura Y, Toi T. Post earthquake dizziness syndrome. Equilibrium Res. 2014;73(3):167-173.
  • Stoffregen TA, Riccio GE. An ecological theory of orientation and the vestibular system. Psychol Rev. 1988;95(1):3-14. doi:10.1037/0033-295x. 95.1.3
  • Walton D, Lamb S, Kwok KC. A review of two theories of motion sickness and their implications for tall building motion sway. Wind Structures. 2011;14(6):499-515.
  • Coskun Benlidayi I, Sariyildiz A. Evaluation of fear of falling, balance, and kinesiophobia in earthquake survivors: a comparative study between older and young adults. Turk J Phys Med Rehabil. 2024;71(1):1-10. doi:10.5606/tftrd.2024.14578
  • Holdgate A, Asha S, Craig J, Thompson J. Comparison of a verbal numeric rating scale with the Visual Analogue Scale for the measurement of acute pain. Emerg Med (Fremantle). 2003;15(5-6):441-446. doi:10.1046/j. 1442-2026.2003.00499.x
  • Çayır M. Hareket Korkusu Nedenleri Ölçeğinin (Kinesiophopia Causes Scale) Türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü; 2018.
  • Kocjan J, Knapik A. Barriers of physical activity (kinesiophobia) in patients subjected to cardiac rehabilitation. Baltic J Health Physic Activity. 2014;6(4):291. doi:10.2478/bjha-2014-0028
  • Hill KD, Schwarz JA, Kalogeropoulos AJ, Gibson SJ. Fear of falling revisited. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77(10):1025-1029. doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90063-5
  • Çetişli Korkmaz N, Duray M, Doğru Hüzmeli E, Şenol H. The Turkish version of the Modified Falls Efficacy Scale: reliability and validity from the viewpoint of balance. Turk J Med Sci. 2019;49(6):1727-1735. doi:10. 3906/sag-1903-212
  • Craig CL, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381-1395. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000078924.61453.FB
  • Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):278-284. doi:10.2466/06.08.PMS.111.4.278-284
  • Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003; 18(2):76-82. doi:10.1002/da.10113
  • Karaırmak O. Establishing the psychometric qualities of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a trauma survivor sample. Psychiatry Res. 2010;179(3):350-356. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.09.012
  • Büyüköztürk Ş. Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Atıf İndeksi. 2018:001-214.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon
Bölüm Orijinal Makale
Yazarlar

Nagihan Acet 0000-0002-3221-528X

Naime Uluğ 0000-0002-3062-1655

Sena Begen 0000-0003-2913-2712

Nur Sena Yarımkaya 0000-0002-1178-8505

Erden Kılıç 0000-0001-6098-9576

Hülya Arıkan 0000-0002-0028-4256

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Acet N, Uluğ N, Begen S, Yarımkaya NS, Kılıç E, Arıkan H. Pain intensity, fear of movement, and fear of falling in earthquake suvivors in Turkiye: a cross-sectional observational study. J Health Sci Med /JHSM /jhsm. Mayıs 2025;8(3):375-382. doi:10.32322/jhsm.1649505
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Üniversitelerarası Kurul (ÜAK) Eşdeğerliği:  Ulakbim TR Dizin'de olan dergilerde yayımlanan makale [10 PUAN] ve 1a, b, c hariç  uluslararası indekslerde (1d) olan dergilerde yayımlanan makale [5 PUAN]

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Not: Dergimiz WOS indeksli değildir ve bu nedenle Q olarak sınıflandırılmamıştır.

Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu (YÖK) kriterlerine göre yağmacı/şüpheli dergiler hakkındaki kararları ile yazar aydınlatma metni ve dergi ücretlendirme politikasını tarayıcınızdan indirebilirsiniz. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/journal/2316/file/4905/show 


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