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KÜRTÇE'NİN STANDARTLAŞMA SÜRECİNİN AMAÇ VE SORUNLARI

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 131 - 153, 30.06.2025

Resul Geyik

Öz

Bir dilin standartlaştırılması sadece toplumdilbilimsel zorlukları değil aynı zamanda ideolojik, kavramsal ve teorik hususları da beraberinde getirir. Dil standardizasyonu kademeli bir süreçtir, farklı ülkelerdeki yaklaşımlara göre değişir ve öğrenciler, öğrenenler ve kullanıcılar için çeşitli aşamalar gerektirir. Bu süreç genellikle uzundur ve çeşitli sorunlarla karşılaşabilir. Sözcük dağarcığı, dilbilgisi ve diğer dilbilimsel unsurlarda tekdüzelik sağlamak zordur ve çok sayıda üniversite, kurum, dernek, vakıf ve yayıncının fikir birliği arayışıyla toplantılar düzenlemesine neden olur. Devlet gibi bir yönetim organının gözetimi, bu süreci düzenli bir şekilde kolaylaştırır. Bununla birlikte, Kürtçe ve lehçeleri gibi istisnai durumlar ani ya da beklenmedik komplikasyonlara yol açmaktadır. Örneğin, bir dil uygulayıcısı yerel ya da daha az yaygın bir özelliği tercih edilen bir kural olarak benimseyebilir ve bu da zaman içinde potansiyel olarak müteakip sorunlara yol açabilir. Kürtçenin standardizasyonuna ilişkin genel sorunlar, farklı ülkelerdeki Kürtler arasındaki siyasi ve kültürel farklılıklar, Kürtçenin resmi olarak tanınmaması, lehçe farklılıkları, eğitim sorunları, dilin medya ve edebiyatta sınırlı temsili, uluslararası destek eksikliği ve tarihsel faktörler gibi çeşitli engellerle karşılaşmaktadır. Bu zorluklar toplu olarak, resmi eğitim, idari ve iletişim amaçları için evrensel olarak kabul edilmiş ve standardlaştırılmış bir Kürtçe dilinin geliştirilmesini engellemektedir. Bu konuda uzlaşı sağlanması, farklı yaklaşımları ve kabul için önemli bir zamanı gerektirebilir. Bir dili standardlaştırmak için birbiriyle ilişkili bazı adımlar gereklidir. Tipik olarak standardlaştırma, seçim, detaylandırma, kodlama ve kabul gibi birbiriyle ilişkili birkaç adımı içerir. Bu süreçte dilbilgisi, kelime dağarcığı ve medya ve yasal çerçeveler gibi yerel gereksinimlerin oluşturulması büyük önem taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Standardlaşma Dil Dilbilim Kod Sosyolinguistik Kürtçe/kurmancca

Kaynakça

  • Akin, Salih. “Plansaziya Zimanî li Dîasporayê: Plansaziya Korpûs û ya Prestîjê ji bo Kurdî.” The Journal of Mesopotamian Studies 3/2 (Summer 2018): 185–201.
  • Akkuş, Mehmet. “COVID-19 Pandemisi (Karasalgın) ve Tehlike Altındaki Türk Lehçeleri: Küresel Karasalgın, Dilkırımı (linguicide) Tetikler mi?” Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi 11/18 (2021): 158–174.
  • Aktaş, Murat ve Mehmet Yonat. Di Dema Osmaniyan de Çapemeniya Kurdî, Matbaeya Berdanê. Stenbol, 2013.
  • Aydın, Tahirhan. “Rêbera Rastnivîsînê Komxebata Kurmanciyê.” Kurdiname 3 (2020): 138–142.
  • Aydoğan, İbrahim Seydo. “Celadet Bedirxan, Çavkaniyên Hawarê û Kurdaniya Bîrewer.” Journal of University of Zakho 1/B, no. 1 (2013): 21–40.
  • Baran, Bahoz. Pirsgirêka Dengê Daçekan. Erişim: https://www.amidakurd.net/pel/Pirsgir%C3%AAka-Deng%C3%AA-Da%C3%A7ekan.pdf, 7 Haziran 2024, saat 10:43.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. Hawar Journal. Weşanxaneya Belkiyê, 1932–1943.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. Hawar. Stokholm: Swêd, 1998, sayı 9, s. 7.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. “Xebata Peyvan.” Hawar 1 (1941): 2.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. “Giringiya Alfabeyê.” Hawar 3 (1941): 4.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. “Sê Tarîxên Hawarê.” Hawar 27 (1941): 5.
  • Boscoboinik, Andrea. Standardized Language as a Way to Support a Common Identity: The Case of Roma Communities. Switzerland: University of Fribourg, 2008.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
  • Bruinessen, Martin Van. Agha, Shaikh, and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1992.
  • Bourgeois-Gironde, Stéphane, Victor Ginsburgh, Hela Hassani ve Shlomo Weber. “A Lingua Franca for Kurdish Populations.” CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16086 (2021). hal-03982938.
  • Crystal, David. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Coulmas, Florian. Language and Economy. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1992.
  • Curzan, Anne, Robin M. Queen, Karlyn V. Weissler ve R. E. Weissler. “Language Standardization & Linguistic Subordination.” Daedalus 152/3 (2023): 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_02015
  • Dean, M. B. ve E. D. Fowler. “An Argument for Appreciation of Dialect Differences in the Classroom.” The Journal of Negro Education 43/3 (1974): 302–309.
  • Dilgeş, Felat. “Celadet Berdirxan ve Hawar Ekolû.” İçinde İnatçı Bir Bahar: Kürtçe ve Kürtçe Edebiyat, ed. Vecdi Erbay, 49–62. İstanbul: Weşanên Ayrıntıyê, 2012.
  • Ergün, Zülküf. Plandanîna Zimanê Kurdî (Kurmancî–Soranî) di Mînakên Korî Zanyarî Kurd û Enstîtuya Kurdî ya Parîsê da. Teza doktorayê. Danışman: Doç. Dr. Osman Aslanoğlu. Dicle Üniversitesi, 2024.
  • Fellman, Jack. The Revival of a Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. Mouton, 1973.
  • Ferguson, Charles A. “Standardization as a Form of Language Spread.” In Sociolinguistic Perspectives: Papers on Language in Society, 1959–1994, edited by T. Huebner, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. The Sociology of Language: An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Newbury House, 1972.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. Advances in Language Planning. Mouton, 1974.
  • Gal, Susan. “Language and Political Economy.” Annual Review of Anthropology 18 (1989): 345–367.
  • Gal, Susan. “Contradictions of Standard Language in Europe: Implications for the Study of Practices and Publics.” Social Anthropology 14/2 (2006): 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0964028206002515.
  • Garvin, Paul L. “A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Language Standardization.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 100/101 (1993): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1993.100-101.37.
  • Geyik, Resul. Teoriya Hînkirina Kurdî-Kurmancî. Mersin: Weşanxaneya Azad Yayineviyê, 2020.
  • Grin, François. “Economics of Language: Selected Papers.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 137 (1999): 15–33.
  • Hassanpour, Amir. Kürdistan’da Milliyetçilik ve Dil, 1918–1985. İstanbul: Weşanxaneya Avestayê, 1997.
  • Hassanpour, Amir. “The Making of Kurdish Identity in Iran: A Historical Perspective.” In The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary Sourcebook, Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2003.
  • Haugen, Einar. Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norwegian. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1966.
  • Haugen, Einar. “Dialect, Nation, Language.” American Anthropologist 68/4 (1966): 922–935.
  • Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed., London: Pearson, 1990.
  • Holmes, Janet. Learning About Language: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh Gate: Edinburgh University Press, 2001.
  • Hudson, Richard A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Joseph, John E. Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Pinter, 1987.
  • Izady, Mehrdad R. “Distribution of Kurdish Language and Its Major Dialects.” In Atlas of the Islamic World and Vicinity, Gulf/2000 Project, Columbia University, 2006–present.
  • Izady, Mehrdad R. Kürtler: Bir El Kitabı. 4. baskı. Çev. Cemal Atila. İstanbul: Weşanxaneya Dozê, 2013.
  • Keskin, Necat. “Kovargeriya Akademîk a Kurdî li Tirkiyeyê û Pirsgirêkên Wê.” Mukaddime 9/2 (2018): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.19059/mukaddime.369647.
  • Keskin, Necat. “A Critique of the Kurdish Working Group’s Writing Guide in Terms of Methodology and Scientific Ethics.” International Journal of Kurdish Studies 9/1 (2023): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1234239.
  • Kreyenbroek, Philip G. “On the Kurdish Language.” In The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, 75–80. London: Routledge, 1992.
  • Kurt, Şehmus. Türkiye’de Kürtçe Öğretim Deneyiminin İncelenmesi (1968–2018). (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Diyarbakır: Dicle Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Kurt, Şehmus. “Kürtçe İçin İlk Dil Planlaması Örnekleri: Rojî Kurd ve Hetawî Kurd.” Kebikeç: İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi 52 (2021): 223–237.
  • Kurt, Şehmus. “Ekoleke Berdewam: Plansaziya Zimanî.” In Ekoller ve Kurumlar: Dil Bilimleri, ed. M. N. Doru ve K. Gökdağ. Mardin: Artuklu University Publishing, 2022.
  • Lane, Pia. “Minority Language Standardisation and the Role of Users.” Language Policy 14 (2015): 263–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9342-y.
  • Matras, Yaron ve Gisela Reershemius. “Standardization Beyond the State: The Cases of Yiddish, Kurdish and Romani.” In Standardization of National Languages: Symposium on Language Standardization, ed. Utta von Gleich ve Ekkehard Wolff, 2–3 February 1991. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute of Pedagogy, 1991.
  • McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004.
  • Milroy, James ve Lesley Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 3. baskı. London: Routledge, 1999.
  • Mehmûd, Bedirxan. “Li Suriyeyê Fêrkirina Zimanê Kurdî.” Zend (2008): 126–128. İstanbul: Zend Bilim Kültür Eğitim Yayıncılık.
  • Omer, Fazil. “Standardîzasyona Zimanê Kurdî.” In İnatçı Bir Bahar: Kürtçe ve Kürtçe Edebiyat, ed. Vecdi Erbay, 75–82. İstanbul: Weşanên Ayrıntıyê, 2012.
  • Ramlan, Reni. “Language Standardization in General Point of View.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI) Journal 1 (Şubat 2018): 27–33. e-ISSN: 2615-3076.
  • Reşîd, Têmûr. “Wêjeya Kurdî li Yekitiya Sovyetê.” In İnatçı Bir Bahar: Kürtçe ve Kürtçe Edebiyat, ed. Vecdi Erbay, 202–212. İstanbul: Weşanên Ayrıntıyê, 2012.
  • Orak Reşitoğlu, Sevda. “Normên Rastnivîsîna Hawarê.” Nûbihar Akademî 20 (2023): 10–32. https://doi.org/10.55253/2023.nubihar.1377981.
  • Önen, Ronayi. “Perwerdeya Zimanî di Aktîvîzma Zimanî da; Tecrûbeya TZP Kurdî.” In Perwerde û Hînkirina Kurdî: Tecrûbe – Model – Pêşniyaz. İstanbul: Weşanên Weqfa Îsmaîl Beşîkcî, 2020.
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The Objectives and Challenges of Standardization Process of Kurmanji

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 131 - 153, 30.06.2025

Resul Geyik

Öz

The standardization of a language poses not only sociolinguistic challenges but also ideological, conceptual, and theoretical considerations. Language standardization is a gradual process, varying in approach across different countries and requiring various stages for students, learners, and users. This process is typically lengthy and may encounter diverse issues. Achieving uniformity in vocabulary, grammar, and other linguistic elements is challenging, prompting numerous universities, institutions, associations, foundations, and publishers to convene meetings in pursuit of consensus. Oversight by a governing body, such as the state, facilitates this process in a regulated manner. Nevertheless, exceptions like Kurdish and its dialects introduce sudden or unexpected complications. For instance, a language practitioner might adopt a local or less common feature as a preferred rule, potentially leading to subsequent issues over time.
The general problems of Kurdish standardization encounter several obstacles, the general problems are as follows; political and cultural disparities among the Kurds of different countries, the absence of official recognition of Kurdish, dialectal variations, educational challenges, the limited representation of the language in the medya and literature, lack of international support and historical factors. These challenges collectively impede the development of a universally accepted and standardized form of Kurdish language for official educational, administrative, and communication purposes. Achieving consensus in this regard may entail diverse approaches and considerable time for acceptance. Some interrelated steps are necessary to standardize a language. Typically, standardization involves several interrelated steps such as selection, elaboration, coding, and acceptance. Within this process, the creation of grammar, vocabulary and local requirements such as medya and legal frameworks hold significant importance.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Standardization Language Linguistics Code Sociolinguistics Kurdish/Kurmanji

Kaynakça

  • Akin, Salih. “Plansaziya Zimanî li Dîasporayê: Plansaziya Korpûs û ya Prestîjê ji bo Kurdî.” The Journal of Mesopotamian Studies 3/2 (Summer 2018): 185–201.
  • Akkuş, Mehmet. “COVID-19 Pandemisi (Karasalgın) ve Tehlike Altındaki Türk Lehçeleri: Küresel Karasalgın, Dilkırımı (linguicide) Tetikler mi?” Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi 11/18 (2021): 158–174.
  • Aktaş, Murat ve Mehmet Yonat. Di Dema Osmaniyan de Çapemeniya Kurdî, Matbaeya Berdanê. Stenbol, 2013.
  • Aydın, Tahirhan. “Rêbera Rastnivîsînê Komxebata Kurmanciyê.” Kurdiname 3 (2020): 138–142.
  • Aydoğan, İbrahim Seydo. “Celadet Bedirxan, Çavkaniyên Hawarê û Kurdaniya Bîrewer.” Journal of University of Zakho 1/B, no. 1 (2013): 21–40.
  • Baran, Bahoz. Pirsgirêka Dengê Daçekan. Erişim: https://www.amidakurd.net/pel/Pirsgir%C3%AAka-Deng%C3%AA-Da%C3%A7ekan.pdf, 7 Haziran 2024, saat 10:43.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. Hawar Journal. Weşanxaneya Belkiyê, 1932–1943.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. Hawar. Stokholm: Swêd, 1998, sayı 9, s. 7.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. “Xebata Peyvan.” Hawar 1 (1941): 2.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. “Giringiya Alfabeyê.” Hawar 3 (1941): 4.
  • Bedirxan, Celadet. “Sê Tarîxên Hawarê.” Hawar 27 (1941): 5.
  • Boscoboinik, Andrea. Standardized Language as a Way to Support a Common Identity: The Case of Roma Communities. Switzerland: University of Fribourg, 2008.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. Language and Symbolic Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991.
  • Bruinessen, Martin Van. Agha, Shaikh, and State: The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan. London: Zed Books, 1992.
  • Bourgeois-Gironde, Stéphane, Victor Ginsburgh, Hela Hassani ve Shlomo Weber. “A Lingua Franca for Kurdish Populations.” CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16086 (2021). hal-03982938.
  • Crystal, David. English as a Global Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Coulmas, Florian. Language and Economy. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1992.
  • Curzan, Anne, Robin M. Queen, Karlyn V. Weissler ve R. E. Weissler. “Language Standardization & Linguistic Subordination.” Daedalus 152/3 (2023): 18–35. https://doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_02015
  • Dean, M. B. ve E. D. Fowler. “An Argument for Appreciation of Dialect Differences in the Classroom.” The Journal of Negro Education 43/3 (1974): 302–309.
  • Dilgeş, Felat. “Celadet Berdirxan ve Hawar Ekolû.” İçinde İnatçı Bir Bahar: Kürtçe ve Kürtçe Edebiyat, ed. Vecdi Erbay, 49–62. İstanbul: Weşanên Ayrıntıyê, 2012.
  • Ergün, Zülküf. Plandanîna Zimanê Kurdî (Kurmancî–Soranî) di Mînakên Korî Zanyarî Kurd û Enstîtuya Kurdî ya Parîsê da. Teza doktorayê. Danışman: Doç. Dr. Osman Aslanoğlu. Dicle Üniversitesi, 2024.
  • Fellman, Jack. The Revival of a Classical Tongue: Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. Mouton, 1973.
  • Ferguson, Charles A. “Standardization as a Form of Language Spread.” In Sociolinguistic Perspectives: Papers on Language in Society, 1959–1994, edited by T. Huebner, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. The Sociology of Language: An Interdisciplinary Social Science Approach to Language in Society. Newbury House, 1972.
  • Fishman, Joshua A. Advances in Language Planning. Mouton, 1974.
  • Gal, Susan. “Language and Political Economy.” Annual Review of Anthropology 18 (1989): 345–367.
  • Gal, Susan. “Contradictions of Standard Language in Europe: Implications for the Study of Practices and Publics.” Social Anthropology 14/2 (2006): 163–181. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0964028206002515.
  • Garvin, Paul L. “A Conceptual Framework for the Study of Language Standardization.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 100/101 (1993): 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.1993.100-101.37.
  • Geyik, Resul. Teoriya Hînkirina Kurdî-Kurmancî. Mersin: Weşanxaneya Azad Yayineviyê, 2020.
  • Grin, François. “Economics of Language: Selected Papers.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 137 (1999): 15–33.
  • Hassanpour, Amir. Kürdistan’da Milliyetçilik ve Dil, 1918–1985. İstanbul: Weşanxaneya Avestayê, 1997.
  • Hassanpour, Amir. “The Making of Kurdish Identity in Iran: A Historical Perspective.” In The Kurdish Question in U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary Sourcebook, Costa Mesa: Mazda Publishers, 2003.
  • Haugen, Einar. Language Conflict and Language Planning: The Case of Modern Norwegian. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1966.
  • Haugen, Einar. “Dialect, Nation, Language.” American Anthropologist 68/4 (1966): 922–935.
  • Holmes, Janet. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed., London: Pearson, 1990.
  • Holmes, Janet. Learning About Language: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh Gate: Edinburgh University Press, 2001.
  • Hudson, Richard A. Sociolinguistics. 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
  • Joseph, John E. Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Pinter, 1987.
  • Izady, Mehrdad R. “Distribution of Kurdish Language and Its Major Dialects.” In Atlas of the Islamic World and Vicinity, Gulf/2000 Project, Columbia University, 2006–present.
  • Izady, Mehrdad R. Kürtler: Bir El Kitabı. 4. baskı. Çev. Cemal Atila. İstanbul: Weşanxaneya Dozê, 2013.
  • Keskin, Necat. “Kovargeriya Akademîk a Kurdî li Tirkiyeyê û Pirsgirêkên Wê.” Mukaddime 9/2 (2018): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.19059/mukaddime.369647.
  • Keskin, Necat. “A Critique of the Kurdish Working Group’s Writing Guide in Terms of Methodology and Scientific Ethics.” International Journal of Kurdish Studies 9/1 (2023): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1234239.
  • Kreyenbroek, Philip G. “On the Kurdish Language.” In The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview, 75–80. London: Routledge, 1992.
  • Kurt, Şehmus. Türkiye’de Kürtçe Öğretim Deneyiminin İncelenmesi (1968–2018). (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Diyarbakır: Dicle Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020.
  • Kurt, Şehmus. “Kürtçe İçin İlk Dil Planlaması Örnekleri: Rojî Kurd ve Hetawî Kurd.” Kebikeç: İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi 52 (2021): 223–237.
  • Kurt, Şehmus. “Ekoleke Berdewam: Plansaziya Zimanî.” In Ekoller ve Kurumlar: Dil Bilimleri, ed. M. N. Doru ve K. Gökdağ. Mardin: Artuklu University Publishing, 2022.
  • Lane, Pia. “Minority Language Standardisation and the Role of Users.” Language Policy 14 (2015): 263–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9342-y.
  • Matras, Yaron ve Gisela Reershemius. “Standardization Beyond the State: The Cases of Yiddish, Kurdish and Romani.” In Standardization of National Languages: Symposium on Language Standardization, ed. Utta von Gleich ve Ekkehard Wolff, 2–3 February 1991. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute of Pedagogy, 1991.
  • McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004.
  • Milroy, James ve Lesley Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 3. baskı. London: Routledge, 1999.
  • Mehmûd, Bedirxan. “Li Suriyeyê Fêrkirina Zimanê Kurdî.” Zend (2008): 126–128. İstanbul: Zend Bilim Kültür Eğitim Yayıncılık.
  • Omer, Fazil. “Standardîzasyona Zimanê Kurdî.” In İnatçı Bir Bahar: Kürtçe ve Kürtçe Edebiyat, ed. Vecdi Erbay, 75–82. İstanbul: Weşanên Ayrıntıyê, 2012.
  • Ramlan, Reni. “Language Standardization in General Point of View.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI) Journal 1 (Şubat 2018): 27–33. e-ISSN: 2615-3076.
  • Reşîd, Têmûr. “Wêjeya Kurdî li Yekitiya Sovyetê.” In İnatçı Bir Bahar: Kürtçe ve Kürtçe Edebiyat, ed. Vecdi Erbay, 202–212. İstanbul: Weşanên Ayrıntıyê, 2012.
  • Orak Reşitoğlu, Sevda. “Normên Rastnivîsîna Hawarê.” Nûbihar Akademî 20 (2023): 10–32. https://doi.org/10.55253/2023.nubihar.1377981.
  • Önen, Ronayi. “Perwerdeya Zimanî di Aktîvîzma Zimanî da; Tecrûbeya TZP Kurdî.” In Perwerde û Hînkirina Kurdî: Tecrûbe – Model – Pêşniyaz. İstanbul: Weşanên Weqfa Îsmaîl Beşîkcî, 2020.
  • Sangar, Ibrahim, Abdulmenaf Jukil ve George Beckett. “The Impact of the Kurdish Language on the Components of Nation Building and the Impact of the Components of the Nation Building on the Kurdish Language.” Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences 24 (2020): 258–272.
  • Santillan, Juan Jose ve Fabian Dario Rodas. “Brief Considerations on Language Standardization and Intra-Language Change.” International Journal of Arts and Social Science 3/2 (Mart–Nisan 2020). https://www.ijassjournal.com (Erişim: 15.06.2024).
  • Schwarzwald, Ora R. “The Standardization of Modern Hebrew.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150 (2001): 147–160.
  • Sheyholislami, Jaffer. “Identity, Language, and New Media: The Kurdish Case.” Language Policy 9/4 (2010): 289–312.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove ve David Fernandes. “Linguistic Diversity and Language Rights: The Role of the Kurdish Institute of Paris in Promoting Kurdish Language Rights.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192 (2008): 85–98.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove ve Teresa L. McCarty. “Key Concepts in Bilingual Education: Ideological, Historical, Epistemological, and Empirical Foundations.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 155–166. Springer, 2008.
  • Stadler, Bettina. Language Maintenance and Assimilation: The Case of Selected German Speaking Immigrants in Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Cataloguing in Publications Data, 1983.
  • Tharu, Ram Krishna. “Standardization of the Tharu Language: A Critical Analysis.” Voice: A Biannual & Bilingual Journal 15/1 (Ağustos 2023): 45–54.
  • Thomas, Wayne P. ve Virginia P. Collier. School Effectiveness for Language Minority Students. NCBE Resource Collection Series 9. National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, 1997.
  • Thomason, Sarah G. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001.
  • Toprak, Berfin. Serboriya Hewldanên Standardkirina Kurdiya Kurmancî li Tirkiyeyê (Ji Kovara Hawarê Heta 2022yan). (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Mardin: Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • UNESCO. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 1968.
  • Yıldız, Kerim. The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights. London: Pluto Press, 2005.
  • Zeydanlıoğlu, Welat. “Turkey’s Kurdish Language Policy.” In The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation, 157–176. London: Routledge, 2012.
  • Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
  • https://archive.org/details/kovara_kurmanci/ku1/
  • https://bahozbaran.wordpress.com/2020/02/13/weqfa-mezopotamyaye-xebaten-zimani-u-komxebata-kurmanciye/
  • https://zimannas.wordpress.com/2020/02/22/pedacuneke-rexneyi-li-ser-rebera-rastnivisine/
  • https://xwebun2.org/nu-ez-deyndare-zimane-xwe-me/
  • https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferansa_Zanist%C3%AE_ya_Ziman%C3%AA_Kurd%C3%AE_2011

ARMANC Û PIRSGIRÊKÊN PÊVAJOYA STANDARDÎZASYONA KURMANCÎ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1, 131 - 153, 30.06.2025

Resul Geyik

Öz

Standardîzasyona zimanekî ne tenê mijara sosyolînguîstîkê ye, ew di heman demê de mijareke îdeolojîk, têgehî û teorîk e jî. Standardîzyona zimanekî tu caran di carekê de pêk nayê, li gelek welatên cuda jî bi awayekî taybet pêk hatiyê û pêvajoyên cur bi cur wekî pêwîstî derdikeve pêşiya hemû xwendekar, fêrxwaz û bikarhêneran. Elbet ev pêvajo ne kurt e û pirsgirêkên cihê derdikevin. Yekitiya bikaranîna zimanekî di qada ferhengî, rêzimanî û hêmanên din ne tiştekî rehet e lewma gelek zanîngeh, sazî, komele, weqif û weşanxane bi rêya hevdîtinan hewl didin ku bigihîjin biryareke giştî. Hebûna saziyeke otorîteyê (dewletî) vê pêvajoyê bi awayekî kontrolkirî dixe rê. Herwiha îstînayên wekî kurdî û zaravayên wê gelek pirsgirêkên nişkeva yan jî surprîz derdixin. Wekî mînak kesek ku xebatên zimên pêk tîne dikare taybetmendiyeke herêmî an jî kêm tê dîtin (ne berbelavbûyî) wekî qeîdeyeke tercîhkirî bi kar bîne û di nav demê de ev jî bibe sedema hinek aloziyan. Pirsgirêkên giştî yên standardîzasyona kurmancî bi çend astengan re rû bi rû dimînin, Pirsgirêkên giştî wiha ne; cudahiyên siyasî û çandî di nav kurdên welatên cuda de, nenaskirina fermî ya kurdî, cudahiyên zaravayî, kêşeyên perwerdeyê, hebûna zimên bi awayekî sînorkirî ya medya û edebiyatê, kêmasî yan jî nebûna piştgiriya navneteweyî û faktorên dîrokî yên berê. Ev faktor bi hev re rê li ber pêşxistina formeke kurmanciya kurdî ya ku ji aliyê gerdûnî ve hatiye qebûlkirin û standardkirin ji bo mebestên perwerdeyî, îdarî û ragihandinê yên fermî asteng dikin. Hewldanên berdewam ên di vî warî de dibe ku bi awayekî cuda pêk bê û ji bo qebûlkirinê demeke dirêj pêwîst be. Ji bo standardkirina zimanekî hin gavên bi hev ve girêdayî pêwîst in. Ew gav bi gelemperî wiha ne; hilbijartin, berfirehkirin, kodkirin û qebûlkirin. Di vê pêvajoyê de, afirandina çavkaniyên rêziman, ferheng û pêwîstiyên cihê wekî medya û huquqê jî gelek giring in.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Standardîzasyon Ziman Zimannasî Kod Sosyolînguîstik Kurdi/Kurmancî

Kaynakça

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  • Haugen, Einar. “Dialect, Nation, Language.” American Anthropologist 68/4 (1966): 922–935.
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  • Joseph, John E. Eloquence and Power: The Rise of Language Standards and Standard Languages. London: Pinter, 1987.
  • Izady, Mehrdad R. “Distribution of Kurdish Language and Its Major Dialects.” In Atlas of the Islamic World and Vicinity, Gulf/2000 Project, Columbia University, 2006–present.
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  • Keskin, Necat. “Kovargeriya Akademîk a Kurdî li Tirkiyeyê û Pirsgirêkên Wê.” Mukaddime 9/2 (2018): 31–47. https://doi.org/10.19059/mukaddime.369647.
  • Keskin, Necat. “A Critique of the Kurdish Working Group’s Writing Guide in Terms of Methodology and Scientific Ethics.” International Journal of Kurdish Studies 9/1 (2023): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.21600/ijoks.1234239.
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  • Kurt, Şehmus. “Kürtçe İçin İlk Dil Planlaması Örnekleri: Rojî Kurd ve Hetawî Kurd.” Kebikeç: İnsan Bilimleri İçin Kaynak Araştırmaları Dergisi 52 (2021): 223–237.
  • Kurt, Şehmus. “Ekoleke Berdewam: Plansaziya Zimanî.” In Ekoller ve Kurumlar: Dil Bilimleri, ed. M. N. Doru ve K. Gökdağ. Mardin: Artuklu University Publishing, 2022.
  • Lane, Pia. “Minority Language Standardisation and the Role of Users.” Language Policy 14 (2015): 263–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-014-9342-y.
  • Matras, Yaron ve Gisela Reershemius. “Standardization Beyond the State: The Cases of Yiddish, Kurdish and Romani.” In Standardization of National Languages: Symposium on Language Standardization, ed. Utta von Gleich ve Ekkehard Wolff, 2–3 February 1991. Hamburg: UNESCO Institute of Pedagogy, 1991.
  • McDowall, David. A Modern History of the Kurds. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004.
  • Milroy, James ve Lesley Milroy. Authority in Language: Investigating Language Prescription and Standardisation. 3. baskı. London: Routledge, 1999.
  • Mehmûd, Bedirxan. “Li Suriyeyê Fêrkirina Zimanê Kurdî.” Zend (2008): 126–128. İstanbul: Zend Bilim Kültür Eğitim Yayıncılık.
  • Omer, Fazil. “Standardîzasyona Zimanê Kurdî.” In İnatçı Bir Bahar: Kürtçe ve Kürtçe Edebiyat, ed. Vecdi Erbay, 75–82. İstanbul: Weşanên Ayrıntıyê, 2012.
  • Ramlan, Reni. “Language Standardization in General Point of View.” Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI) Journal 1 (Şubat 2018): 27–33. e-ISSN: 2615-3076.
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  • Orak Reşitoğlu, Sevda. “Normên Rastnivîsîna Hawarê.” Nûbihar Akademî 20 (2023): 10–32. https://doi.org/10.55253/2023.nubihar.1377981.
  • Önen, Ronayi. “Perwerdeya Zimanî di Aktîvîzma Zimanî da; Tecrûbeya TZP Kurdî.” In Perwerde û Hînkirina Kurdî: Tecrûbe – Model – Pêşniyaz. İstanbul: Weşanên Weqfa Îsmaîl Beşîkcî, 2020.
  • Sangar, Ibrahim, Abdulmenaf Jukil ve George Beckett. “The Impact of the Kurdish Language on the Components of Nation Building and the Impact of the Components of the Nation Building on the Kurdish Language.” Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences 24 (2020): 258–272.
  • Santillan, Juan Jose ve Fabian Dario Rodas. “Brief Considerations on Language Standardization and Intra-Language Change.” International Journal of Arts and Social Science 3/2 (Mart–Nisan 2020). https://www.ijassjournal.com (Erişim: 15.06.2024).
  • Schwarzwald, Ora R. “The Standardization of Modern Hebrew.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 150 (2001): 147–160.
  • Sheyholislami, Jaffer. “Identity, Language, and New Media: The Kurdish Case.” Language Policy 9/4 (2010): 289–312.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove ve David Fernandes. “Linguistic Diversity and Language Rights: The Role of the Kurdish Institute of Paris in Promoting Kurdish Language Rights.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192 (2008): 85–98.
  • Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove ve Teresa L. McCarty. “Key Concepts in Bilingual Education: Ideological, Historical, Epistemological, and Empirical Foundations.” In Encyclopedia of Language and Education, 155–166. Springer, 2008.
  • Stadler, Bettina. Language Maintenance and Assimilation: The Case of Selected German Speaking Immigrants in Vancouver, Canada. Canadian Cataloguing in Publications Data, 1983.
  • Tharu, Ram Krishna. “Standardization of the Tharu Language: A Critical Analysis.” Voice: A Biannual & Bilingual Journal 15/1 (Ağustos 2023): 45–54.
  • Thomas, Wayne P. ve Virginia P. Collier. School Effectiveness for Language Minority Students. NCBE Resource Collection Series 9. National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education, 1997.
  • Thomason, Sarah G. Language Contact: An Introduction. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2001.
  • Toprak, Berfin. Serboriya Hewldanên Standardkirina Kurdiya Kurmancî li Tirkiyeyê (Ji Kovara Hawarê Heta 2022yan). (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Mardin: Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • UNESCO. The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. 1968.
  • Yıldız, Kerim. The Kurds in Turkey: EU Accession and Human Rights. London: Pluto Press, 2005.
  • Zeydanlıoğlu, Welat. “Turkey’s Kurdish Language Policy.” In The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation, 157–176. London: Routledge, 2012.
  • Wardhaugh, Ronald. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 2006.
  • https://archive.org/details/kovara_kurmanci/ku1/
  • https://bahozbaran.wordpress.com/2020/02/13/weqfa-mezopotamyaye-xebaten-zimani-u-komxebata-kurmanciye/
  • https://zimannas.wordpress.com/2020/02/22/pedacuneke-rexneyi-li-ser-rebera-rastnivisine/
  • https://xwebun2.org/nu-ez-deyndare-zimane-xwe-me/
  • https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferansa_Zanist%C3%AE_ya_Ziman%C3%AA_Kurd%C3%AE_2011
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Kürtçe
Konular Dil Çalışmaları (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Resul Geyik 0000-0003-3516-098X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2025
Kabul Tarihi 16 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Geyik, Resul. “ARMANC Û PIRSGIRÊKÊN PÊVAJOYA STANDARDÎZASYONA KURMANCΔ. Şarkiyat 17/1 (Haziran 2025), 131-153.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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