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Laser Acupuncture for Chronic Pain

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 173 - 187, 30.06.2025

Emre Uzun , İbrahim Tekeoğlu , Muhammed Zahid Şahin

https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.1541981

Öz

Laser Acupuncture (LA) is a modern treatment method with a history of approximately 50 years. Contrary to manual acupuncture, it is a non-invasive and painless treatment method, which is preferred particularly by needle-phobic patients. Studies conducted to date indicate that acupuncture points can be stimulated by the application of laser beams with a certain dose for a certain amount of time. Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Resistance to treatment can occur when pain transitions into a chronic state. Nearly 20% of the adult population complain of pain. About 10% of these individuals develop chronic pain within a year. Numerous treatment modalities have been used in the treatment of chronic pain. In this article, the role of LA in chronic pain is assessed in detail. Concomitantly, history, mechanism of action, treatment dose and duration, contraindications, complications, combination with other acupuncture methods, and the analgesic effect of LA are also mentioned. Utilization of LA more frequently by clinicians to treat chronic pain and further long-term randomized controlled trials will help eliminate conflicting results regarding this subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Laser acupuncture chronic pain

Teşekkür

We would like to thank Dr. Tuğba Yağan and Dr. Ayşenur İmamoğlu Baba for their support in the literature review and article writing processes.

Kaynakça

  • Merskey HE. Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain. 1986.
  • Hung YC, Lin PY, Chiu HE, Huang PY, Hu WL. The effectiveness of laser acupuncture for treatment of musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1707–1719.
  • Hylands-White N, Duarte RV, Raphael JH. An overview of treatment approaches for chronic pain management. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37:29–42.
  • Wu JN. A short history of acupuncture. J Altern Complement Med. 1996;2(1):19–21.
  • Organization WH. Acupuncture: Review and analysis of reports on controlled clinical trials. 2002.
  • Whittaker P. Laser acupuncture: Past, present, and future. Lasers Med Sci. 2004;19:69–80.
  • Giuliani A, Lorenzini L, Alessandri M, Torricella R, Baldassarro VA, Giardino L, et al. In vitro exposure to very low-level laser modifies expression level of extracellular matrix protein RNAs and mitochondria dynamics in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:1-7.
  • Yang J, Mallory MJ, Wu Q, Bublitz SE, Do A, Xiong, D, et al. The safety of laser acupuncture: A systematic review. Med Acupunct. 2020;32(4):209–217.
  • Posten W, Wrone DA, Dover JS, Arndt KA, Silapunt S, Alam M. Low-level laser therapy for wound healing: Mechanism and efficacy. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(3):334–340.
  • Wu SY, Kuo CE, Hung YC, Hu WL. Managing pain with laser acupuncture. Pain Manag. 2016;10:62863.
  • White A, Ernst EA. Brief history of acupuncture. Rheum. 2004;43(5):662–663.
  • Miklánek J, Kriz V. 1st Experiences with the utilization of lasers for acupuncture. The akuplas device. Fysiatr Reumatol Vestn. 1978;56(1):36–40.
  • Litscher G, Huang T, Wang L, Zhang W. Violet laser acupuncture—Part 1: Effects on brain circulation. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2010;3(4):255–259.
  • Snyder-Mackler L, Bork C, Bourbon B, Trumbore D. Effect of Helium-Neon laser on musculoskeletal trigger points. Phys Ther. 1986;66(7):1087–1090.
  • Irnich D, Cummings M, Behrens N, Molzen H, König A, Gleditsch J et al. Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and “sham” laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain. Commentary: Controls for acupuncture can we finally see the light? BMJ. 2001:322(7302):1574.
  • Shin JY, Ku B, Kim JU, Lee YJ, Kang JH, Heo H et al. Short‐term effect of laser acupuncture on lower back pain: A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;2015:808425.
  • Irnich D, Salih N, Offenbächer M & Fleckenstein J. Is sham laser a valid control for acupuncture trials? J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2011;2011:485945.
  • Lister T, Wright PA, Chappell PH. Optical properties of human skin. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(9):090901–090901.
  • Anderson RR. Optics of the skin. In Clinical Photomedicine. Routledge; 2018:19–35.
  • Round R, Litscher G, Bahr F. Auricular acupuncture with laser. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:1–22.
  • Tuner J, Hode L. The Laser Therapy Handbook: A Guide for Research Scientists, Doctors, Dentists, Veterinarians and Other Interested Parties Within the Medical Field. Prima Books AB; 2004.
  • Wilson BC, Jeeves WP, Lowe DM. In vivo and post mortem measurements of the attenuation spectra of light in mammalian tissues. Photochem Photobiol. 1985;42(2):153–162.
  • Kim JH, Na CS, Cho MR, Park GC, Lee JS. Efficacy of invasive laser acupuncture in treating chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. PloS One. 2022;17(5):e0269282.
  • Branchet MC, Boisnic S, Frances C, Robert AM. Skin thickness changes in normal aging skin. Gerontology. 1990;36(1):28–35.
  • Hamblin MR, Huang Y. Handbook of Photomedicine. CRC Press; 2013.
  • Litscher G. Yes, There is deqi sensation in laser acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:1–4.
  • Hu WL, Chang CH, Hung YC, Tseng YJ, Hung IL, Hsu SF. Laser acupuncture therapy in patients with treatment-resistant temporomandibular disorders. PloS One. 2014;9(10):e110528.
  • Pontinen PJ. Low level laser therapy as a medical treatment modality. Tampera. 1992;11–211.
  • Godbold JC, Riegel RJ. Contraindications, special considerations, and precautions. In: Riegel RJ, Godbold JC, eds. Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2017:67-73.
  • Avila R, Samar ME, Juri H, De Fabro SP, Centurión C. Structural changes induced by He-Ne laser on the chick embryo ovary. Rev Fac Cienc Medicas Cordoba Argent. 1992;50(1):7–10.
  • Hubacek J, Cerna I. Wachstumsbeeinflussung einiger mikroben durch He-Ne laser. Acta Univ Palacky Olomouc Fac Med. 1984;107:321–326.
  • Martin DM, Baxter GD, Allen JM, McCoy P, Ravey J, Diamantopoulos C. Effect of laser pulse repetition rate upon peripheral blood flow in human volunteers. Laser Surg Med. 1991;I3:83.
  • Mussttaf RA, Jenkins DFL, Jha AN. Assessing the impact of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on biological systems: A review. Int J Radiat Biol. 2019;95(2):120-143.
  • Chon TY, Mallory MJ, Yang J, Bublitz SE, Do A, Dorsher PT. Laser acupuncture: A concise review. Med Acupunct. 2019;31(3):164-168.
  • Hasan P, Rijadi SA, Purnomo S, Kainama, H. The possible application of low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of male ınfertility: A preliminary report. Laser Ther. 2004;14:65-66.
  • Glazov G, Yelland M, Emery J. Low-dose laser acupuncture for non-specific chronic low back pain: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2014;32(2):116–123.
  • Prohaska J, Hohman MH. Laser Complications. 2023 Aug 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.
  • Chen Z, Ma C, Xu L, Wu Z, He Y, Xu K et al. Laser acupuncture for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:1–10.
  • Baxter GD, Bleakley C, McDonough S. Clinical effectiveness of laser acupuncture: A systematic review. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2008;1(2):65–82.
  • Khalighi HR, Mortazavi H, Mojahedi SM, Azari-Marhabi S, Parvaie P, Anbari F. The efficacy of low-level diode laser versus laser acupuncture for the treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2022;22(1):19.
  • Haker E, Lundeberg T. Laser treatment applied to acupuncture points in lateral humeral epicondylalgia. A double-blind study. Pain. 1990;43(2):243-247.
  • Chang WD, Lai PT, Tsou YA. Analgesic effect of manual acupuncture and laser acupuncture for lateral epicondylalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Chin Med. 2014;42(06):1301–1314.
  • Kibar S, Konak HE, Evcik D, Ay S. Laser acupuncture treatment improves pain and functional status in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Pain Med. 2017;18(5):980–987.
  • Yang HH, Chung YC, Szeto PP, Yeh ML, Lin JG. Laser acupuncture combined with auricular acupressure improves low-back pain and quality of life in nurses: A randomized controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2023;21(1):26-33.
  • Cheng HY, Wu BY, Tung TH, Shieh C, Liu CT. Laser acupuncture analgesia on postpartum low back pain: A prospective randomized controlled study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2023;24(1):89-95.
  • Mao X, He H, Ding J. Efficacy of laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(5):529-537.
  • Relf IRN, Brahmanand T. Reductions in chronic postsurgical neuropathic pain and mechanical allodynia in breast cancer patients treated with laser acupuncture: A retrospective observational study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2024:S1526-8209(24)00264-7.
  • Boggiss ÉA, Rosário RC, De Lima RA, Silva PA, Moreira RM, Da Silva KP, et al. Pulsed laser acupuncture in the treatment of pain and heart rate variability in fibromyalgia patients: A pilot randomized clinical trial. J Lasers Med Sci. 2022;13.
  • Ebneshahidi NS, Heshmatipour M, Moghaddami A, Eghtesadi-Araghi P. The effects of laser acupuncture on chronic tension headache – a randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2005;23(1):13–18.
  • Roth-Isigkeit A, Thyen U, Stöven H, Schwarzenberger J, Schmucker P. Pain among children and adolescents: Restrictions in daily living and triggering factors. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):e152–e162.
  • Young L, Kemper KJ. Integrative care for pediatric patients with pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2013;19(7):627–632.
  • Gottschling S, Meyer S, Gribova I, Distler L, Berrang J, Gortner L, et al. Laser acupuncture in children with headache: A double-blind, randomized, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2008;137(2):405–412.
  • Luo J, Min S. Postoperative pain management in the postanesthesia care unit: An update. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2687–2698.
  • Huang CH, Yeh ML, Chen FP, Wu D. Low-level laser acupuncture reduces postoperative pain and morphine consumption in older patients with total knee arthroplasty: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2022;20(4):321–328.
  • Chen Z, Shen Z, Ye X, Xu Y, Liu J, Shi X et al. Acupuncture for rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Med. 2021;7:602564.
  • Wylde V, Beswick A, Bruce J, Blom A, Howells N, Gooberman-Hill R. Chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty. EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(8):461–470.
  • Asher GN, Jonas DE, Coeytaux RR, Reilly AC, Loh YL, Motsinger-Reif AA, et al. Auriculotherapy for pain management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(10):1097–1108.
  • Bergamaschi M, Ferrari G, Gallamini M, Scoppa F. Laser acupuncture and auriculotherapy in postural instability a preliminary report. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(1):69–74.
  • King, CE, Clelland JA, Knowles CJ, Jackson JR. Effect of helium-neon laser auriculotherapy on experimental pain threshold. Phys Ther. 1990;70(1):24–30.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 173 - 187, 30.06.2025

Emre Uzun , İbrahim Tekeoğlu , Muhammed Zahid Şahin

https://doi.org/10.31832/smj.1541981

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Merskey HE. Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain. 1986.
  • Hung YC, Lin PY, Chiu HE, Huang PY, Hu WL. The effectiveness of laser acupuncture for treatment of musculoskeletal pain: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. J Pain Res. 2021;14:1707–1719.
  • Hylands-White N, Duarte RV, Raphael JH. An overview of treatment approaches for chronic pain management. Rheumatol Int. 2017;37:29–42.
  • Wu JN. A short history of acupuncture. J Altern Complement Med. 1996;2(1):19–21.
  • Organization WH. Acupuncture: Review and analysis of reports on controlled clinical trials. 2002.
  • Whittaker P. Laser acupuncture: Past, present, and future. Lasers Med Sci. 2004;19:69–80.
  • Giuliani A, Lorenzini L, Alessandri M, Torricella R, Baldassarro VA, Giardino L, et al. In vitro exposure to very low-level laser modifies expression level of extracellular matrix protein RNAs and mitochondria dynamics in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2015;15:1-7.
  • Yang J, Mallory MJ, Wu Q, Bublitz SE, Do A, Xiong, D, et al. The safety of laser acupuncture: A systematic review. Med Acupunct. 2020;32(4):209–217.
  • Posten W, Wrone DA, Dover JS, Arndt KA, Silapunt S, Alam M. Low-level laser therapy for wound healing: Mechanism and efficacy. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(3):334–340.
  • Wu SY, Kuo CE, Hung YC, Hu WL. Managing pain with laser acupuncture. Pain Manag. 2016;10:62863.
  • White A, Ernst EA. Brief history of acupuncture. Rheum. 2004;43(5):662–663.
  • Miklánek J, Kriz V. 1st Experiences with the utilization of lasers for acupuncture. The akuplas device. Fysiatr Reumatol Vestn. 1978;56(1):36–40.
  • Litscher G, Huang T, Wang L, Zhang W. Violet laser acupuncture—Part 1: Effects on brain circulation. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2010;3(4):255–259.
  • Snyder-Mackler L, Bork C, Bourbon B, Trumbore D. Effect of Helium-Neon laser on musculoskeletal trigger points. Phys Ther. 1986;66(7):1087–1090.
  • Irnich D, Cummings M, Behrens N, Molzen H, König A, Gleditsch J et al. Randomised trial of acupuncture compared with conventional massage and “sham” laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic neck pain. Commentary: Controls for acupuncture can we finally see the light? BMJ. 2001:322(7302):1574.
  • Shin JY, Ku B, Kim JU, Lee YJ, Kang JH, Heo H et al. Short‐term effect of laser acupuncture on lower back pain: A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2015;2015:808425.
  • Irnich D, Salih N, Offenbächer M & Fleckenstein J. Is sham laser a valid control for acupuncture trials? J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2011;2011:485945.
  • Lister T, Wright PA, Chappell PH. Optical properties of human skin. J Biomed Opt. 2012;17(9):090901–090901.
  • Anderson RR. Optics of the skin. In Clinical Photomedicine. Routledge; 2018:19–35.
  • Round R, Litscher G, Bahr F. Auricular acupuncture with laser. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:1–22.
  • Tuner J, Hode L. The Laser Therapy Handbook: A Guide for Research Scientists, Doctors, Dentists, Veterinarians and Other Interested Parties Within the Medical Field. Prima Books AB; 2004.
  • Wilson BC, Jeeves WP, Lowe DM. In vivo and post mortem measurements of the attenuation spectra of light in mammalian tissues. Photochem Photobiol. 1985;42(2):153–162.
  • Kim JH, Na CS, Cho MR, Park GC, Lee JS. Efficacy of invasive laser acupuncture in treating chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. PloS One. 2022;17(5):e0269282.
  • Branchet MC, Boisnic S, Frances C, Robert AM. Skin thickness changes in normal aging skin. Gerontology. 1990;36(1):28–35.
  • Hamblin MR, Huang Y. Handbook of Photomedicine. CRC Press; 2013.
  • Litscher G. Yes, There is deqi sensation in laser acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2013;2013:1–4.
  • Hu WL, Chang CH, Hung YC, Tseng YJ, Hung IL, Hsu SF. Laser acupuncture therapy in patients with treatment-resistant temporomandibular disorders. PloS One. 2014;9(10):e110528.
  • Pontinen PJ. Low level laser therapy as a medical treatment modality. Tampera. 1992;11–211.
  • Godbold JC, Riegel RJ. Contraindications, special considerations, and precautions. In: Riegel RJ, Godbold JC, eds. Laser Therapy in Veterinary Medicine. Wiley; 2017:67-73.
  • Avila R, Samar ME, Juri H, De Fabro SP, Centurión C. Structural changes induced by He-Ne laser on the chick embryo ovary. Rev Fac Cienc Medicas Cordoba Argent. 1992;50(1):7–10.
  • Hubacek J, Cerna I. Wachstumsbeeinflussung einiger mikroben durch He-Ne laser. Acta Univ Palacky Olomouc Fac Med. 1984;107:321–326.
  • Martin DM, Baxter GD, Allen JM, McCoy P, Ravey J, Diamantopoulos C. Effect of laser pulse repetition rate upon peripheral blood flow in human volunteers. Laser Surg Med. 1991;I3:83.
  • Mussttaf RA, Jenkins DFL, Jha AN. Assessing the impact of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on biological systems: A review. Int J Radiat Biol. 2019;95(2):120-143.
  • Chon TY, Mallory MJ, Yang J, Bublitz SE, Do A, Dorsher PT. Laser acupuncture: A concise review. Med Acupunct. 2019;31(3):164-168.
  • Hasan P, Rijadi SA, Purnomo S, Kainama, H. The possible application of low reactive-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the treatment of male ınfertility: A preliminary report. Laser Ther. 2004;14:65-66.
  • Glazov G, Yelland M, Emery J. Low-dose laser acupuncture for non-specific chronic low back pain: A double-blind randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2014;32(2):116–123.
  • Prohaska J, Hohman MH. Laser Complications. 2023 Aug 28. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan.
  • Chen Z, Ma C, Xu L, Wu Z, He Y, Xu K et al. Laser acupuncture for patients with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:1–10.
  • Baxter GD, Bleakley C, McDonough S. Clinical effectiveness of laser acupuncture: A systematic review. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2008;1(2):65–82.
  • Khalighi HR, Mortazavi H, Mojahedi SM, Azari-Marhabi S, Parvaie P, Anbari F. The efficacy of low-level diode laser versus laser acupuncture for the treatment of myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (MPDS). J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2022;22(1):19.
  • Haker E, Lundeberg T. Laser treatment applied to acupuncture points in lateral humeral epicondylalgia. A double-blind study. Pain. 1990;43(2):243-247.
  • Chang WD, Lai PT, Tsou YA. Analgesic effect of manual acupuncture and laser acupuncture for lateral epicondylalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Chin Med. 2014;42(06):1301–1314.
  • Kibar S, Konak HE, Evcik D, Ay S. Laser acupuncture treatment improves pain and functional status in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study. Pain Med. 2017;18(5):980–987.
  • Yang HH, Chung YC, Szeto PP, Yeh ML, Lin JG. Laser acupuncture combined with auricular acupressure improves low-back pain and quality of life in nurses: A randomized controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2023;21(1):26-33.
  • Cheng HY, Wu BY, Tung TH, Shieh C, Liu CT. Laser acupuncture analgesia on postpartum low back pain: A prospective randomized controlled study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2023;24(1):89-95.
  • Mao X, He H, Ding J. Efficacy of laser acupuncture for treatment of chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024;25(5):529-537.
  • Relf IRN, Brahmanand T. Reductions in chronic postsurgical neuropathic pain and mechanical allodynia in breast cancer patients treated with laser acupuncture: A retrospective observational study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2024:S1526-8209(24)00264-7.
  • Boggiss ÉA, Rosário RC, De Lima RA, Silva PA, Moreira RM, Da Silva KP, et al. Pulsed laser acupuncture in the treatment of pain and heart rate variability in fibromyalgia patients: A pilot randomized clinical trial. J Lasers Med Sci. 2022;13.
  • Ebneshahidi NS, Heshmatipour M, Moghaddami A, Eghtesadi-Araghi P. The effects of laser acupuncture on chronic tension headache – a randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2005;23(1):13–18.
  • Roth-Isigkeit A, Thyen U, Stöven H, Schwarzenberger J, Schmucker P. Pain among children and adolescents: Restrictions in daily living and triggering factors. Pediatrics. 2005;115(2):e152–e162.
  • Young L, Kemper KJ. Integrative care for pediatric patients with pain. J Altern Complement Med. 2013;19(7):627–632.
  • Gottschling S, Meyer S, Gribova I, Distler L, Berrang J, Gortner L, et al. Laser acupuncture in children with headache: A double-blind, randomized, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2008;137(2):405–412.
  • Luo J, Min S. Postoperative pain management in the postanesthesia care unit: An update. J Pain Res. 2017;10:2687–2698.
  • Huang CH, Yeh ML, Chen FP, Wu D. Low-level laser acupuncture reduces postoperative pain and morphine consumption in older patients with total knee arthroplasty: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Integr Med. 2022;20(4):321–328.
  • Chen Z, Shen Z, Ye X, Xu Y, Liu J, Shi X et al. Acupuncture for rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Med. 2021;7:602564.
  • Wylde V, Beswick A, Bruce J, Blom A, Howells N, Gooberman-Hill R. Chronic pain after total knee arthroplasty. EFORT Open Rev. 2018;3(8):461–470.
  • Asher GN, Jonas DE, Coeytaux RR, Reilly AC, Loh YL, Motsinger-Reif AA, et al. Auriculotherapy for pain management: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(10):1097–1108.
  • Bergamaschi M, Ferrari G, Gallamini M, Scoppa F. Laser acupuncture and auriculotherapy in postural instability a preliminary report. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2011;4(1):69–74.
  • King, CE, Clelland JA, Knowles CJ, Jackson JR. Effect of helium-neon laser auriculotherapy on experimental pain threshold. Phys Ther. 1990;70(1):24–30.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ağrı, Klinik Tıp Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Emre Uzun 0000-0002-4394-1906

İbrahim Tekeoğlu 0000-0003-3395-7178

Muhammed Zahid Şahin 0009-0004-8639-2742

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 12 Haziran 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Eylül 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Uzun E, Tekeoğlu İ, Şahin MZ. Laser Acupuncture for Chronic Pain. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi. Haziran 2025;15(2):173-187. doi:10.31832/smj.1541981
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