Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 87 - 115, 30.06.2025
Abstract
Endişe inançları, Üstbilişsel Terapi’ye göre özellikle yaygın kaygı bozukluğunun oluşmasında önemli bir kavramdır. Bu araştırmada da üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik endişe inançları ölçeği geliştirmek amaçlanmıştır. Ölçek geliştirme sürecinde nitel görüşmelerin yapılması, madde havuzunun hazırlanması, uzman görüşünün alınması, uygulamanın yapılması, Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) adımları izlenmiş; faktör analizi ile elde edilen yapı geçerliliğinin ardından ölçüt geçerliliğine bakılmış ve güvenirlik katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. İstatistiksel işlemler sonrasında endişe inançları ölçeği 27 madde ve 3 boyutla son halini almıştır. Boyutlar sırasıyla olumlu inançlar, tehlikelilik ve zararlılık inancı ve kontrol edilemezlik inancı olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Endişe inançları ölçeği farklı bir örnekleme uygulanarak endişe inançlarının cinsiyet değişkenine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığı incelenmiştir. Olumlu inançlar boyutunda cinsiyet değişkenine göre anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur. Elde edilen bulgular, alanyazın ışığında tartışılmıştır.
Keywords
Project Number
06
References
- Borkovec, T. D. (1985). Worry: A potentially valuable concept. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 481–482.
- Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3
- Bottesi, G., Martignon, A., Cerea, S., & Ghisi, M. (2018). Worry and associated cognitive features in Italian university students: Does gender make a difference?. Personality and Individual differences, 126, 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.016
- Boysan, M., Keskin, S., & Beşiroğlu, L. (2008). Assessment of hierarchical factor structure, reliability and validity of Penn State Worry Questionnaire Turkish version. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni - Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(3), 174–182.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Manual of data analysis for social sciences (18th ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Publishing.
- Davey, G. C. L., Tallis, F. & Capuzzo, N. (1996). Beliefs About the Consequences of Worrying. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 20 (5) 499-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02227910
- Freeston, M. H, Rheaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J. & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Pers Individual Differ. 17, 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5.
- Göç, E. (2017). The investigation of intolerance of uncertainty, beliefs about worry, and locus of control as predictors of trait anxiety, and their relationship with life satisfaction (Master’s thesis, Beykent University). National Thesis Center of Türkiye.
- Karataş, Z., & Uzun, K. (2016). Consequences of worry and locus of control as predictors of university students’ general self-efficacy. In Ö. Demirel & S. Dinçer (Eds.), Innovations and quest for quality in educational sciences (pp. 605–616). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Publishing.
- Karataş, Z., & Uzun, K. (2018). Positive and negative beliefs about worry as predictors of intolerance of uncertainty. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(4), 1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.434169
- Kelly, W. E. & Kellsy, K. E. (2007). A Tale of Two Shoulds: The Relationship Between Worry, Beliefs One Should Find a Right Solution, and Beliefs One Should Worry to Solve Problems. North American Journal of Psychology, 9 (1), 103-110.
- Kilit, Z. (2019). The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and cognitive test anxiety in university students (Master’s thesis, Üsküdar University). National Thesis Center of Türkiye.
- Kürşad, M. Ş., & Nartgün, Z. (2015). Comparison of different methods used in solving the missing data problem in the context of validity and reliability of scales. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 6(2), [sayfa numaraları]. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.95917
- Liebert, R. M., & Morris, L. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1967.20.3.975.
- Matthews, G., Funke, G. J. (2006). Worry And Informatıon-Processıng. G. C. L. Davey, A. Wells (Ed.) Worry and its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment (51-). Wiley. DOI:10.1002/9780470713143
- Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2016). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (6.Basım). Pyrczak Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315266978
- Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L. & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
- Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J. (2015). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Workbook : A Comprehensive CBT Guide For Coping With Uncertainty, Worry, And Fear. Canada: Raincoast Books.
- Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J., & Conway, M. (2003). Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables. Journal of anxiety disorders, 17(5), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00237-2
- Sarı, S., & Dağ, İ. (2009). Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Positive Beliefs About Worry Scale, and Consequences of Worry Scale. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 261–270.
- Sica, C., Steketee, G., Ghisi, M., Chiri, L. R. & Franceschini, S. (2007) Metacognitive beliefs and strategies predict worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, coping styles: A prliminary prospective study on an Italian non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.520
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
- Tezbaşaran, A. (2008). A guide to developing Likert-type scales. Ankara: Turkish Psychologists Association.
- Uzun, D. (2019). An investigation of the relationships between perceived parenting styles, personality traits, metacognitions, and intolerance of uncertainty in the prediction of pathological worry (Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University). National Thesis Center of Türkiye
- Uzun, K., & Karataş, Z. (2020). Predictors of academic self-efficacy: Intolerance of uncertainty, positive beliefs about worry and academic locus of control. International Education Studies, 13(6), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n6p104
- Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 23(3), 301-320.
- Wells, A., (2005). The Metacognitive Model of GAD: Assessment of Meta-Worry and Relationship With DSM-IV Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2005(29), 107–121. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-1652-0.
- Wells, A., (2009). Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression. The Guılford Press.
- Yılmaz, A. E. (2015). The role of worry and rumination in the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.5080/u8017
- Yılmaz, A. E., Gençöz, T., & Wells, A. (2008). Psychometric characteristics of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30 and metacognitive predictors of worry and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a Turkish sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 15(6), 424-439. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.589
Year 2025,
Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 87 - 115, 30.06.2025
Abstract
According to Metacognitive Therapy, worry beliefs are an important concept, especially in the formation of generalized anxiety disorder. This study aimed to develop a worry belief scale for university students. The scale development process involved several key steps to ensure its validity and reliability. Initially, qualitative interviews informed the creation of an item pool, which was refined through expert feedback. The scale was then administered, and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was used to identify the factor structure, followed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to validate this structure. After establishing structural validity, criterion validity was assessed, and reliability was measured using an appropriate coefficient. Following these analyses, the Worry Belief Scale was finalized with 27 items across three dimensions, demonstrating strong psychometric properties. The dimensions were named positive beliefs, dangerousness and harmfulness beliefs, and uncontrollability beliefs, respectively. The worry belief scale was applied to a different sample and examined whether worry beliefs differed according to the gender variable. A significant difference was found in the positive beliefs dimension according to the gender variable. The findings obtained were discussed in the light of the literature.
Keywords
Project Number
06
References
- Borkovec, T. D. (1985). Worry: A potentially valuable concept. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 481–482.
- Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3
- Bottesi, G., Martignon, A., Cerea, S., & Ghisi, M. (2018). Worry and associated cognitive features in Italian university students: Does gender make a difference?. Personality and Individual differences, 126, 38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.016
- Boysan, M., Keskin, S., & Beşiroğlu, L. (2008). Assessment of hierarchical factor structure, reliability and validity of Penn State Worry Questionnaire Turkish version. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni - Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18(3), 174–182.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Manual of data analysis for social sciences (18th ed.). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Publishing.
- Davey, G. C. L., Tallis, F. & Capuzzo, N. (1996). Beliefs About the Consequences of Worrying. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 20 (5) 499-520. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02227910
- Freeston, M. H, Rheaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J. & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Pers Individual Differ. 17, 791-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(94)90048-5.
- Göç, E. (2017). The investigation of intolerance of uncertainty, beliefs about worry, and locus of control as predictors of trait anxiety, and their relationship with life satisfaction (Master’s thesis, Beykent University). National Thesis Center of Türkiye.
- Karataş, Z., & Uzun, K. (2016). Consequences of worry and locus of control as predictors of university students’ general self-efficacy. In Ö. Demirel & S. Dinçer (Eds.), Innovations and quest for quality in educational sciences (pp. 605–616). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Publishing.
- Karataş, Z., & Uzun, K. (2018). Positive and negative beliefs about worry as predictors of intolerance of uncertainty. Kastamonu Education Journal, 26(4), 1267–1276. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.434169
- Kelly, W. E. & Kellsy, K. E. (2007). A Tale of Two Shoulds: The Relationship Between Worry, Beliefs One Should Find a Right Solution, and Beliefs One Should Worry to Solve Problems. North American Journal of Psychology, 9 (1), 103-110.
- Kilit, Z. (2019). The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and cognitive test anxiety in university students (Master’s thesis, Üsküdar University). National Thesis Center of Türkiye.
- Kürşad, M. Ş., & Nartgün, Z. (2015). Comparison of different methods used in solving the missing data problem in the context of validity and reliability of scales. Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 6(2), [sayfa numaraları]. https://doi.org/10.21031/epod.95917
- Liebert, R. M., & Morris, L. W. (1967). Cognitive and emotional components of test anxiety: A distinction and some initial data. Psychological Reports, 20. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.1967.20.3.975.
- Matthews, G., Funke, G. J. (2006). Worry And Informatıon-Processıng. G. C. L. Davey, A. Wells (Ed.) Worry and its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment (51-). Wiley. DOI:10.1002/9780470713143
- Mertler, C. A., & Vannatta, R. A. (2016). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation (6.Basım). Pyrczak Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315266978
- Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L. & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6
- Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J. (2015). The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Workbook : A Comprehensive CBT Guide For Coping With Uncertainty, Worry, And Fear. Canada: Raincoast Books.
- Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J., & Conway, M. (2003). Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables. Journal of anxiety disorders, 17(5), 501-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00237-2
- Sarı, S., & Dağ, İ. (2009). Turkish adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Positive Beliefs About Worry Scale, and Consequences of Worry Scale. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry, 10, 261–270.
- Sica, C., Steketee, G., Ghisi, M., Chiri, L. R. & Franceschini, S. (2007) Metacognitive beliefs and strategies predict worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, coping styles: A prliminary prospective study on an Italian non-clinical sample. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.520
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Pearson.
- Tezbaşaran, A. (2008). A guide to developing Likert-type scales. Ankara: Turkish Psychologists Association.
- Uzun, D. (2019). An investigation of the relationships between perceived parenting styles, personality traits, metacognitions, and intolerance of uncertainty in the prediction of pathological worry (Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University). National Thesis Center of Türkiye
- Uzun, K., & Karataş, Z. (2020). Predictors of academic self-efficacy: Intolerance of uncertainty, positive beliefs about worry and academic locus of control. International Education Studies, 13(6), 104–116. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n6p104
- Wells, A. (1995). Meta-cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavioural and cognitive psychotherapy, 23(3), 301-320.
- Wells, A., (2005). The Metacognitive Model of GAD: Assessment of Meta-Worry and Relationship With DSM-IV Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research. 2005(29), 107–121. DOI: 10.1007/s10608-005-1652-0.
- Wells, A., (2009). Metacognitive Therapy for Anxiety and Depression. The Guılford Press.
- Yılmaz, A. E. (2015). The role of worry and rumination in the symptoms of anxiety and depression. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 26(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.5080/u8017
- Yılmaz, A. E., Gençöz, T., & Wells, A. (2008). Psychometric characteristics of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire and Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30 and metacognitive predictors of worry and obsessive–compulsive symptoms in a Turkish sample. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy: An International Journal of Theory & Practice, 15(6), 424-439. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.589
There are 30 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | School Counseling |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | 06 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | December 2, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | April 8, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 1 |
