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Predictors of Test Anxiety in Students Preparing for University Examination: Helicopter Parental Attitude, Fear of Negative Evaluation and Competence Expectancy

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 327 - 345, 30.06.2025

Merve Nur Zorlu , Tolga Seki

https://doi.org/10.17984/adyuebd.1605408

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between test anxiety, fear of negative evaluation, competence expectancy, and perceived helicopter parental attitude, as well as to identify the influence of these variables on test anxiety among students preparing for the university entrance exam. To achieve this aim, the study was conducted with 11th and 12th grade students attending secondary schools and also graduates in Kocaeli province during the 2023–2024 academic year. The sample consisted of 402 students, including 256 girls and 146 boys. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form, Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI), Perceived Helicopter Parental Attitude Scale (HPAS), Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (FNE), and Questionnaire for Measuring Self-efficacy Expectation in Youths. These scales were administered to participants in face-to-face sessions. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS 29 program. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between the variables, while multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the predictive roles of fear of negative evaluation, competence expectancy, and perceived helicopter parental attitude on test anxiety. The findings revealed a significant positive correlation between test anxiety and both helicopter parental attitude and fear of negative evaluation, whereas a significant negative correlation was found between test anxiety and competence expectancy. The regression analysis showed that perceived helicopter mother attitude, fear of negative evaluation, and competence expectancy were significant predictors of test anxiety. However, the effect of perceived helicopter father attitude on test anxiety was not significant. Together, the predictor variables accounted for 27% of the variance in test anxiety. In the final section of the study, the results were discussed in the light of the findings and recommendations were presented.

Keywords

Competence expectancy Fear of negative evaluation Helicopter parenting Test anxiety

Ethical Statement

For the purposes of this research, ethical committee approval (Decision No: 2023/310) was obtained from Necmettin Erbakan University on 14/07/2023, and research permission was granted by the Kocaeli Provincial Directorate of National Education.

References

  • Akram Rana, R. ve Mahmood, N. (2010). The relationship between test anxiety and academic achievement. Bulletin of Education and Research, 32(2), 63 – 74. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2362291
  • Atılgan, S. (2017). Career decision competence expectancy of prediction of anxiety and stress in high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Selçuk University.
  • Ayaz, T. (2024). Examining the relationship between test anxiety, cognitive distortions and psychological resilience of 12th grade high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Necmettin Erbakan University.
  • Başol, G., & Zabun, E. (2014). The predictors of success in Turkish high school placement exams: Exam prep courses, perfectionism, parental attitudes and test anxiety. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(1), 63-87 https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.1.1980
  • Beck, A., & Emery, C. (2000). Ansiedad. Editorial Trillas.
  • Bilir, A. (2019). Relationship between parental attitudes and test anxiety in students to take the university entrance examination: The case of Adana [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Çağ University.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi
  • Çelikkaleli, Ö., Gündoğdu, M., & Kiran Esen, B. (2006). Questionnaire for Measuring Self-Efficacy in Youths: Validity and reliabity study of Turkish Form. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 25, 62-72. http://www.ejer.com.tr/tr/index.php?
  • Çelikkaleli, Ö. & Çiçek Özsoy, G. (2023). The moderation role of cognitive self-regulation skills in the effect of academic efficacy belief on test anxiety in university students. Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 20(52), 243-264. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3526305
  • Çetin, B., Doğan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2010). The Turkish adaptation of Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale: The validity and reliability study. Education and Science, 35(156), 205-2016. http://eb.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/539
  • Dilekmen, M., & Ada, Ş. (2005). Öğrenmede güdülenme. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 113-123. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/31422
  • Dursun, M. (2022). Examination of examination of exam anxiety and related factors in high school last students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Çağ University.
  • Erdayı, G. S. (2009). Willingness level of psychological help seeking of adolescents who are studying for university entrance exam [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi University.
  • Ergene, T., & Yıldırım, İ. (2003). Social support, submissive acts, and test anxiety as predictors of academic achievement among high school students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 25, 224-234. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/87880
  • Erözkan, A. (2011). University student’s test anxiety and coping behaviours. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Researches, 1(12), 13-38. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/217122
  • Ezer, S. I. (2020). Shyness and fear of negative evaluation as predictors of assertiveness [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Güler, D., & Çakır, G. (2013). Examining predictors of test anxiety levels among 12th grade high school students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(39), 82-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200098
  • Hanımoğlu, E., & İnanç, B. Y. (2011). The analysis of the relation among test anxiety, perfectionism and the attitudes of parents of the secondary students who will pass placement test (SBS). Çukurova University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 20(1), 351-366. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50670
  • Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47–77. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543058001047
  • İlhan, M., & Güler, N. (2018). The use of rasch model in likert types scales: An application on the fear of negative evaluation scale-student form (FNE-SF). Trakya Journal of Education, 8(4), 756-775. https://doi.org/10.24315/trkefd.357367
  • Karakartal, D. (2023). A review on the role of parent attitudes in exam anxiety. International Anatolian Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 421-431. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1266249
  • Karakoç, B. (2023). Investigation of the relationship between exam anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and need for social approval in high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Gelişim University.
  • Karaman, M. A., Karadaş, C. ve Vela J. C. (2019). Development of Perceived School Counselor Support Scale: Based on the ASCA mindsets and behaviors. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. Department of Educational Sciences, 6(2), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.561584
  • Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma modelleri (25. Baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Koyuncu, A. (2015). Anxiety and well-being as the predictors of career decision – making self-efficacy [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Mevlana University.
  • Kwon, K. A., Yoo, G., & Bingham, G. E. (2016). Helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood: Support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological adjustment? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6
  • Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults’ psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent–child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3672-3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1193-2
  • Laldinpuii, B., Bhattacharjee, R., Dutta, R., & Bordoloi, S. (2024). Impact of social anxiety on the life style of students. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 7(6), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.53555/jrtdd.v7i6.2882
  • LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038
  • Muris, P. (2001) A Brief Questionnaire for measuring self-efficacy in youths. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23 (3), 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010961119608
  • Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
  • Öner, N. (1989). Sınav kaygısı envanteri el kitabı. Yüksek Öğretimde Rehberliği Tanıtma ve Rehber Yetiştirme Vakfı Yayınları.
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  • Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS kullanma klavuzu-SPSS ile adım adım veri analizi. Anı Yayıncılık.
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  • Sarıkaya, S., & Gemalmaz, A. (2021). Factors related to exam anxiety. Jour Turk Fam Phy, 12(2), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.21.00297
  • Saylağ, P. (2024). Predictive effect of fear of negative evaluation, self-perception and parents' attitudes on test anxiety [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Antalya Bilim University.
  • Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of child and family studies, 23, 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
  • Sert Özkan, E. (2019). The role of self-efficacy beliefs, self-regulation, social comparison and cognitive flexibility in predicting the burnout of high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Eskişehir Anadolu University.
  • Trifoni, A., & Shahini, M. (2011). How does exam anxiety affect the performance of university students. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss
  • Watson, D. ve R. Friend. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4): 448-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027806
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Üniversite Sınavına Hazırlanan Öğrencilerde Sınav Kaygısının Yordayıcıları: Helikopter Ebeveyn Tutumu, Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu ve Yetkinlik Beklentisi

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 327 - 345, 30.06.2025

Merve Nur Zorlu , Tolga Seki

https://doi.org/10.17984/adyuebd.1605408

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, üniversite sınavına hazırlanan öğrencilerde sınav kaygısı, olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu, yetkinlik beklentisi ve algılanan helikopter ebeveyn tutumu arasındaki ilişkiyi ve bu değişkenlerin sınav kaygısına olan etkisini belirlemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, 2023-2024 eğitim öğretim yılı içinde Kocaeli ilindeki ortaöğretim okullarında 11. sınıf, 12. sınıf ve mezun olup üniversite sınavına hazırlanan öğrenciler araştırmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Çalışma grubu olarak 256 kız, 146 erkek olmak üzere toplam 402 öğrenci araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada veri toplamak amacıyla Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Sınav Kaygısı Envanteri (SKE), Algılanan Helikopter Ebeveyn Tutumu Ölçeği (AHETÖ), Olumsuz Değerlendirilme Korkusu Ölçeği (ODKÖ) ve Ergenlerde Yetkinlik Beklentisi Ölçeği (EYBÖ) uygulanmıştır. Ölçekler katılımcılara yüz yüze uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi SPSS 29 programı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Değişkenler arası ilişkinin belirlenmesinde Pearson korelasyon analizi; olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu, yetkinlik beklentisi ve algılanan helikopter ebeveyn tutumunun sınav kaygısına etkisinin belirlenmesinde çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırmada sınav kaygısı ile helikopter ebeveyn tutumu ve olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı; sınav kaygısı ile yetkinlik beklentisi arasında negatif yönde anlamlı ilişki bulunmuştur. Regresyon analizi sonucunda algılanan helikopter anne tutumunun, olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusunun ve yetkinlik beklentisinin sınav kaygısının anlamlı yordayıcıları olduğu belirlenmiştir. Algılanan helikopter baba tutumunun sınav kaygısı üzerinde etkisi anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Ayrıca yordayıcı değişkenlerin sınav kaygısına ilişkin varyansın %27’sini açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın son bölümünde, elde edilen bulgular ışığında sonuçlar tartışılmış ve öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Helikopter ebeveynlik Olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu Sınav kaygısı Yetkinlik beklentisi

Ethical Statement

Araştırma için Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi’nden 14/07/2023 tarihinde etik kurul onayı (Karar No: 2023/310) ve Kocaeli İl Millî Eğitim Müdürlüğü’nden araştırma izni alınmıştır.

References

  • Akram Rana, R. ve Mahmood, N. (2010). The relationship between test anxiety and academic achievement. Bulletin of Education and Research, 32(2), 63 – 74. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2362291
  • Atılgan, S. (2017). Career decision competence expectancy of prediction of anxiety and stress in high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Selçuk University.
  • Ayaz, T. (2024). Examining the relationship between test anxiety, cognitive distortions and psychological resilience of 12th grade high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Necmettin Erbakan University.
  • Başol, G., & Zabun, E. (2014). The predictors of success in Turkish high school placement exams: Exam prep courses, perfectionism, parental attitudes and test anxiety. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 14(1), 63-87 https://doi.org/10.12738/estp.2014.1.1980
  • Beck, A., & Emery, C. (2000). Ansiedad. Editorial Trillas.
  • Bilir, A. (2019). Relationship between parental attitudes and test anxiety in students to take the university entrance examination: The case of Adana [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Çağ University.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç-Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö., Karadeniz, Ş., ve Demirel, F. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Pegem Akademi
  • Çelikkaleli, Ö., Gündoğdu, M., & Kiran Esen, B. (2006). Questionnaire for Measuring Self-Efficacy in Youths: Validity and reliabity study of Turkish Form. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research (EJER), 25, 62-72. http://www.ejer.com.tr/tr/index.php?
  • Çelikkaleli, Ö. & Çiçek Özsoy, G. (2023). The moderation role of cognitive self-regulation skills in the effect of academic efficacy belief on test anxiety in university students. Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 20(52), 243-264. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/3526305
  • Çetin, B., Doğan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2010). The Turkish adaptation of Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale: The validity and reliability study. Education and Science, 35(156), 205-2016. http://eb.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/539
  • Dilekmen, M., & Ada, Ş. (2005). Öğrenmede güdülenme. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11, 113-123. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/31422
  • Dursun, M. (2022). Examination of examination of exam anxiety and related factors in high school last students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Çağ University.
  • Erdayı, G. S. (2009). Willingness level of psychological help seeking of adolescents who are studying for university entrance exam [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi University.
  • Ergene, T., & Yıldırım, İ. (2003). Social support, submissive acts, and test anxiety as predictors of academic achievement among high school students. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 25, 224-234. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/87880
  • Erözkan, A. (2011). University student’s test anxiety and coping behaviours. Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Researches, 1(12), 13-38. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/217122
  • Ezer, S. I. (2020). Shyness and fear of negative evaluation as predictors of assertiveness [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Güler, D., & Çakır, G. (2013). Examining predictors of test anxiety levels among 12th grade high school students. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 4(39), 82-94. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/200098
  • Hanımoğlu, E., & İnanç, B. Y. (2011). The analysis of the relation among test anxiety, perfectionism and the attitudes of parents of the secondary students who will pass placement test (SBS). Çukurova University Social Sciences Institute Journal, 20(1), 351-366. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/50670
  • Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58(1), 47–77. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543058001047
  • İlhan, M., & Güler, N. (2018). The use of rasch model in likert types scales: An application on the fear of negative evaluation scale-student form (FNE-SF). Trakya Journal of Education, 8(4), 756-775. https://doi.org/10.24315/trkefd.357367
  • Karakartal, D. (2023). A review on the role of parent attitudes in exam anxiety. International Anatolian Journal of Social Sciences, 7(2), 421-431. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.1266249
  • Karakoç, B. (2023). Investigation of the relationship between exam anxiety, fear of negative evaluation and need for social approval in high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. İstanbul Gelişim University.
  • Karaman, M. A., Karadaş, C. ve Vela J. C. (2019). Development of Perceived School Counselor Support Scale: Based on the ASCA mindsets and behaviors. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education. Department of Educational Sciences, 6(2), 202-217. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.561584
  • Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma modelleri (25. Baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Koyuncu, A. (2015). Anxiety and well-being as the predictors of career decision – making self-efficacy [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Mevlana University.
  • Kwon, K. A., Yoo, G., & Bingham, G. E. (2016). Helicopter parenting in emerging adulthood: Support or barrier for Korean college students’ psychological adjustment? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25, 136-145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0195-6
  • Lee, J., & Kang, S. (2018). Perceived helicopter parenting and Korean emerging adults’ psychological adjustment: The mediational role of parent–child affection and pressure from parental career expectations. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(11), 3672-3686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-018-1193-2
  • Laldinpuii, B., Bhattacharjee, R., Dutta, R., & Bordoloi, S. (2024). Impact of social anxiety on the life style of students. Journal for ReAttach Therapy and Developmental Diversities, 7(6), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.53555/jrtdd.v7i6.2882
  • LeMoyne, T., & Buchanan, T. (2011). Does “hovering” matter? Helicopter parenting and its effect on well-being. Sociological Spectrum, 31(4), 399-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732173.2011.574038
  • Muris, P. (2001) A Brief Questionnaire for measuring self-efficacy in youths. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23 (3), 145–149. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010961119608
  • Odenweller, K. G., Booth-Butterfield, M., & Weber, K. (2014). Investigating helicopter parenting, family environments, and relational outcomes for millennials. Communication Studies, 65(4), 407-425. https://doi.org/10.1080/10510974.2013.811434
  • Öner, N. (1989). Sınav kaygısı envanteri el kitabı. Yüksek Öğretimde Rehberliği Tanıtma ve Rehber Yetiştirme Vakfı Yayınları.
  • Öner, N. (1990). Sınav kaygısı envanteri el kitabı. Yöret Yayınları.
  • Özatlı, İ. (2022). Examining the relationship between university students' perceived helicopter parenting attitudes and general self-efficacy levels: the case of Kirklareli University [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Kırklareli University.
  • Özgüngör, S. (2006). Öz bilinç, olumsuz değerlendirilme korkusu, performans odaklı sınıf algısı ve not yönelimi. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 19(19), 85-92. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/114746
  • Öztürk, F. (2023). The relationship between the mother styles in the process of individualization emerging adult sisters and the fear of negative evaluation and the decision making styles [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Maltepe University.
  • Padilla-Walker, L. M., & Nelson, L. J. (2012). Black hawk down?: Establishing helicopter parenting as a distinct construct from other forms of parental control during emerging adulthood. Journal of adolescence, 35(5), 1177-1190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.03.007
  • Pallant, J. (2016). SPSS kullanma klavuzu-SPSS ile adım adım veri analizi. Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Pekşen-Akça, R. (2012). The parents and being over-protective in raising child. Academic Sight International Refereed Online Journal, 29, 1-13. https://www.ajindex.com/dosyalar/makale/acarindex-1423868021.pdf
  • Sarıkaya, S., & Gemalmaz, A. (2021). Factors related to exam anxiety. Jour Turk Fam Phy, 12(2), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.15511/tjtfp.21.00297
  • Saylağ, P. (2024). Predictive effect of fear of negative evaluation, self-perception and parents' attitudes on test anxiety [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Antalya Bilim University.
  • Schiffrin, H. H., Liss, M., Miles-McLean, H., Geary, K. A., Erchull, M. J., & Tashner, T. (2014). Helping or hovering? The effects of helicopter parenting on college students’ well-being. Journal of child and family studies, 23, 548-557. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9716-3
  • Sert Özkan, E. (2019). The role of self-efficacy beliefs, self-regulation, social comparison and cognitive flexibility in predicting the burnout of high school students [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Eskişehir Anadolu University.
  • Trifoni, A., & Shahini, M. (2011). How does exam anxiety affect the performance of university students. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 93-100. https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss
  • Watson, D. ve R. Friend. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33(4): 448-457. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0027806
  • Yağcı, M. V. (2010). Relationship between the social support the students who prepare for the university entrance exam have got and text anxiety [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Gazi University.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects School Counseling
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Merve Nur Zorlu 0009-0007-3678-7561

Tolga Seki 0000-0001-5594-0786

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date December 22, 2024
Acceptance Date April 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Zorlu, M. N., & Seki, T. (2025). Predictors of Test Anxiety in Students Preparing for University Examination: Helicopter Parental Attitude, Fear of Negative Evaluation and Competence Expectancy. Adıyaman University Journal of Educational Sciences, 15(1), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.17984/adyuebd.1605408
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