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COVID-19'un Farklı Dönemlerde Tüketim Alışkanlıklarına Etkisi: GIS Destekli Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 123 - 140

Burcu Yılmazel , Müzeyyen Anıl Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu , Mehtap Özenen Kavlak , Ahmet Dabanli , Tuncay Küçükpehlivan , Arif Furkan Mendi , Hasan Tolga Ünal , Saye Nihan Çabuk

Abstract

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin hızlı gelişimi, interneti günlük yaşamın ayrılmaz bir parçası haline getirmiş ve özellikle alışveriş alışkanlıklarını çevrimiçi faaliyetlerin artmasına doğru dönüştürmüştür. 2019'un sonlarında başlayan Covid-19 salgını, tüketicilerin davranışlarını ve tüketim alışkanlıklarını önemli ölçüde değiştirmiş, salgının yayılması ve hükümetlerin uyguladığı sosyal mesafe önlemleri, çevrimiçi alışverişe geçişi hızlandırmıştır. Perakendeciler, çevrimiçi sipariş işleme kapasitelerini artırarak ve çevrimiçi alışverişin erişim alanını genişleterek bu duruma yanıt verdi. Bu çalışma, Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (GIS) kullanarak COVID-19 salgınının çevrimiçi alışveriş alışkanlıkları üzerindeki etkisini üç aşamada incelemektedir: salgın öncesi dönem (10 Şubat 2020 - 1 Ağustos 2020), salgın kısıtlamalarının zirve yaptığı dönem ve kısıtlamaların hafifletildiği “yeni normal” dönem. Ankara'nın çevrimiçi pazar verilerine odaklanan araştırma, bu dönemlerdeki çevrimiçi alışveriş eğilimlerini karşılaştırmaktadır. Sonuçlar, mevcut literatürle uyumlu olarak, pandemi sırasında çevrimiçi alışverişte bir artış olduğunu ve kısıtlamaların gevşemesinin ardından bir düşüş olduğunu göstermektedir. Daha yüksek sosyoekonomik statü (SES) grupları çevrimiçi alışverişe daha yatkınken, daha düşük SES grupları alışverişlerinin daha büyük bir kısmını gıda harcamalarına ayırmıştır. Özellikle, en yüksek SES grubu olan Grup A, P2 döneminde GSYİH'sinin %5,94'ünü alışverişe harcamış ve bu harcamaların %85'ini gıda harcamalarına ayırarak diğer SES gruplarıyla keskin bir kontrast oluşturmuştur.

Keywords

Covid-19 Pandemi Tüketici Davranışı Çevrimiçi Alışveriş GIS

Project Number

119C200 2244

References

  • Alfani, G., & Murphy, T. E. (2017). Plague and lethal epidemics in the pre-industrial world. the Journal of economic History, 77(1), 314-343.
  • Ali, N. I., Samsuri, S., Seman, M. S. A., Brohi, I. A., and Shah, A. (2019). Effects of Socioeconomic Characteristics on Online Purchase Intention Among Malaysians. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 16(3), 927-934.
  • Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., Kost, K. J., Sammon, M. C.,& Viratyosin, T. (2020). The unprecedented stock market impact of COVID-19 (0898-2937).
  • Batuman, B. (2013). City profile: Ankara. Cities, 31, 578-590.
  • Bhatti, A., Akram, H., Basit, H. M., Khan, A. U., Raza, S. M., & Naqvi, M. B. (2020). E-commerce trends during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, 13(2), 1449-1452.
  • Boissay, F., & Rungcharoenkitkul, P. (2020). Macroeconomic effects of Covid-19: an early review. Danışmaz, A. T. (2020). Covıd-19 Salgınının Tüketicilerin Online Alışveriş Tercihine Etkisi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 83-90.
  • Dannenberg, P., Fuchs, M., Riedler, T., & Wiedemann, C. (2020). Digital transition by COVID‐19 pandemic? The German food online retail. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 111(3), 543-560. Didier, T., Huneeus, F., Larrain, M., & Schmukler, S. L. (2021). Financing firms in hibernation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Financial Stability, 53, 100837.
  • e-ticaret. (2020). 2019-2020 Yılı 3-4-5 Ayların Karşılaştırılması. https://www.eticaret.gov.tr/istatistikler adresinden edinilmiştir.). Florida, R., Rodriguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2021). Critical Commentary: Cities in a post-COVID world. Urban Studies, 60(8).
  • Ganapathi, R. (2015). A study on factors affecting online shopping behavior of consumers in Chennai. Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 2(2), 123-126. Gopinath, V. (2020). Consumer behavior trends during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research, 5(9), 310-313.
  • Güven, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemik krizi sürecinde e-ticarette meydana gelen değişimler. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 251-268. Hashem, T. N. (2020). Examining the Influence of COVID 19 Pandemic in Changing Customers‘ Orientation towards E-Shopping. Modern Applied Science, 14(8).
  • Hernández, B., Jiménez, J., & Martín, M. J. (2011). Age, gender and income: do they really moderate online shopping behaviour? Online information review. Hottenroth, V. (2020). Bazaarvoice Network Data - The impact of COVID-19 on e-commerce by category. https://www.bazaarvoice.com/blog/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-e-commerce-by-category/).
  • Jordà, Ò., Singh, S. R., &Taylor, A. M. (2020). Longer-run economic consequences of pandemics (0898-2937).
  • Kantar. (2020). Accelerated Growth Sees Amazon Crowned 2019‘s BrandZ™ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brand. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/accelerated-growth-sees-amazon-crowned-2019s-brandz-top-100-most-valuable-global-brand-300863486.html).
  • Kaur, K. (2020). Impact of the First Phase of Movement Control Order during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia on purchasing behavior of Malaysian Consumers Kamaljeet Kaur1*, Mageswari Kunasegaran2, Jaspal Singh3, Selvi Salome4, and Sukjeet Kaur Sandhu5. Horizon, 2, 131-144.
  • Koch, J., Frommeyer, B., & Schewe, G. (2020). Online Shopping Motives during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Lessons from the Crisis. Sustainability, 12(24), 10247.
  • Leone, L. A., Fleischhacker, S., Anderson-Steeves, B., Harper, K., Winkler, M., Racine, E., Baquero, B., & Gittelsohn, J. (2020). Healthy food retail during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and future directions. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(20), 7397.
  • Li, J., Hallsworth, A. G., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). The changing grocery shopping behaviour of chinese consumers at the outset of the covid-19 outbreak. Age, 6(5). McKibbin, W., & Fernando, R. (2021). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios. Asian Economic Papers, 20(2), 1-30.
  • Naseri, R. N. N. (2021). Issues And Challenges Of Online Shoppingactivities On The Impact Of Corona Pandemic: A Study On Malaysia Retail Industry. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(10), 7682-7686.
  • Poelman, M. P., Gillebaart, M., Schlinkert, C., Dijkstra, S. C., Derksen, E., Mensink, F., Hermans, R. C., Aardening, P., de Ridder, D., & de Vet, E. (2021). Eating behavior and food purchases during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 157, 105002.
  • Roggeveen, A. L., & Sethuraman, R. (2020). How the COVID-19 pandemic may change the world of Retailing. Journal of Retailing, 96(2), 169.
  • Safara, F. (2020). A Computational Model to Predict Consumer Behaviour During COVID-19 Pandemic. Computational Economics, 1-14.
  • Sánchez-Torres, J. A., Arroyo-Cañada, F., Montoya-Restrepo, L., & Rivera-González, J. (2017). Moderating effect of socioeconomic factors and educational level on electronic purchasing in Colombia. Tékhne, 15(1), 26-34.
  • Stanciu, S., Radu, R. I., Sapira, V., Bratoveanu, B. D., & Florea, A. M. (2020). Consumer Behavior in Crisis Situations. Research on the Effects of COVID-19 in Romania. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle: I, Economics & Applied Informatics, 26(1).
  • T.C. Ankara Valiliği. (2021a). Ankara. http://www.ankara.gov.tr/ilcelerimiz).
  • T.C. Ankara Valiliği. (2021b). Nüfus ve İdari Durum. http://www.ankara.gov.tr/nufus-ve-idari-durum). Voyvoda, E., and Yeldan, A. (2020). COVID-19 Salgının Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Etkileri ve Politika Alternatiflerinin Makroekonomik Genel Denge Analizi. Salgın Ekonomisi, 187-229.
  • Worldometer. (2020). COVID-19 Coranavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/corona virus/).08.06.2021

GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods due to COVID-19

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 123 - 140

Burcu Yılmazel , Müzeyyen Anıl Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu , Mehtap Özenen Kavlak , Ahmet Dabanli , Tuncay Küçükpehlivan , Arif Furkan Mendi , Hasan Tolga Ünal , Saye Nihan Çabuk

Abstract

The rapid advancement of information and communication technologies has deeply integrated the internet into everyday life, notably transforming shopping habits towards increased online activity. The onset of the Covid-19 pandemic in late 2019 significantly changed consumer behavior and consumption patterns, with the pandemic’s spread and government-imposed social distancing measures driving a shift to online shopping. Retailers responded by enhancing their online order handling capabilities, expanding the reach of online shopping. This study investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on online shopping habits using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), spanning three phases: the pre-pandemic period (10 February 2020 - 1 August 2020), the peak pandemic restrictions, and the “new normal” phase of eased restrictions. Focused on Ankara’s online market data, the research compares online shopping trends across these periods. Results align with existing literature, showing an increase in online shopping during the pandemic, with a decline following the relaxation of restrictions. Higher socioeconomic status (SES) groups showed a greater propensity for online shopping, while lower SES groups spent a larger share of their shopping on food. Notably, the highest SES group, Group A, spent 5.94% of their GDP on shopping during the P2 period, with 85% of this expenditure on food, highlighting a stark contrast with other SES groups.

Keywords

Covid-19 Pandemic Consumer Behavior Online Shopping GIS

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK

Project Number

119C200 2244

Thanks

This publication, within the framework of University-Industry Cooperation between Eskişehir Technical University and Başarsoft, Prof. Dr. It has been prepared within the scope of Başarsoft Academy program carried out by Alper Çabuk and TUBITAK supported project numbered 119C200 2244. The authors thank the Marketyo administrators for their support and the valuable online sales data they provided.

References

  • Alfani, G., & Murphy, T. E. (2017). Plague and lethal epidemics in the pre-industrial world. the Journal of economic History, 77(1), 314-343.
  • Ali, N. I., Samsuri, S., Seman, M. S. A., Brohi, I. A., and Shah, A. (2019). Effects of Socioeconomic Characteristics on Online Purchase Intention Among Malaysians. Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, 16(3), 927-934.
  • Baker, S. R., Bloom, N., Davis, S. J., Kost, K. J., Sammon, M. C.,& Viratyosin, T. (2020). The unprecedented stock market impact of COVID-19 (0898-2937).
  • Batuman, B. (2013). City profile: Ankara. Cities, 31, 578-590.
  • Bhatti, A., Akram, H., Basit, H. M., Khan, A. U., Raza, S. M., & Naqvi, M. B. (2020). E-commerce trends during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, 13(2), 1449-1452.
  • Boissay, F., & Rungcharoenkitkul, P. (2020). Macroeconomic effects of Covid-19: an early review. Danışmaz, A. T. (2020). Covıd-19 Salgınının Tüketicilerin Online Alışveriş Tercihine Etkisi. Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi, 9(2), 83-90.
  • Dannenberg, P., Fuchs, M., Riedler, T., & Wiedemann, C. (2020). Digital transition by COVID‐19 pandemic? The German food online retail. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 111(3), 543-560. Didier, T., Huneeus, F., Larrain, M., & Schmukler, S. L. (2021). Financing firms in hibernation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Financial Stability, 53, 100837.
  • e-ticaret. (2020). 2019-2020 Yılı 3-4-5 Ayların Karşılaştırılması. https://www.eticaret.gov.tr/istatistikler adresinden edinilmiştir.). Florida, R., Rodriguez-Pose, A., & Storper, M. (2021). Critical Commentary: Cities in a post-COVID world. Urban Studies, 60(8).
  • Ganapathi, R. (2015). A study on factors affecting online shopping behavior of consumers in Chennai. Journal of Management Research and Analysis, 2(2), 123-126. Gopinath, V. (2020). Consumer behavior trends during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Scientific Development and Research, 5(9), 310-313.
  • Güven, H. (2020). COVID-19 pandemik krizi sürecinde e-ticarette meydana gelen değişimler. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(5), 251-268. Hashem, T. N. (2020). Examining the Influence of COVID 19 Pandemic in Changing Customers‘ Orientation towards E-Shopping. Modern Applied Science, 14(8).
  • Hernández, B., Jiménez, J., & Martín, M. J. (2011). Age, gender and income: do they really moderate online shopping behaviour? Online information review. Hottenroth, V. (2020). Bazaarvoice Network Data - The impact of COVID-19 on e-commerce by category. https://www.bazaarvoice.com/blog/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-e-commerce-by-category/).
  • Jordà, Ò., Singh, S. R., &Taylor, A. M. (2020). Longer-run economic consequences of pandemics (0898-2937).
  • Kantar. (2020). Accelerated Growth Sees Amazon Crowned 2019‘s BrandZ™ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brand. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/accelerated-growth-sees-amazon-crowned-2019s-brandz-top-100-most-valuable-global-brand-300863486.html).
  • Kaur, K. (2020). Impact of the First Phase of Movement Control Order during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia on purchasing behavior of Malaysian Consumers Kamaljeet Kaur1*, Mageswari Kunasegaran2, Jaspal Singh3, Selvi Salome4, and Sukjeet Kaur Sandhu5. Horizon, 2, 131-144.
  • Koch, J., Frommeyer, B., & Schewe, G. (2020). Online Shopping Motives during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Lessons from the Crisis. Sustainability, 12(24), 10247.
  • Leone, L. A., Fleischhacker, S., Anderson-Steeves, B., Harper, K., Winkler, M., Racine, E., Baquero, B., & Gittelsohn, J. (2020). Healthy food retail during the COVID-19 pandemic: Challenges and future directions. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(20), 7397.
  • Li, J., Hallsworth, A. G., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2020). The changing grocery shopping behaviour of chinese consumers at the outset of the covid-19 outbreak. Age, 6(5). McKibbin, W., & Fernando, R. (2021). The global macroeconomic impacts of COVID-19: Seven scenarios. Asian Economic Papers, 20(2), 1-30.
  • Naseri, R. N. N. (2021). Issues And Challenges Of Online Shoppingactivities On The Impact Of Corona Pandemic: A Study On Malaysia Retail Industry. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(10), 7682-7686.
  • Poelman, M. P., Gillebaart, M., Schlinkert, C., Dijkstra, S. C., Derksen, E., Mensink, F., Hermans, R. C., Aardening, P., de Ridder, D., & de Vet, E. (2021). Eating behavior and food purchases during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 157, 105002.
  • Roggeveen, A. L., & Sethuraman, R. (2020). How the COVID-19 pandemic may change the world of Retailing. Journal of Retailing, 96(2), 169.
  • Safara, F. (2020). A Computational Model to Predict Consumer Behaviour During COVID-19 Pandemic. Computational Economics, 1-14.
  • Sánchez-Torres, J. A., Arroyo-Cañada, F., Montoya-Restrepo, L., & Rivera-González, J. (2017). Moderating effect of socioeconomic factors and educational level on electronic purchasing in Colombia. Tékhne, 15(1), 26-34.
  • Stanciu, S., Radu, R. I., Sapira, V., Bratoveanu, B. D., & Florea, A. M. (2020). Consumer Behavior in Crisis Situations. Research on the Effects of COVID-19 in Romania. Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati: Fascicle: I, Economics & Applied Informatics, 26(1).
  • T.C. Ankara Valiliği. (2021a). Ankara. http://www.ankara.gov.tr/ilcelerimiz).
  • T.C. Ankara Valiliği. (2021b). Nüfus ve İdari Durum. http://www.ankara.gov.tr/nufus-ve-idari-durum). Voyvoda, E., and Yeldan, A. (2020). COVID-19 Salgının Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerine Etkileri ve Politika Alternatiflerinin Makroekonomik Genel Denge Analizi. Salgın Ekonomisi, 187-229.
  • Worldometer. (2020). COVID-19 Coranavirus Pandemic. https://www.worldometers.info/corona virus/).08.06.2021
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Computer Software
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burcu Yılmazel 0000-0001-8917-6499

Müzeyyen Anıl Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu 0000-0002-9423-6932

Mehtap Özenen Kavlak 0000-0002-5369-4494

Ahmet Dabanli 0000-0002-6818-3662

Tuncay Küçükpehlivan 0000-0001-9054-5984

Arif Furkan Mendi 0000-0002-0750-4012

Hasan Tolga Ünal 0009-0008-6254-0885

Saye Nihan Çabuk 0000-0003-4859-2271

Project Number 119C200 2244
Early Pub Date May 28, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date May 16, 2025
Acceptance Date May 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yılmazel, B., Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu, M. A., Özenen Kavlak, M., Dabanli, A., et al. (2025). GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods due to COVID-19. GSI Journals Serie C: Advancements in Information Sciences and Technologies, 8(1), 123-140.
AMA Yılmazel B, Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu MA, Özenen Kavlak M, Dabanli A, Küçükpehlivan T, Mendi AF, Ünal HT, Çabuk SN. GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods due to COVID-19. AIST. May 2025;8(1):123-140.
Chicago Yılmazel, Burcu, Müzeyyen Anıl Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu, Mehtap Özenen Kavlak, Ahmet Dabanli, Tuncay Küçükpehlivan, Arif Furkan Mendi, Hasan Tolga Ünal, and Saye Nihan Çabuk. “GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods Due to COVID-19”. GSI Journals Serie C: Advancements in Information Sciences and Technologies 8, no. 1 (May 2025): 123-40.
EndNote Yılmazel B, Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu MA, Özenen Kavlak M, Dabanli A, Küçükpehlivan T, Mendi AF, Ünal HT, Çabuk SN (May 1, 2025) GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods due to COVID-19. GSI Journals Serie C: Advancements in Information Sciences and Technologies 8 1 123–140.
IEEE B. Yılmazel, M. A. Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu, M. Özenen Kavlak, A. Dabanli, T. Küçükpehlivan, A. F. Mendi, H. T. Ünal, and S. N. Çabuk, “GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods due to COVID-19”, AIST, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 123–140, 2025.
ISNAD Yılmazel, Burcu et al. “GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods Due to COVID-19”. GSI Journals Serie C: Advancements in Information Sciences and Technologies 8/1 (May 2025), 123-140.
JAMA Yılmazel B, Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu MA, Özenen Kavlak M, Dabanli A, Küçükpehlivan T, Mendi AF, Ünal HT, Çabuk SN. GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods due to COVID-19. AIST. 2025;8:123–140.
MLA Yılmazel, Burcu et al. “GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods Due to COVID-19”. GSI Journals Serie C: Advancements in Information Sciences and Technologies, vol. 8, no. 1, 2025, pp. 123-40.
Vancouver Yılmazel B, Şenyel Kürkçüoğlu MA, Özenen Kavlak M, Dabanli A, Küçükpehlivan T, Mendi AF, Ünal HT, Çabuk SN. GIS-Supported Assessment of Consumption Habits in Different Periods due to COVID-19. AIST. 2025;8(1):123-40.
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