Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Reklam Şüpheciliği: Sistematik Literatür Analizi ve Kavramsal Bir Model Önerisi

Year 2025, Issue: 48, 121 - 154, 28.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1629964

Abstract

Bu çalışma reklamcılık literatürü içerisinde sıklıkla incelenen bir kavram olan reklam şüpheciliği hakkında derinlemesine bir bakış açısı geliştirmek için sistematik literatür analizi yapmayı ve kavramsal bir model önerisinde bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda SPAR-4-SLR Protokolü kullanılarak 1994-2024 yılları arasında yayınlanan 72 ulusal ve uluslararası bilimsel makale üzerinde analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. MAXQDA yazılımı kullanılarak yapılan analizlerle reklam şüpheciliğini konu alan makalelerin betimsel ve yöntemsel özellikleri ile reklam şüpheciliğinin öncülleri, sonuçları, aracıları ve düzenleyicileri üzerine değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları; literatürde reklam şüpheciliği kavramına süregelen ve güncel bir ilginin bulunduğunu, dijital reklamcılık uygulamaları ile birlikte kavramın dijital bağlamlarla ele alınmaya başlandığını, en çok tercih edilen veri toplama tekniğinin anket, veri analiz yönteminin ise yapısal eşitlik modeli olduğunu göstermektedir. Araştırma sonuçları aynı zamanda reklam şüpheciliğinin öncülleri ve sonuçlarına yönelik bir sınıflandırma yapılabileceğini, reklam şüpheciliğinin gerek reklamcılık gerekse markalar açısından istenmeyen sonuçlar üzerinde etkili olabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın elde ettiği sonuçlar ve önerdiği kavramsal model aracılığıyla reklam şüpheciliğine yönelik derinlemesine bir bakış açısı geliştirmeye katkı sağlayacağı, literatürdeki boşluğu doldurarak hem akademik çalışmalara hem de reklamcılık profesyonellerine faydalı olacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Alam, M. M., Lutfi, A., & Alsaad, A. (2023). Antecedents and consequences of customers’ engagement with pro-environmental consumption-related content on social media. Sustainability, 15(5), 3974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053974
  • Ali, M., Hassan, U., Mustapha, I., & Osman, S. (2021). An empirical analysis of the moderating effect of consumer skepticism between social value orientations and green advertising effectiveness. Nankai Business Review International, 12(3), 458-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/NBRI-01-2021-0004
  • Amarnath, D. D., & Jaidev, U. P. (2023). Personality and psychological predictors of Instagram personalized ad avoidance. International Journal of E-Business Research (IJEBR), 19(1), 1-22.
  • Amos, C., & Landreth Grau, S. (2011). Does consumer scepticism negate the effects of visceral cues in weight loss advertising? International Journal of Advertising, 30(4), 693-719. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-4-693-719
  • Amyx, D. A., & Lumpkin, J. R. (2016). Interaction effect of ad puffery and ad skepticism on consumer persuasion. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(3), 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2016.1154920
  • Baek, T. H., & Morimoto, M. (2012). Stay away from me. Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367410105
  • Banerjee, A., & Padhi, S. (2023). Attitude towards digital commercials, advertisement skepticism and purchase probability of higher education students in Odisha. Orissa Journal of Commerce, 44(2), 93-108.
  • Banerjee, S., Rocereto, J. F., Kwak, H., & Pandey, A. (2023). Debunking fake ad claims: The moderating role of gender. International Journal of Advertising, 42(8), 1352-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2023.2171554
  • Boush, D. M., Friestad, M., & Rose, G. M. (1994). Adolescent skepticism toward TV advertising and knowledge of advertiser tactics. Journal of consumer research, 21(1), 165-175.
  • Bradburn, N. M., & Mason, W. M. (1964). The effect of question order on responses. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(4), 57-61.
  • Brinson, N. H., & Britt, B. C. (2021). Reactance and turbulence: Examining the cognitive and affective antecedents of ad blocking. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(4), 549-570.
  • Callister, M. A., & Stern, L. A. (2007). The role of visual hyperbole in advertising effectiveness. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 29(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2007.10505212
  • Chang, C.-T., & Cheng, Z.-H. (2015). Tugging on heartstrings: Shopping orientation, mindset, and consumer responses to cause-related marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(2), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2048-4
  • Chen, F.-P., & Leu, J.-D. (2011). Product involvement in the link between skepticism toward advertising and its effects. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(2), 153-159.
  • Cheng, Z.-H., Chang, C.-T., & Lee, Y.-K. (2020). Linking hedonic and utilitarian shopping values to consumer skepticism and green consumption: The roles of environmental involvement and locus of control. Review of Managerial Science, 14(1), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-018-0286-z
  • Çelik, F., Çam, M. S., & Koseoglu, M. A. (2023). Ad avoidance in the digital context: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(6), 2071-2105. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12882
  • Çınar, N. (2021). İyi bir sistematik derleme nasıl yazılmalı? Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences, 6(2), 310-314.
  • de Sio, S., Zamagni, A., Casu, G., & Gremigni, P. (2022). Green trust as a mediator in the relationship between green advertising skepticism, environmental knowledge, and intention to buy green food. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16757.
  • De Veirman, M., & Hudders, L. (2020). Disclosing sponsored Instagram posts: The role of material connection with the brand and message-sidedness when disclosing covert advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 39(1), 94-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2019.1575108
  • Deb, M. (2021). The impact of scepticism in cause-related marketing campaigns on audiences’ behavioural intentions with religiosity as a moderator: Focused study on nonprofit organizations in India. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 18(3), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-021-00278-3
  • Diehl, S., Mueller, B., & Terlutter, R. (2008). Consumer responses towards non-prescription and prescription drug advertising in the US and Germany: They don’t really like it, but they do believe it. International Journal of Advertising, 27(1), 99-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2008.11073042
  • Do Paço, A. M. F., & Reis, R. (2012). Factors affecting skepticism toward green advertising. İçinde Green Advertising and the Reluctant Consumer (ss. 123-131). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315779638-10/factors-affecting-skepticism-toward-green-advertising-arminda-maria-finisterra-pa%C3%A7o-rosa-reis
  • Dobrinić, D., Gregurec, I., & Dobrinić, D. (2021). Examining the factors of influence on avoiding personalized ads on Facebook. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu, 39(2), 401-428.
  • Edelman Trust Barometer. (2019). In Brands We Trust? https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/201906/2019_edelman_trust_barometer_special_report_in_brands_we_trust.pdf
  • Eldridge, C. E. (1958). Advertising effectiveness—How can it be measured? Journal of Marketing, 22(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.117/002224295802200301
  • Fong Yee Chan, F. (2020). The perceived effectiveness of overt versus covert promotions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(3), 321-334.
  • Forliano, C., De Bernardi, P., & Yahiaoui, D. (2021). Entrepreneurial universities: A bibliometric analysis within the business and management domains. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165, 120522.
  • Greyser, S. A., & Bauer, R. A. (1966). Americans and advertising: Thirty years of public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30(1), 69-78.
  • Han, J., Drumwright, M., & Goo, W. (2018). Native advertising: Is deception an asset or a liability? Journal of Media Ethics, 33(3), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2018.1477048
  • Hernandez, J. M. D. C., Da Costa Filho, M. C. M., & Strano, M. P. V. (2023). When transparency pays off: Enticing sceptical consumers with two‐sided advertising. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(1), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12841
  • Higueras‐Castillo, E., Liébana‐Cabanillas, F., Santos, M. A. D., Zulauf, K., & Wagner, R. (2024). Do you believe it? Green advertising skepticism and perceived value in buying electric vehicles. Sustainable Development, 32(5), 4671-4685. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2932
  • Huh, J., Delorme, D. E., & Reid, L. N. (2015). Do consumers avoid watching over-the-counter drug advertisements?: An analysis of cognitive and affective factors that prompt advertising avoidance. Journal of Advertising Research, 55(4), 401-415.
  • Jamil, R. A., Qayyum, A., & Lodhi, M. S. (2022). Skepticism toward online advertising: Causes, consequences, and remedial moderators. International Journal of Online Marketing (IJOM), 12(1), 1-21.
  • Jesson, J., Lacey, F. M., & Matheson, L. (2011). Doing your literature review: Traditional and systematic techniques. Sage Publication. https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/4913523
  • Joireman, J., Liu, R. L., & Kareklas, I. (2018). Images paired with concrete claims improve skeptical consumers’ responses to advertising promoting a firm’s good deeds. Journal of Marketing Communications, 24(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2015.1126757
  • Ju, I. (2017). The effects of advertising skepticism in consumer prescription drug advertising: The moderating role of risk disclosure location. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 11(4), 395-411.
  • Kang, J. (2020). The effect of ad skepticism and celebrity preference on brand attitude change in celebrity‐endorsed advertising. Japanese Psychological Research, 62(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12242
  • Kemp, S. (2023). Digital 2023: Global Overview Report. Datareportal. https:// datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report
  • Khuhro, R., Khan, A., Humayon, A., & Khuhro, A. (2017). Ad skepticisms: Antecedents and consequences. Management Science Letters, 7(1), 23-34.
  • Kıymalıoğlu, A. (2023). How are ad scepticism levels of young consumers shaped? Testing with simultaneous quantile regression analysis. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 11(1), 66-80.
  • Koinig, I., Diehl, S., & Mueller, B. (2018). Exploring antecedents of attitudes and skepticism towards pharmaceutical advertising and inter-attitudinal and inter-skepticism consistency on three levels: An international study. International Journal of Advertising, 37(5), 718-748.
  • Koslow, S. (2000). Can the truth hurt? How honest and persuasive advertising can unintentionally lead to increased consumer skepticism. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 34(2), 245-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2000.tb00093.x
  • Kraus, S., Breier, M., Lim, W. M., Dabić, M., Kumar, S., Kanbach, D., Mukherjee, D., Corvello, V., Piñeiro-Chousa, J., Liguori, E., Palacios-Marqués, D., Schiavone, F., Ferraris, A., Fernandes, C., & Ferreira, J. J. (2022). Literature reviews as independent studies: Guidelines for academic practice. Review of Managerial Science, 16(8), 2577-2595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00588-8
  • Leblebici Koçer, L., & Özmerdivanlı, H. (2019). Kişiselleştirilmiş reklamlara yönelik tutumları etkileyen faktörlerle satın alma davranışı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 427-454. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.649282
  • Lee, J., & Cheong, H. J. (2024). Exploring the relationship between consumer knowledge and skepticism towards pro-environmental advertising: An Empirical Investigation. KOME: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE COMMUNICATION INQUIRY, 12(1). https://real.mtak.hu/195227/
  • Lee, J., Kim, S., & Ham, C.-D. (2016). A double-edged sword? Predicting consumers’ attitudes toward and sharing intention of native advertising on social media. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(12), 1425-1441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216660137
  • Lee, S. S., Chen, H., & Lee, Y.-H. (2022). How endorser-product congruity and self-expressiveness affect Instagram micro-celebrities’ native advertising effectiveness. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 31(1), 149-162.
  • Loureiro, S. M. C. (2018). Tell what you want but do not irritate me: A senior perspective about advertising. Journal of Promotion Management, 24(2), 198-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2017.1360825
  • Luo, B., Sun, Y., Shen, J., & Xia, L. (2020). How does green advertising skepticism on social media affect consumer intention to purchase green products? Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(4), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1818
  • Mangleburg, T. F., & Bristol, T. (1998). Socialization and adolescents’ skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Advertising, 27(3), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1998.10673559
  • Matthes, J., & Wonneberger, A. (2014). The skeptical green consumer revisited: Testing the relationship between green consumerism and skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.834804
  • McCreery, S., & Krugman, D. M. (2017). Tablets and TV advertising: Understanding the viewing experience. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 38(2), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2017.1291386
  • Merigó, J. M., Mas-Tur, A., Roig-Tierno, N., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2015). A bibliometric overview of the Journal of Business Research between 1973 and 2014. Journal of Business Research, 68(12), 2645-2653.
  • Minton, E. A. (2019). Believing is buying: Religiosity, advertising skepticism, and corporate trust. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 16(1), 54-75.
  • Minton, E. A., Cornwell, T. B., & Yuan, H. (2021). I know what you are thinking: How theory of mind is employed in product evaluations. Journal of Business Research, 128, 405-422.
  • Mitchell, A. A., & Olson, J. C. (1981). Are product attribute beliefs the only mediator of advertising effects on brand attitude? Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 318-332.
  • Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
  • Nelson, M. R., Ham, C. D., & Haley, E. (2021). What do we know about political advertising? not much! Political persuasion knowledge and advertising skepticism in the United States. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 42(4), 329-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2021.1925179
  • Nguyen-Viet, B., & Nguyen, A. T. L. (2024). Vietnamese consumer’s perspective on green beauty care products: Exploring the impact of animal welfare concerns and skepticism toward green advertising. Acta Psychologica, 244, 104210.
  • Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1998). Development of a scale to measure consumer skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(2), 159-186. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0702_03
  • Palmatier, R. W., Houston, M. B., & Hulland, J. (2018). Review articles: Purpose, process, and structure. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0563-4
  • Pan, P.-L., & Meng, J. (2018). Are they celebrity followers? Examining the third-person perception of celebrity-endorsed advertising. Journal of Promotion Management, 24(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2017.1360821
  • Pan, P.-L., Meng, J., & Lee, P.-L. (2017). The mediating effects of presumed influences on taiwanese consumers’ skepticism toward celebrity endorsed advertising. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 29(1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2016.1236310
  • Pati, D., & Lorusso, L. N. (2018). How to write a systematic review of the literature. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586717747384
  • Paul, J., Lim, W. M., O’Cass, A., Hao, A. W., & Bresciani, S. (2021). Scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR-4-SLR). International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), O1-O16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12695
  • Petrescu, M., Mingione, M., Gironda, J., & Brotspies, H. (2019). Ad scepticism and retouch-free disclaimers: Are they worth it? Journal of Marketing Communications, 25(7), 738-762. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2018.1437552
  • Prendergast, G., Liu, P., & Poon, D. T. Y. (2009). A Hong Kong study of advertising credibility. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26(5), 320-329. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760910976574
  • Raziq, M. M., Ahmed, Q. M., Ahmad, M., Yusaf, S., Sajjad, A., & Waheed, S. (2018). Advertising skepticism, need for cognition and consumers’ attitudes. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(6), 678-693.
  • Richardson-Greenfield, P., LaFerle, C., Dehdashti, Y., & Edwards, S. (2024). Addressing the damage of deception: Determining effective crisis response strategies following allegations of deceptive advertising. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 45(4), 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2024.2310054
  • Sailer, A., Wilfing, H., & Straus, E. (2022). Greenwashing and bluewashing in black Friday-related sustainable fashion marketing on Instagram. Sustainability, 14(3), 1494.
  • Shabbir, H., Bennett, R., Kottasz, R., Vijaygopal, R., Gardasz, B., Adams, J., & Kendall, P. (2024). Poverty porn as humanitarian business: The effects of framing, affect intensity, and spokesperson characteristics. Business & Society, 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503241275762
  • Shanbhag, P. R., Pai P., Y., Pattusamy, M., Kidiyoor, G., & Prabhu, N. (2024). Keeping promises in cause-related marketing campaigns: Development and validation of promised impact evidence scale. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 41(2), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-11-2022-5705
  • Shin, W., Huh, J., & Faber, R. J. (2012). Developmental antecedents to children’s responses to online advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 31(4), 719-740. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-31-4-719-740
  • Singh, S., Kristensen, L., & Villasenor, E. (2009). Overcoming skepticism towards cause related claims: The case of Norway. International Marketing Review, 26(3), 312-326.
  • Soydemir, G. A. (2022). Kozmetik ürün reklamlarına yönelik şüpheciliğin algılanan risk üzerindeki etkisini belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 1225-1243.
  • Srivastava, V. (2018). Modelling antecedents of scepticism towards green advertising: Evidence from India. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 12(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIMA.2018.090950
  • Stemler, S. (2000). An overview of content analysis. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 7(1). https://openpublishing.library.umass.edu/pare/article/id/1376/
  • Thakor, M. V., & Goneau-Lessard, K. (2009). Development of a scale to measure skepticism of social advertising among adolescents. Journal of Business Research, 62(12), 1342-1349.
  • Thakur, R., & John, J. (2024). Toward better customer engagement: The mediating role of cognitive and behavioral trust in search and social media platforms. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 28(4), 510-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2024.2401950
  • Toti, J.-F., & Sánchez Romero, A. M. (2023). Understanding how ethical claims in advertising affect subjective ambivalence toward buying ethical products. European Journal of Marketing, 57(12), 3125-3161.
  • Tran, T. P. (2017). Personalized ads on Facebook: An effective marketing tool for online marketers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 39, 230-242.
  • Tutaj, K., & van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2012). Effects of online advertising format and persuasion knowledge on audience reactions. Journal of Marketing Communications, 18(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2011.620765
  • Ustaahmetoğlu, E., & Toklu, İ. T. (2022). Sağlık bilinci, reklama yönelik kuşku ve iknanın tutuma etkisi: Çift yanlı gıda reklam mesajı üzerine araştırma. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(4), 1203-1216.
  • Wei, C.-F., Chiang, C.-T., Kou, T.-C., & Lee, B. C. Y. (2017). Toward sustainable livelihoods: Investigating the drivers of purchase behavior for green products. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(5), 626-639. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1942
  • Windels, K., & Porter, L. (2020). Examining consumers’ recognition of native and banner advertising on news website home pages. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 20(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2019.1688737
  • Wong, K. H., Chang, H. H., Lin, Y.-H., & Lin, S. Y. (2024). How do mobile app users react to embedded advertising? A perspective from psychological reactance theory. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2359644
  • Yang, C.-M., & Hsu, T.-F. (2017). Effects of skepticism about corporate social responsibility advertising on consumer attitude. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(3), 453-467.
  • Yang, J., Jiang, M., & Wu, L. (2021). Native advertising in WeChat official accounts: How do ad–content congruence and ad skepticism influence advertising value and effectiveness? Journal of Interactive Advertising, 21(1), 17-33.
  • Youn, S., & Shin, W. (2020). Adolescents’ responses to social media newsfeed advertising: The interplay of persuasion knowledge, benefit-risk assessment, and ad scepticism in explaining information disclosure. International Journal of Advertising, 39(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2019.1585650
  • Yu, J. (2020). Consumer responses toward green advertising: The effects of gender, advertising skepticism, and green motive attribution. Journal of Marketing Communications, 26(4), 414-433.
  • Zarouali, B., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Poels, K. (2017). “Do you like cookies?” Adolescents’ skeptical processing of retargeted Facebook-ads and the moderating role of privacy concern and a textual debriefing. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 157-165.

Advertising Skepticism: A Systematic Literature Analysis and Proposal of a Conceptual Model

Year 2025, Issue: 48, 121 - 154, 28.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1629964

Abstract

This study aims to conduct a systematic literature analysis and propose a conceptual model in order to develop an in-depth perspective on advertising skepticism, a concept frequently examined in advertising literature. In this context, analyses were conducted on 72 national and international scientific articles published between 1994-2024 using the SPAR-4-SLR Protocol. The descriptive and methodological features of the articles on advertising skepticism, as well as the antecedents, consequences, mediators and moderators of advertising skepticism were evaluated using the MAXQDA software. The research results show that there is an ongoing and current interest in the concept of advertising skepticism in the literature, that the concept has begun to be addressed in digital contexts with digital advertising applications, and that the most preferred data collection technique is surveys and the data analysis method is structural equation modeling. The research results also reveal that a classification can be made regarding the antecedents and consequences of advertising skepticism, and that advertising skepticism can have an impact on undesirable outcomes for both the advertising sector and brands. It is thought that the study will contribute to the development of an in-depth perspective on advertising skepticism through the results it obtains and the conceptual model it proposes, and will be beneficial to both academic studies and advertising professionals by filling the gap in the literature.

References

  • Alam, M. M., Lutfi, A., & Alsaad, A. (2023). Antecedents and consequences of customers’ engagement with pro-environmental consumption-related content on social media. Sustainability, 15(5), 3974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053974
  • Ali, M., Hassan, U., Mustapha, I., & Osman, S. (2021). An empirical analysis of the moderating effect of consumer skepticism between social value orientations and green advertising effectiveness. Nankai Business Review International, 12(3), 458-482. https://doi.org/10.1108/NBRI-01-2021-0004
  • Amarnath, D. D., & Jaidev, U. P. (2023). Personality and psychological predictors of Instagram personalized ad avoidance. International Journal of E-Business Research (IJEBR), 19(1), 1-22.
  • Amos, C., & Landreth Grau, S. (2011). Does consumer scepticism negate the effects of visceral cues in weight loss advertising? International Journal of Advertising, 30(4), 693-719. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-30-4-693-719
  • Amyx, D. A., & Lumpkin, J. R. (2016). Interaction effect of ad puffery and ad skepticism on consumer persuasion. Journal of Promotion Management, 22(3), 403-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2016.1154920
  • Baek, T. H., & Morimoto, M. (2012). Stay away from me. Journal of Advertising, 41(1), 59-76. https://doi.org/10.2753/JOA0091-3367410105
  • Banerjee, A., & Padhi, S. (2023). Attitude towards digital commercials, advertisement skepticism and purchase probability of higher education students in Odisha. Orissa Journal of Commerce, 44(2), 93-108.
  • Banerjee, S., Rocereto, J. F., Kwak, H., & Pandey, A. (2023). Debunking fake ad claims: The moderating role of gender. International Journal of Advertising, 42(8), 1352-1376. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2023.2171554
  • Boush, D. M., Friestad, M., & Rose, G. M. (1994). Adolescent skepticism toward TV advertising and knowledge of advertiser tactics. Journal of consumer research, 21(1), 165-175.
  • Bradburn, N. M., & Mason, W. M. (1964). The effect of question order on responses. Journal of Marketing Research, 1(4), 57-61.
  • Brinson, N. H., & Britt, B. C. (2021). Reactance and turbulence: Examining the cognitive and affective antecedents of ad blocking. Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing, 15(4), 549-570.
  • Callister, M. A., & Stern, L. A. (2007). The role of visual hyperbole in advertising effectiveness. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 29(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2007.10505212
  • Chang, C.-T., & Cheng, Z.-H. (2015). Tugging on heartstrings: Shopping orientation, mindset, and consumer responses to cause-related marketing. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(2), 337-350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2048-4
  • Chen, F.-P., & Leu, J.-D. (2011). Product involvement in the link between skepticism toward advertising and its effects. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 39(2), 153-159.
  • Cheng, Z.-H., Chang, C.-T., & Lee, Y.-K. (2020). Linking hedonic and utilitarian shopping values to consumer skepticism and green consumption: The roles of environmental involvement and locus of control. Review of Managerial Science, 14(1), 61-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-018-0286-z
  • Çelik, F., Çam, M. S., & Koseoglu, M. A. (2023). Ad avoidance in the digital context: A systematic literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(6), 2071-2105. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12882
  • Çınar, N. (2021). İyi bir sistematik derleme nasıl yazılmalı? Online Turkish Journal of Health Sciences, 6(2), 310-314.
  • de Sio, S., Zamagni, A., Casu, G., & Gremigni, P. (2022). Green trust as a mediator in the relationship between green advertising skepticism, environmental knowledge, and intention to buy green food. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(24), 16757.
  • De Veirman, M., & Hudders, L. (2020). Disclosing sponsored Instagram posts: The role of material connection with the brand and message-sidedness when disclosing covert advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 39(1), 94-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2019.1575108
  • Deb, M. (2021). The impact of scepticism in cause-related marketing campaigns on audiences’ behavioural intentions with religiosity as a moderator: Focused study on nonprofit organizations in India. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 18(3), 387-401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-021-00278-3
  • Diehl, S., Mueller, B., & Terlutter, R. (2008). Consumer responses towards non-prescription and prescription drug advertising in the US and Germany: They don’t really like it, but they do believe it. International Journal of Advertising, 27(1), 99-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2008.11073042
  • Do Paço, A. M. F., & Reis, R. (2012). Factors affecting skepticism toward green advertising. İçinde Green Advertising and the Reluctant Consumer (ss. 123-131). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315779638-10/factors-affecting-skepticism-toward-green-advertising-arminda-maria-finisterra-pa%C3%A7o-rosa-reis
  • Dobrinić, D., Gregurec, I., & Dobrinić, D. (2021). Examining the factors of influence on avoiding personalized ads on Facebook. Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci: časopis za ekonomsku teoriju i praksu, 39(2), 401-428.
  • Edelman Trust Barometer. (2019). In Brands We Trust? https://www.edelman.com/sites/g/files/aatuss191/files/201906/2019_edelman_trust_barometer_special_report_in_brands_we_trust.pdf
  • Eldridge, C. E. (1958). Advertising effectiveness—How can it be measured? Journal of Marketing, 22(3), 241-251. https://doi.org/10.117/002224295802200301
  • Fong Yee Chan, F. (2020). The perceived effectiveness of overt versus covert promotions. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(3), 321-334.
  • Forliano, C., De Bernardi, P., & Yahiaoui, D. (2021). Entrepreneurial universities: A bibliometric analysis within the business and management domains. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 165, 120522.
  • Greyser, S. A., & Bauer, R. A. (1966). Americans and advertising: Thirty years of public opinion. Public Opinion Quarterly, 30(1), 69-78.
  • Han, J., Drumwright, M., & Goo, W. (2018). Native advertising: Is deception an asset or a liability? Journal of Media Ethics, 33(3), 102-119. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2018.1477048
  • Hernandez, J. M. D. C., Da Costa Filho, M. C. M., & Strano, M. P. V. (2023). When transparency pays off: Enticing sceptical consumers with two‐sided advertising. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(1), 317-333. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12841
  • Higueras‐Castillo, E., Liébana‐Cabanillas, F., Santos, M. A. D., Zulauf, K., & Wagner, R. (2024). Do you believe it? Green advertising skepticism and perceived value in buying electric vehicles. Sustainable Development, 32(5), 4671-4685. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2932
  • Huh, J., Delorme, D. E., & Reid, L. N. (2015). Do consumers avoid watching over-the-counter drug advertisements?: An analysis of cognitive and affective factors that prompt advertising avoidance. Journal of Advertising Research, 55(4), 401-415.
  • Jamil, R. A., Qayyum, A., & Lodhi, M. S. (2022). Skepticism toward online advertising: Causes, consequences, and remedial moderators. International Journal of Online Marketing (IJOM), 12(1), 1-21.
  • Jesson, J., Lacey, F. M., & Matheson, L. (2011). Doing your literature review: Traditional and systematic techniques. Sage Publication. https://www.torrossa.com/en/resources/an/4913523
  • Joireman, J., Liu, R. L., & Kareklas, I. (2018). Images paired with concrete claims improve skeptical consumers’ responses to advertising promoting a firm’s good deeds. Journal of Marketing Communications, 24(1), 83-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2015.1126757
  • Ju, I. (2017). The effects of advertising skepticism in consumer prescription drug advertising: The moderating role of risk disclosure location. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 11(4), 395-411.
  • Kang, J. (2020). The effect of ad skepticism and celebrity preference on brand attitude change in celebrity‐endorsed advertising. Japanese Psychological Research, 62(1), 26-38. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12242
  • Kemp, S. (2023). Digital 2023: Global Overview Report. Datareportal. https:// datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-global-overview-report
  • Khuhro, R., Khan, A., Humayon, A., & Khuhro, A. (2017). Ad skepticisms: Antecedents and consequences. Management Science Letters, 7(1), 23-34.
  • Kıymalıoğlu, A. (2023). How are ad scepticism levels of young consumers shaped? Testing with simultaneous quantile regression analysis. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 11(1), 66-80.
  • Koinig, I., Diehl, S., & Mueller, B. (2018). Exploring antecedents of attitudes and skepticism towards pharmaceutical advertising and inter-attitudinal and inter-skepticism consistency on three levels: An international study. International Journal of Advertising, 37(5), 718-748.
  • Koslow, S. (2000). Can the truth hurt? How honest and persuasive advertising can unintentionally lead to increased consumer skepticism. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 34(2), 245-267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6606.2000.tb00093.x
  • Kraus, S., Breier, M., Lim, W. M., Dabić, M., Kumar, S., Kanbach, D., Mukherjee, D., Corvello, V., Piñeiro-Chousa, J., Liguori, E., Palacios-Marqués, D., Schiavone, F., Ferraris, A., Fernandes, C., & Ferreira, J. J. (2022). Literature reviews as independent studies: Guidelines for academic practice. Review of Managerial Science, 16(8), 2577-2595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-022-00588-8
  • Leblebici Koçer, L., & Özmerdivanlı, H. (2019). Kişiselleştirilmiş reklamlara yönelik tutumları etkileyen faktörlerle satın alma davranışı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 427-454. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.649282
  • Lee, J., & Cheong, H. J. (2024). Exploring the relationship between consumer knowledge and skepticism towards pro-environmental advertising: An Empirical Investigation. KOME: AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE COMMUNICATION INQUIRY, 12(1). https://real.mtak.hu/195227/
  • Lee, J., Kim, S., & Ham, C.-D. (2016). A double-edged sword? Predicting consumers’ attitudes toward and sharing intention of native advertising on social media. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(12), 1425-1441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764216660137
  • Lee, S. S., Chen, H., & Lee, Y.-H. (2022). How endorser-product congruity and self-expressiveness affect Instagram micro-celebrities’ native advertising effectiveness. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 31(1), 149-162.
  • Loureiro, S. M. C. (2018). Tell what you want but do not irritate me: A senior perspective about advertising. Journal of Promotion Management, 24(2), 198-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2017.1360825
  • Luo, B., Sun, Y., Shen, J., & Xia, L. (2020). How does green advertising skepticism on social media affect consumer intention to purchase green products? Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 19(4), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1818
  • Mangleburg, T. F., & Bristol, T. (1998). Socialization and adolescents’ skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Advertising, 27(3), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1998.10673559
  • Matthes, J., & Wonneberger, A. (2014). The skeptical green consumer revisited: Testing the relationship between green consumerism and skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Advertising, 43(2), 115-127. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.2013.834804
  • McCreery, S., & Krugman, D. M. (2017). Tablets and TV advertising: Understanding the viewing experience. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 38(2), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2017.1291386
  • Merigó, J. M., Mas-Tur, A., Roig-Tierno, N., & Ribeiro-Soriano, D. (2015). A bibliometric overview of the Journal of Business Research between 1973 and 2014. Journal of Business Research, 68(12), 2645-2653.
  • Minton, E. A. (2019). Believing is buying: Religiosity, advertising skepticism, and corporate trust. Journal of Management, Spirituality & Religion, 16(1), 54-75.
  • Minton, E. A., Cornwell, T. B., & Yuan, H. (2021). I know what you are thinking: How theory of mind is employed in product evaluations. Journal of Business Research, 128, 405-422.
  • Mitchell, A. A., & Olson, J. C. (1981). Are product attribute beliefs the only mediator of advertising effects on brand attitude? Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 318-332.
  • Moher, D., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., Petticrew, M., Shekelle, P., & Stewart, L. A. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
  • Nelson, M. R., Ham, C. D., & Haley, E. (2021). What do we know about political advertising? not much! Political persuasion knowledge and advertising skepticism in the United States. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 42(4), 329-353. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2021.1925179
  • Nguyen-Viet, B., & Nguyen, A. T. L. (2024). Vietnamese consumer’s perspective on green beauty care products: Exploring the impact of animal welfare concerns and skepticism toward green advertising. Acta Psychologica, 244, 104210.
  • Obermiller, C., & Spangenberg, E. R. (1998). Development of a scale to measure consumer skepticism toward advertising. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 7(2), 159-186. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0702_03
  • Palmatier, R. W., Houston, M. B., & Hulland, J. (2018). Review articles: Purpose, process, and structure. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 46(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-017-0563-4
  • Pan, P.-L., & Meng, J. (2018). Are they celebrity followers? Examining the third-person perception of celebrity-endorsed advertising. Journal of Promotion Management, 24(2), 233-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496491.2017.1360821
  • Pan, P.-L., Meng, J., & Lee, P.-L. (2017). The mediating effects of presumed influences on taiwanese consumers’ skepticism toward celebrity endorsed advertising. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 29(1), 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2016.1236310
  • Pati, D., & Lorusso, L. N. (2018). How to write a systematic review of the literature. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(1), 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586717747384
  • Paul, J., Lim, W. M., O’Cass, A., Hao, A. W., & Bresciani, S. (2021). Scientific procedures and rationales for systematic literature reviews (SPAR-4-SLR). International Journal of Consumer Studies, 45(4), O1-O16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12695
  • Petrescu, M., Mingione, M., Gironda, J., & Brotspies, H. (2019). Ad scepticism and retouch-free disclaimers: Are they worth it? Journal of Marketing Communications, 25(7), 738-762. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2018.1437552
  • Prendergast, G., Liu, P., & Poon, D. T. Y. (2009). A Hong Kong study of advertising credibility. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 26(5), 320-329. https://doi.org/10.1108/07363760910976574
  • Raziq, M. M., Ahmed, Q. M., Ahmad, M., Yusaf, S., Sajjad, A., & Waheed, S. (2018). Advertising skepticism, need for cognition and consumers’ attitudes. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 36(6), 678-693.
  • Richardson-Greenfield, P., LaFerle, C., Dehdashti, Y., & Edwards, S. (2024). Addressing the damage of deception: Determining effective crisis response strategies following allegations of deceptive advertising. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising, 45(4), 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1080/10641734.2024.2310054
  • Sailer, A., Wilfing, H., & Straus, E. (2022). Greenwashing and bluewashing in black Friday-related sustainable fashion marketing on Instagram. Sustainability, 14(3), 1494.
  • Shabbir, H., Bennett, R., Kottasz, R., Vijaygopal, R., Gardasz, B., Adams, J., & Kendall, P. (2024). Poverty porn as humanitarian business: The effects of framing, affect intensity, and spokesperson characteristics. Business & Society, 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1177/00076503241275762
  • Shanbhag, P. R., Pai P., Y., Pattusamy, M., Kidiyoor, G., & Prabhu, N. (2024). Keeping promises in cause-related marketing campaigns: Development and validation of promised impact evidence scale. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 41(2), 239-257. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-11-2022-5705
  • Shin, W., Huh, J., & Faber, R. J. (2012). Developmental antecedents to children’s responses to online advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 31(4), 719-740. https://doi.org/10.2501/IJA-31-4-719-740
  • Singh, S., Kristensen, L., & Villasenor, E. (2009). Overcoming skepticism towards cause related claims: The case of Norway. International Marketing Review, 26(3), 312-326.
  • Soydemir, G. A. (2022). Kozmetik ürün reklamlarına yönelik şüpheciliğin algılanan risk üzerindeki etkisini belirlemeye yönelik bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 14(2), 1225-1243.
  • Srivastava, V. (2018). Modelling antecedents of scepticism towards green advertising: Evidence from India. International Journal of Internet Marketing and Advertising, 12(2), 105. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJIMA.2018.090950
  • Stemler, S. (2000). An overview of content analysis. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 7(1). https://openpublishing.library.umass.edu/pare/article/id/1376/
  • Thakor, M. V., & Goneau-Lessard, K. (2009). Development of a scale to measure skepticism of social advertising among adolescents. Journal of Business Research, 62(12), 1342-1349.
  • Thakur, R., & John, J. (2024). Toward better customer engagement: The mediating role of cognitive and behavioral trust in search and social media platforms. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 28(4), 510-540. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2024.2401950
  • Toti, J.-F., & Sánchez Romero, A. M. (2023). Understanding how ethical claims in advertising affect subjective ambivalence toward buying ethical products. European Journal of Marketing, 57(12), 3125-3161.
  • Tran, T. P. (2017). Personalized ads on Facebook: An effective marketing tool for online marketers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 39, 230-242.
  • Tutaj, K., & van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2012). Effects of online advertising format and persuasion knowledge on audience reactions. Journal of Marketing Communications, 18(1), 5-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527266.2011.620765
  • Ustaahmetoğlu, E., & Toklu, İ. T. (2022). Sağlık bilinci, reklama yönelik kuşku ve iknanın tutuma etkisi: Çift yanlı gıda reklam mesajı üzerine araştırma. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(4), 1203-1216.
  • Wei, C.-F., Chiang, C.-T., Kou, T.-C., & Lee, B. C. Y. (2017). Toward sustainable livelihoods: Investigating the drivers of purchase behavior for green products. Business Strategy and the Environment, 26(5), 626-639. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.1942
  • Windels, K., & Porter, L. (2020). Examining consumers’ recognition of native and banner advertising on news website home pages. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 20(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2019.1688737
  • Wong, K. H., Chang, H. H., Lin, Y.-H., & Lin, S. Y. (2024). How do mobile app users react to embedded advertising? A perspective from psychological reactance theory. Behaviour & Information Technology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2024.2359644
  • Yang, C.-M., & Hsu, T.-F. (2017). Effects of skepticism about corporate social responsibility advertising on consumer attitude. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 45(3), 453-467.
  • Yang, J., Jiang, M., & Wu, L. (2021). Native advertising in WeChat official accounts: How do ad–content congruence and ad skepticism influence advertising value and effectiveness? Journal of Interactive Advertising, 21(1), 17-33.
  • Youn, S., & Shin, W. (2020). Adolescents’ responses to social media newsfeed advertising: The interplay of persuasion knowledge, benefit-risk assessment, and ad scepticism in explaining information disclosure. International Journal of Advertising, 39(2), 213-231. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2019.1585650
  • Yu, J. (2020). Consumer responses toward green advertising: The effects of gender, advertising skepticism, and green motive attribution. Journal of Marketing Communications, 26(4), 414-433.
  • Zarouali, B., Ponnet, K., Walrave, M., & Poels, K. (2017). “Do you like cookies?” Adolescents’ skeptical processing of retargeted Facebook-ads and the moderating role of privacy concern and a textual debriefing. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 157-165.
There are 91 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Advertising Studies
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

İbrahim Kiçir 0000-0002-3346-4309

Publication Date April 28, 2025
Submission Date January 30, 2025
Acceptance Date March 30, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 48

Cite

APA Kiçir, İ. (2025). Reklam Şüpheciliği: Sistematik Literatür Analizi ve Kavramsal Bir Model Önerisi. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(48), 121-154. https://doi.org/10.31123/akil.1629964

3328033281

Journal of Akdeniz University Faculty of Communication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC).