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MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 11 - 19

Recep Uğur Acar , Enes Zengin

Abstract

Eber Lake, an important wetland located in the Akarçay closed basin in the Central Anatolia Region, has experienced significant drought-induced shrinkage. This study monitored and quantified the changes in wetland areas of Lake Eber from 2015 to 2024 using high-resolution Sentinel 2-A satellite imagery and the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). MNDWI was selected due to its superior performance in accurately characterizing wetland properties compared to alternative indices. An iterative analysis was conducted to determine the most appropriate threshold to distinguish between water and non-water areas, and the threshold values were validated using ground-based data. Our results reveal a striking contraction in the spatial extent of wetlands; the area decreased from 7,748 ha in 2015 to only 327 ha in 2024, indicating a decrease of approximately 96%. This significant loss highlights the profound impact of environmental factors such as prolonged droughts, increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns, and likely anthropogenic pressures. The integration of remote sensing and robust GIS methodologies in this study provides a detailed, temporally continuous record of wetland transformations, providing new insights into regional hydrological dynamics. The findings not only improve our understanding of the ongoing environmental changes in Lake Eber but also highlight the urgent need for sustainable management practices and conservation strategies to mitigate further degradation of this vital ecosystem.

Keywords

Lake Shrinkage Modified Normalized Difference Water Index Remote Sensing Sentinel 2-A

References

  • [1] K. Demirel and Y. Kavdır, “Effect of Soil Water Retention Barriers On Turfgrass Growth and Soil Water Content,” Irrig Sci, Vol. 31, No. 4, Pp. 689–700, 201.
  • [2] E. Özelkan, “Comparison of Remote Sensing Classification Techniques for Water Body Detection: A Case Study in Atikhisar Dam Lake (Çanakkale),” Cumhuriyet Science Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, Pp. 650–661, 2019.
  • [3] J. T. A. Verhoeven, B. Beltman, R. Bobbink, And D. F. Whigham, Eds., Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, Vol. 190. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.
  • [4] Ü. Özaslan and E. Erdoğan Yüksel, “Determination of Land Change in the Susurluk Basin Kocaçay Delta Wetland Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems,” Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 2024.
  • [5] M. Akif Erdoğan, F. Sönmez and S. Berberoğlu, "Baraj Göllerinde Su Seviyelerinin Uzaktan Algılama ve CBS ile Tahmini ve İzlenmesi: Adana Seyhan Baraj Gölü Örneği," 5. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS 2014), İstanbul, Turkey, 2014.
  • [6] M. E. Sönmez and M. Somuncu, “Evaluation of spatial change in the Sultan Marshes in sustainability,” Turkish Geographical Review, Vol. 66, 1-10, 2016.
  • [7] B. Chang, K.-N. He, R.-J. Li, Z.-P. Sheng, And H. Wang, “Linkage of Climatic Factors and Human Activities with Water Level Fluctuations in Qinghai Lake in The Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China,” Water (Basel), Vol. 9, No. 7, P. 552, Jul. 2017.
  • [8] İ. Dursun and A. A. Babalık, “Determining the Amount Of Soil Lost By Erosion By Using Geotextile In Different Land Use Types: A Case Study Of Karam Creek Sub-Basin,” Turkish Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 7, No. 2, Pp. 138–154, 2023.
  • [9] L. M. Kiage and P. Douglas, “Linkages Between Land Cover Change, Lake Shrinkage, And Sublacustrine Influence Determined from Remote Sensing of Select Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 709, P. 136022, 2020.
  • [10] B. M. Jones, G. Grosse, L. M. Farquharson, P. Roy-Léveillée, A. Veremeeva, M. Z. Kanevskiy, B. V. Gaglioti, A. L. Breen, A. D. Parsekian, M. Ulrich and K. M. Hinkel, “Lake and Drained Lake Basin Systems in Lowland Permafrost Regions,” Nat Rev Earth Environ, Vol. 3, No. 1, Pp. 85–98, 2022.
  • [11] Y. Bao and X. Zhang, “The Study of Lakes Dynamic Change Based on Rs and Gis –Take Dalinuoer Lake as An Example,” Procedia Environ Sci, Vol. 10, Pp—2376–2384, 2011.
  • [12] S. K. Mcfeeters, “The Use of The Normalized Difference Water Index (Ndwi) In the Delineation of Open Water Features,” Int J Remote Sens, Vol. 17, No. 7, Pp. 1425–1432, 1996.
  • [13] H. Xu, “Modification of Normalised Difference Water Index (Ndwi) To Enhance Open Water Features in Remotely Sensed Imagery,” Int J Remote Sens, Vol. 27, No. 14, Pp. 3025–3033, 2006.
  • [14] M. Karaman, E. Özelkan, And S. Taşdelen, “Influence of Basin Hydrogeology in the Detectability of Narrow Rivers by Sentinel2-A Satellite Images: A Case Study in Karamenderes (Çanakkale),” Journal of Natural Hazards and Environment, Vol. 4, No. 2, Pp. 140–155, 2018.
  • [15] S. Kale and D. Acarlı, “Spatial and Temporal Change Monitoring in Water Surface Area Of Atikhisar Reservoir (Çanakkale, Turkey) By Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information System Techniques,” Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science, Vol. 34, No. 1, Pp. 47–56, 2019.
  • [16] L. Ji, L. Zhang, And B. Wylie, “Analysis of Dynamic Thresholds for The Normalized Difference Water Index,” Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing, Vol. 75, No. 11, Pp. 1307–1317, 2009.
  • [17] Y. Du, L. Linglin, T. Liqiao, L. Feng, W. Hailei, G. Yuanmiao, S. Zhongmin. “Analysis of Landsat-8 Oli Imagery for Land Surface Water Mapping,” Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 5, No. 7, Pp. 672–681, 2014.
  • [18] W. T. Edmondson, “Reeves, C. C., Jr. 1968. Introduction To Paleolimnology. Developments In Sedimentology No. 11. American Elsevier, New York. 228 P. $18.00.,” Limnol Oceanogr, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pp. 650–651, 1969.
  • [19] M. M. Köle, M. Ataol, and T. Erkal, “Spatial Changes of Eber and Akşehir Lakes Between 1990 And 2016,” In International Geography Symposium, Ankara: Tücaum, 2016.
  • [20] M. Ichsan Ali, G. Darma Dirawan, A. Hafid Hasim, And M. Rais Abidin, “Detection of Changes in Surface Water Bodies Urban Area with Ndwi and Mndwi Methods,” Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019.
  • [21] H. Dibs, “Comparison of Derived Indices and Unsupervised Classification for Al-Razaza Lake Dehydration Extent Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Data and Remote Sensing Analysis,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, Pp. 1–8, 2018.
  • [22] S. Szabó, Z. Gácsi, And B. Balázs, “Specific Features of Ndvi, Ndwi and Mndwi as Reflected in Land Cover Categories,” Landscape & Environment, Vol. 10, No. 3–4, Pp. 194–202, 2016.

UZAKTAN ALGILAMA KULLANILARAK EBER GÖLÜ'NDEKİ SULAK ALAN DÖNÜŞÜMLERİNİN ON YIL SÜRE İLE İZLENMESİ

Year 2025, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 11 - 19

Recep Uğur Acar , Enes Zengin

Abstract

Orta Anadolu Bölgesi'ndeki Akarçay kapalı havzasında bulunan önemli bir sulak alan olan Eber Gölü, kuraklık kaynaklı önemli bir küçülme yaşamıştır. Bu çalışmada, 2015-2024 yılları arasında Eber Gölü'nün sulak alan alanlarındaki değişiklikler yüksek çözünürlüklü Sentinel 2-A uydu görüntüleri ve Değiştirilmiş Normalleştirilmiş Fark Su Endeksi (MNDWI) kullanılarak izlenmiş ve niceliksel olarak belirlenmiştir. MNDWI, alternatif endekslere kıyasla sulak alan özelliklerini doğru bir şekilde karakterize etmedeki üstün performansı nedeniyle seçilmiştir. Su ve su dışı alanlar arasında ayrım yapmak ve en uygun eşik değerini belirlemek amacıyla aşamalı bir analiz yürütülmüş ve eşik değerleri yer tabanlı veriler kullanılarak doğrulanmıştır. Sonuçlarımız, sulak alanların mekansal kapsamında çarpıcı bir daralma olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır; alan 2015'teki 7.748 hektardan 2024'te sadece 327 hektara düşmüştür; bu da yaklaşık %96'lık bir azalmayı göstermektedir. Bu önemli kayıp, uzun süreli kuraklıklar, artan sıcaklıklar ve değişen yağış düzenleri ve muhtemel antropojenik baskılar gibi çevresel faktörlerin derin etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışmada uzaktan algılama ve sağlam GIS metodolojilerinin entegrasyonu, sulak alan dönüşümlerinin ayrıntılı, zamansal olarak sürekli bir kaydını sunarak bölgesel hidrolojik dinamiklere dair yeni bulgular sağlar. Bulgular, yalnızca Eber Gölü'ndeki devam eden çevresel değişikliklere ilişkin anlayışımızı geliştirmekle kalmaz, aynı zamanda bu hayati ekosistemin daha fazla bozulmasını azaltmak için sürdürülebilir yönetim uygulamalarına ve koruma stratejilerine olan acil ihtiyacı da vurgular.

Keywords

Değiştirilmiş Normalleştirilmiş Fark Su Endeksi Göl Küçülmesi Sentinel 2-A Uzaktan Algılama

References

  • [1] K. Demirel and Y. Kavdır, “Effect of Soil Water Retention Barriers On Turfgrass Growth and Soil Water Content,” Irrig Sci, Vol. 31, No. 4, Pp. 689–700, 201.
  • [2] E. Özelkan, “Comparison of Remote Sensing Classification Techniques for Water Body Detection: A Case Study in Atikhisar Dam Lake (Çanakkale),” Cumhuriyet Science Journal, Vol. 40, No. 3, Pp. 650–661, 2019.
  • [3] J. T. A. Verhoeven, B. Beltman, R. Bobbink, And D. F. Whigham, Eds., Wetlands and Natural Resource Management, Vol. 190. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006.
  • [4] Ü. Özaslan and E. Erdoğan Yüksel, “Determination of Land Change in the Susurluk Basin Kocaçay Delta Wetland Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems,” Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 2024.
  • [5] M. Akif Erdoğan, F. Sönmez and S. Berberoğlu, "Baraj Göllerinde Su Seviyelerinin Uzaktan Algılama ve CBS ile Tahmini ve İzlenmesi: Adana Seyhan Baraj Gölü Örneği," 5. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS Sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS 2014), İstanbul, Turkey, 2014.
  • [6] M. E. Sönmez and M. Somuncu, “Evaluation of spatial change in the Sultan Marshes in sustainability,” Turkish Geographical Review, Vol. 66, 1-10, 2016.
  • [7] B. Chang, K.-N. He, R.-J. Li, Z.-P. Sheng, And H. Wang, “Linkage of Climatic Factors and Human Activities with Water Level Fluctuations in Qinghai Lake in The Northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China,” Water (Basel), Vol. 9, No. 7, P. 552, Jul. 2017.
  • [8] İ. Dursun and A. A. Babalık, “Determining the Amount Of Soil Lost By Erosion By Using Geotextile In Different Land Use Types: A Case Study Of Karam Creek Sub-Basin,” Turkish Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 7, No. 2, Pp. 138–154, 2023.
  • [9] L. M. Kiage and P. Douglas, “Linkages Between Land Cover Change, Lake Shrinkage, And Sublacustrine Influence Determined from Remote Sensing of Select Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya,” Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 709, P. 136022, 2020.
  • [10] B. M. Jones, G. Grosse, L. M. Farquharson, P. Roy-Léveillée, A. Veremeeva, M. Z. Kanevskiy, B. V. Gaglioti, A. L. Breen, A. D. Parsekian, M. Ulrich and K. M. Hinkel, “Lake and Drained Lake Basin Systems in Lowland Permafrost Regions,” Nat Rev Earth Environ, Vol. 3, No. 1, Pp. 85–98, 2022.
  • [11] Y. Bao and X. Zhang, “The Study of Lakes Dynamic Change Based on Rs and Gis –Take Dalinuoer Lake as An Example,” Procedia Environ Sci, Vol. 10, Pp—2376–2384, 2011.
  • [12] S. K. Mcfeeters, “The Use of The Normalized Difference Water Index (Ndwi) In the Delineation of Open Water Features,” Int J Remote Sens, Vol. 17, No. 7, Pp. 1425–1432, 1996.
  • [13] H. Xu, “Modification of Normalised Difference Water Index (Ndwi) To Enhance Open Water Features in Remotely Sensed Imagery,” Int J Remote Sens, Vol. 27, No. 14, Pp. 3025–3033, 2006.
  • [14] M. Karaman, E. Özelkan, And S. Taşdelen, “Influence of Basin Hydrogeology in the Detectability of Narrow Rivers by Sentinel2-A Satellite Images: A Case Study in Karamenderes (Çanakkale),” Journal of Natural Hazards and Environment, Vol. 4, No. 2, Pp. 140–155, 2018.
  • [15] S. Kale and D. Acarlı, “Spatial and Temporal Change Monitoring in Water Surface Area Of Atikhisar Reservoir (Çanakkale, Turkey) By Using Remote Sensing And Geographic Information System Techniques,” Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Science, Vol. 34, No. 1, Pp. 47–56, 2019.
  • [16] L. Ji, L. Zhang, And B. Wylie, “Analysis of Dynamic Thresholds for The Normalized Difference Water Index,” Photogramm Eng Remote Sensing, Vol. 75, No. 11, Pp. 1307–1317, 2009.
  • [17] Y. Du, L. Linglin, T. Liqiao, L. Feng, W. Hailei, G. Yuanmiao, S. Zhongmin. “Analysis of Landsat-8 Oli Imagery for Land Surface Water Mapping,” Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 5, No. 7, Pp. 672–681, 2014.
  • [18] W. T. Edmondson, “Reeves, C. C., Jr. 1968. Introduction To Paleolimnology. Developments In Sedimentology No. 11. American Elsevier, New York. 228 P. $18.00.,” Limnol Oceanogr, Vol. 14, No. 4, Pp. 650–651, 1969.
  • [19] M. M. Köle, M. Ataol, and T. Erkal, “Spatial Changes of Eber and Akşehir Lakes Between 1990 And 2016,” In International Geography Symposium, Ankara: Tücaum, 2016.
  • [20] M. Ichsan Ali, G. Darma Dirawan, A. Hafid Hasim, And M. Rais Abidin, “Detection of Changes in Surface Water Bodies Urban Area with Ndwi and Mndwi Methods,” Vol. 9, No. 3, 2019.
  • [21] H. Dibs, “Comparison of Derived Indices and Unsupervised Classification for Al-Razaza Lake Dehydration Extent Using Multi-Temporal Satellite Data and Remote Sensing Analysis,” Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, Pp. 1–8, 2018.
  • [22] S. Szabó, Z. Gácsi, And B. Balázs, “Specific Features of Ndvi, Ndwi and Mndwi as Reflected in Land Cover Categories,” Landscape & Environment, Vol. 10, No. 3–4, Pp. 194–202, 2016.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Recep Uğur Acar 0000-0002-0420-6263

Enes Zengin 0000-0002-5740-7763

Early Pub Date April 3, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date February 3, 2025
Acceptance Date February 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Acar, R. U., & Zengin, E. (n.d.). MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING. Akdeniz Mühendislik Dergisi, 3(1), 11-19.
AMA Acar RU, Zengin E. MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING. AKUJE. 3(1):11-19.
Chicago Acar, Recep Uğur, and Enes Zengin. “MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING”. Akdeniz Mühendislik Dergisi 3, no. 1 n.d.: 11-19.
EndNote Acar RU, Zengin E MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING. Akdeniz Mühendislik Dergisi 3 1 11–19.
IEEE R. U. Acar and E. Zengin, “MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING”, AKUJE, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11–19.
ISNAD Acar, Recep Uğur - Zengin, Enes. “MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING”. Akdeniz Mühendislik Dergisi 3/1 (n.d.), 11-19.
JAMA Acar RU, Zengin E. MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING. AKUJE.;3:11–19.
MLA Acar, Recep Uğur and Enes Zengin. “MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING”. Akdeniz Mühendislik Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 11-19.
Vancouver Acar RU, Zengin E. MONITORING WETLAND TRANSFORMATIONS IN LAKE EBER OVER A DECADE USING REMOTE SENSING. AKUJE. 3(1):11-9.
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