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ANTİK MEZOPOTAMYA ASTRONOMİSİ VE ASTROLOJİSİ: ENŪMA ANU-ENLİL’DE GEÇEN BAZI AY KEHANETLERİ İLE İLGİLİ YORUMLAR

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 17 - 39, 30.06.2024

Harun Duman

https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1405163

Abstract

Dünyada birçok dinde tapınımı bulunan Ay, göksel bir cisim olarak yaşam boyunca insanların dikkatini çekmiştir. Eski Çağ Mezopotamya insanı da Ay’a tapmış ve büyük önem göstermiştir. Sümerce Ay Tanrısına Nanna Suen, Akadça ise Sin denmiştir. Uygarlık tarihine birçok alanda yenilikler yapmış olan Eski Çağ Mezopotamya uygarlığı, astronomi ve astroloji konusunda da ön plana çıkmıştır. Gökyüzündeki gezegen ve yıldızları tanrı veya tanrıçaların bir tezahürü olarak gören dönemin insanı, bu göksel cisimlerin hareketlerini tanrı veya tanrıçalardan birer mesaj olarak algılamışlardır. Bu bağlamda kehanet yapmaya başlamışlar ve yaptıkları kehanetleri de Enūma Anu-Enlil adlı göksel kehanet serisine kaydetmişlerdir. Ay ile ilgili kehanetler bu serinin I-22 arası tabletlerinde kayıtlıdır. Bunların içinde 15-22 arası tabletler Ay tutulması ile ilgilidir. Kehanet yaparken, eğer x olursa, y olur gibi bir formül kullanmışlardır. Üretilen kehanetlerin gerçekleşme ihtimali çok düşük olsa da, dönemin siyasi yöneticileri kehanetlerden faydalanmışlardır.

Keywords

Kehanet Enūma Anu-Enlil Astronomi Astroloji

References

  • Bidmead, Julye. The Akîtu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mezopotamia. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2014.
  • Black, Jeremy, ve Anthony Green. Mezopotamya Mitolojisi Sözlüğü: Tanrılar İfritler Semboller. Çev. Necdet Hasgül. İstanbul: Aram Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Cifuentes, Enrique Quintana. “Mesopotamian Astrology about Elam: An Introductory Overview”. Hunara, 2/1 (2024): 59–71.
  • Civil, Miguel, J.Gelb, Benno Landsberger, A. Leo Oppenheim, ve Erica Reiner. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago (AII). Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago, 1968.
  • Cooley, Jeffrey L. Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesootamia, Ugaritic and Israelite Narrative. Winona Lake Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2013.
  • Doğan, Ezgigül. “Ur’dan Harran’a Tanrı Sin Kültünün Gelişimi”. İçinde Prof.Dr.Recep Yıldırım’a Armağan, eds. Pınar Pınarcık, Bilcan Gökçe, Mehmet Salih Erkek, ve Sena Coşğun Kandal, 527–544. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2017.
  • Duman, Harun. “Eski Çağ Mezopotamya Kozmolojisi”. International Journal Of Social, Humanities And Administrative Sciences, 8/48 (2022): 131–136.
  • ———. “MUL.APİN: İçeriği, Amacı ve Kehanetler”. Oannes, 6/1 (2024): 47–63.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Dinler Tarihine Giriş. Çev. Lale Arslan Özcan. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2018.
  • Espak, Peeter. “Ancient Near Eastern Gods Enki and Ea : Diachronical Analysis of Texts and Images From the Earliest Sources to the Neo- Sumerian Period”. Tartu University, 2006.
  • ———. “Some Early Developments in Sumerian God-Lists and Pantheon Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions Comparative approaches Henning Graf Reventlow Memorial Volume Edited by Thomas R . Kämmerer”. İçinde Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions, editör Thomas R. Kammerer, 47–58. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2011.
  • Frayne, Douglas R., ve Johanna H. Stuckey. A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia and Elam. Pennysylvania: Eisenbrauns, 2021.
  • Frazer, James George. The Worship of Nature. London: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1926. Gehlken, Erlend. Weather Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Thunderstorm Wind and Rain Tablets(44-49). Leiden Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Goff, Beatrice Laura. Symbol of Prehistoric Mesopotamia. New Haven and London,: Yale University Press, 1963.
  • Gwendolyn Leick. A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. New York: Routledge Press, 1991. Heidel, Alexander. The Babylonian Genesis: The Story of Creation. Chicago: The Universtiy of Chicago Press, 1951.
  • Horowitz, Wayne. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1998.
  • Hunger, Hermann, ve David Pingree. Astral Science in Mesopotamia. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
  • Jacobsen, Thorkild. Karanlığın Hazineleri: Mezopotamya Dininin Tarihi. Çev. Sibel Erduman. İstanbul: Paris Yayınları, 2017.
  • James, Edwin Oliver. The Worship of the Sky God: A comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion. London: University of London The Athlone Press, 1963.
  • Jastrow, Morris. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1898.
  • Kağnıcı, Gökhan. “Kral Yazıtlarındaki Propaganda Biçimleri: Erhanedanlar Döneminden Eski Babil’in Sonuna Kadar”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27 (2017): 125–135.
  • Kasak, Enn, ve Raul Veede. “Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia”. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 16 (2001): 7–34.
  • King, Leonard William. Enuma Elish:The Seven Tablets Of Creation: The Babylonian And Assyrian Legends Concerning The Creation Of The World And Of Mankind. Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
  • Koch, Ulla-Westenholz. Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian Celestial Divination. Cobenhagen: The Carsten Niebuhr Institue of Near Eastern Studies Museum Tusculanium Press, 1995.
  • Kuiper, Kathleen. Mesopotamia: The World’s Earliest Civilisation. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011.
  • Kurt, Mehmet, ve Esra Bulut. “Enlil Kültünün Mezopotamya Toplumlarının Siyasal ve Sosyokültürel Yapısına Etkisi”. İçinde Mezopotamya’nın Eski Çağlarında İnanç Olgusu ve Yönetim Anlayışı, eds. L. Gürkan Gökçek,
  • Ercüment Yıldırım, ve Okay Pekşen, 161–192. İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları, 2019.
  • Lambert, Wilfred G. Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2016.
  • Langdon, S. The Babylonian Epic of Creation: Restored from the Recently Recovered Tablets of Assur Transcription, Translation, Commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
  • Mercer, Samuel A.B. Religious and Moral Ideas in Babylonia and Assyria. London: Morehouse Publishing, 1919.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van De. Philosophy Before The Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  • Pinches, Theoplhilus G. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. London: Archibald Constable Company Press, 1906.
  • Reiner, Erica, ve David Pingree. Babylonian Planetary Omens Part One: Enuma Anu Enlil Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammişaduqa. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1975.
  • ———. “Babylonian Planetary Omens Part Three”. Groningen: STYX Publications, 1998.
  • ———. Babylonian Planetary Omens Part Two. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1981. Rochberg, Francesca. Babylonian Horoscopes. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society İndependence Square, 1998.
  • ———. “Mesopotamian Cosmology”. İçinde A Companion To The Ancient Near East, ed. Daniel Snell, 316–329. Malden USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
  • ———. “Personifications and Metaphors in Babylonian Celestial Omina”. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 116/3 (1996): 475–485.
  • ———. “The Catalogues of Enūma Anu Enlil”. İçinde Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues, eds. Ulrike Steinert, 121–136. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.
  • ———. “The Heavens and The Gods in Ancient Mesopotamia: The View from a Polytheistic Cosmology”. İçinde Reconsidering the Consept of Revolutionary Monotheism, eds. Beate-Pongratz Leisten, 117–136. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2011.
  • Sachs, Abraham J, ve Hermann Hunger. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Wien: Verlag der Osterreıchıschen Akademıe der Wıssenschaften, 1988.
  • Soldt, Wilfred H van. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil Tablets: 23(24)-29(30). Leiden: Nederlands Hıstorısch-Archaeolooısch Instıtuutte Istanbul, 1995.
  • Steele, John M. “Eclipse Prediction in Mesopotamia”. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 54/5 (2000): 421–54.
  • Steinkeller, Piotr. “The Birth of Elam in History”. İçinde The Elamite World, eds. Javier Álvarez-Mon, Gian Pietro Basello, ve Yasmina Wicks, 177–202. London: Routledge Press, 2018.
  • British Museum. “Tablet DT.104.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_DT-104.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K. 4027.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-4027.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.2311.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-2311.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.3139.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-3139.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.3624.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-3624.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.7661.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-7661.
  • Thavapalan, Shiyanthi. The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden- Boston: Brill, 2020.
  • Verderame, L. Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica “Enūma Anu Enlil”. Roma: Di.Sc.A.M., 2002.
  • Verderame, Lorenzo. “Enuma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13”. Içinde Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, eds. John M. Steele ve Anette Imhausen, 447–458. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2002.
  • Watanabe, Chikako E. Animal Symbolism in Mesopotamia A Contex Approach. Spitalgasse Wien: Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien, 2002.
  • Xianhua Wang. The Metamorphosis of Enlil in Early Mesopotamia. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2011.

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 17 - 39, 30.06.2024

Harun Duman

https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1405163

Abstract

References

  • Bidmead, Julye. The Akîtu Festival: Religious Continuity and Royal Legitimation in Mezopotamia. Piscataway: Gorgias Press, 2014.
  • Black, Jeremy, ve Anthony Green. Mezopotamya Mitolojisi Sözlüğü: Tanrılar İfritler Semboller. Çev. Necdet Hasgül. İstanbul: Aram Yayıncılık, 2003.
  • Cifuentes, Enrique Quintana. “Mesopotamian Astrology about Elam: An Introductory Overview”. Hunara, 2/1 (2024): 59–71.
  • Civil, Miguel, J.Gelb, Benno Landsberger, A. Leo Oppenheim, ve Erica Reiner. The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago (AII). Chicago, Illinois: Oriental Institue of the University of Chicago, 1968.
  • Cooley, Jeffrey L. Poetic Astronomy in the Ancient Near East: The Reflexes of Celestial Science in Ancient Mesootamia, Ugaritic and Israelite Narrative. Winona Lake Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 2013.
  • Doğan, Ezgigül. “Ur’dan Harran’a Tanrı Sin Kültünün Gelişimi”. İçinde Prof.Dr.Recep Yıldırım’a Armağan, eds. Pınar Pınarcık, Bilcan Gökçe, Mehmet Salih Erkek, ve Sena Coşğun Kandal, 527–544. Ankara: Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, 2017.
  • Duman, Harun. “Eski Çağ Mezopotamya Kozmolojisi”. International Journal Of Social, Humanities And Administrative Sciences, 8/48 (2022): 131–136.
  • ———. “MUL.APİN: İçeriği, Amacı ve Kehanetler”. Oannes, 6/1 (2024): 47–63.
  • Eliade, Mircea. Dinler Tarihine Giriş. Çev. Lale Arslan Özcan. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2018.
  • Espak, Peeter. “Ancient Near Eastern Gods Enki and Ea : Diachronical Analysis of Texts and Images From the Earliest Sources to the Neo- Sumerian Period”. Tartu University, 2006.
  • ———. “Some Early Developments in Sumerian God-Lists and Pantheon Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions Comparative approaches Henning Graf Reventlow Memorial Volume Edited by Thomas R . Kämmerer”. İçinde Identities and Societies in the Ancient East-Mediterranean Regions, editör Thomas R. Kammerer, 47–58. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2011.
  • Frayne, Douglas R., ve Johanna H. Stuckey. A Handbook of Gods and Goddesses of the Ancient Near East: Three Thousand Deities of Anatolia, Syria, Israel, Sumer, Babylonia and Elam. Pennysylvania: Eisenbrauns, 2021.
  • Frazer, James George. The Worship of Nature. London: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1926. Gehlken, Erlend. Weather Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil: Thunderstorm Wind and Rain Tablets(44-49). Leiden Boston: Brill, 2012.
  • Goff, Beatrice Laura. Symbol of Prehistoric Mesopotamia. New Haven and London,: Yale University Press, 1963.
  • Gwendolyn Leick. A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology. New York: Routledge Press, 1991. Heidel, Alexander. The Babylonian Genesis: The Story of Creation. Chicago: The Universtiy of Chicago Press, 1951.
  • Horowitz, Wayne. Mesopotamian Cosmic Geography. Winona Lake Indiana: Eisenbrauns, 1998.
  • Hunger, Hermann, ve David Pingree. Astral Science in Mesopotamia. Leiden: Brill, 1999.
  • Jacobsen, Thorkild. Karanlığın Hazineleri: Mezopotamya Dininin Tarihi. Çev. Sibel Erduman. İstanbul: Paris Yayınları, 2017.
  • James, Edwin Oliver. The Worship of the Sky God: A comparative Study in Semitic and Indo-European Religion. London: University of London The Athlone Press, 1963.
  • Jastrow, Morris. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. Boston: Ginn & Company, 1898.
  • Kağnıcı, Gökhan. “Kral Yazıtlarındaki Propaganda Biçimleri: Erhanedanlar Döneminden Eski Babil’in Sonuna Kadar”. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27 (2017): 125–135.
  • Kasak, Enn, ve Raul Veede. “Understanding Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia”. Folklore: Electronic Journal of Folklore, 16 (2001): 7–34.
  • King, Leonard William. Enuma Elish:The Seven Tablets Of Creation: The Babylonian And Assyrian Legends Concerning The Creation Of The World And Of Mankind. Montana: Kessinger Publishing, 2004.
  • Koch, Ulla-Westenholz. Mesopotamian Astrology: An Introduction to Babylonian and Assyrian Celestial Divination. Cobenhagen: The Carsten Niebuhr Institue of Near Eastern Studies Museum Tusculanium Press, 1995.
  • Kuiper, Kathleen. Mesopotamia: The World’s Earliest Civilisation. New York: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2011.
  • Kurt, Mehmet, ve Esra Bulut. “Enlil Kültünün Mezopotamya Toplumlarının Siyasal ve Sosyokültürel Yapısına Etkisi”. İçinde Mezopotamya’nın Eski Çağlarında İnanç Olgusu ve Yönetim Anlayışı, eds. L. Gürkan Gökçek,
  • Ercüment Yıldırım, ve Okay Pekşen, 161–192. İstanbul: Değişim Yayınları, 2019.
  • Lambert, Wilfred G. Ancient Mesopotamian Religion and Mythology: Selected Essays. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2016.
  • Langdon, S. The Babylonian Epic of Creation: Restored from the Recently Recovered Tablets of Assur Transcription, Translation, Commentary. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1923.
  • Mercer, Samuel A.B. Religious and Moral Ideas in Babylonia and Assyria. London: Morehouse Publishing, 1919.
  • Mieroop, Marc Van De. Philosophy Before The Greeks: The Pursuit of Truth in Ancient Babylonia. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2016.
  • Pinches, Theoplhilus G. The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria. London: Archibald Constable Company Press, 1906.
  • Reiner, Erica, ve David Pingree. Babylonian Planetary Omens Part One: Enuma Anu Enlil Tablet 63: The Venus Tablet of Ammişaduqa. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1975.
  • ———. “Babylonian Planetary Omens Part Three”. Groningen: STYX Publications, 1998.
  • ———. Babylonian Planetary Omens Part Two. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1981. Rochberg, Francesca. Babylonian Horoscopes. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society İndependence Square, 1998.
  • ———. “Mesopotamian Cosmology”. İçinde A Companion To The Ancient Near East, ed. Daniel Snell, 316–329. Malden USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
  • ———. “Personifications and Metaphors in Babylonian Celestial Omina”. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 116/3 (1996): 475–485.
  • ———. “The Catalogues of Enūma Anu Enlil”. İçinde Assyrian and Babylonian Scholarly Text Catalogues, eds. Ulrike Steinert, 121–136. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2018.
  • ———. “The Heavens and The Gods in Ancient Mesopotamia: The View from a Polytheistic Cosmology”. İçinde Reconsidering the Consept of Revolutionary Monotheism, eds. Beate-Pongratz Leisten, 117–136. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns, 2011.
  • Sachs, Abraham J, ve Hermann Hunger. Astronomical Diaries and Related Texts from Babylonia. Wien: Verlag der Osterreıchıschen Akademıe der Wıssenschaften, 1988.
  • Soldt, Wilfred H van. Solar Omens of Enuma Anu Enlil Tablets: 23(24)-29(30). Leiden: Nederlands Hıstorısch-Archaeolooısch Instıtuutte Istanbul, 1995.
  • Steele, John M. “Eclipse Prediction in Mesopotamia”. Archive for History of Exact Sciences 54/5 (2000): 421–54.
  • Steinkeller, Piotr. “The Birth of Elam in History”. İçinde The Elamite World, eds. Javier Álvarez-Mon, Gian Pietro Basello, ve Yasmina Wicks, 177–202. London: Routledge Press, 2018.
  • British Museum. “Tablet DT.104.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_DT-104.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K. 4027.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-4027.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.2311.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-2311.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.3139.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-3139.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.3624.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-3624.
  • British Museum. “Tablet K.7661.” Erişim Tarihi: 25 Ocak 2024, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_K-7661.
  • Thavapalan, Shiyanthi. The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden- Boston: Brill, 2020.
  • Verderame, L. Le Tavole I-VI della serie astrologica “Enūma Anu Enlil”. Roma: Di.Sc.A.M., 2002.
  • Verderame, Lorenzo. “Enuma Anu Enlil Tablets 1-13”. Içinde Under One Sky: Astronomy and Mathematics in the Ancient Near East, eds. John M. Steele ve Anette Imhausen, 447–458. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2002.
  • Watanabe, Chikako E. Animal Symbolism in Mesopotamia A Contex Approach. Spitalgasse Wien: Institut für Orientalistik der Universität Wien, 2002.
  • Xianhua Wang. The Metamorphosis of Enlil in Early Mesopotamia. Münster: Ugarit Verlag, 2011.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor, Ancient History (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Harun Duman 0000-0002-9477-8248

Early Pub Date June 28, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date December 15, 2023
Acceptance Date April 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 18 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Duman, Harun. “ANTİK MEZOPOTAMYA ASTRONOMİSİ VE ASTROLOJİSİ: ENŪMA ANU-ENLİL’DE GEÇEN BAZI AY KEHANETLERİ İLE İLGİLİ YORUMLAR”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 18, no. 1 (June 2024): 17-39. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1405163.
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