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HRİSTİYANLIĞIN ERKEN DÖNEMİNDE ROMA ORDUSUNDA HRİSTİYAN UNSURLARIN TEŞEKKÜLÜ

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 385 - 414, 31.12.2024

Murat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1553731

Abstract

Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Hristiyanlaşma süreci batı literatüründe ve ülkemiz academiasında bir hayli rağbet gösterilen çalışma konularından biri olmuştur. Özellikle (Doğu) Roma İmparatorluğu ve Hristiyanlık konularının bağımsız olarak incelenmesinin yanı sıra, bu iki başlığın birlikte ele alındığı Türkçe literatürdeki çalışmaların büyük çoğunluğu Constantinus’un Hristiyanlığı etrafında şekillenerek Hristiyan Roma İmparatorluğu tarihine dair değerlendirmeler sunmaktadır. Ancak imparatorluğun Hristiyanlaşmasında büyük etkisi olan ordunun Hristiyanlaşma süreci ihmal edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu makalede, Hristiyanlaşma sürecinin ilk aşamalarına dikkat çekilerek erken Hristiyanlık dönemi Pagan Roma ordusunda neşet eden Hristiyan unsurların neler olduğu ve ne zaman aşikar hale gelmeye başladıkları ve Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Hristiyanlaşma sürecine tesirleri incelenmiştir. Geç Antikağ dönemine ait kaynaklar ile modern literatürden istifade edilerek hazırlanan bu çalışma yerli literatürde Roma ordusunda ortaya çıkan ilk Hristiyan unsurların teşekkülüne dair boşluğu giderme konusunda katkı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

hristiyan askerler Hrisityanlık Roma Ordusu Askeri Tarih Geç Antik Çağ

References

  • Alova, Erdal. Türkçe-Latince Sözlük. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları, 2013.
  • Ambrose. “Exposition of the Christian Faith” Ambrose: Selected Works and Letters, Philip Schaff (ed.). Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Second Series 10. Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 2004.
  • Andringa, William Van. “Religions and the Integration of Cities”, A Companion to Roman Religion. Jörg Rüpke (ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
  • Brown, Peter. Geç Antikçağ Dünyası. çev. Turhan Kaçar. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2017.
  • Breeze, David J. The Roman Army. London&New York: Bloomsbury Academic Publishing, 2016.
  • Burkert, Walter. İlkçağ Gizem Tapıları. çev. Sina Şener. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 1999.
  • Cameron, Ron. The Other Gospels. London: Westminster John Knox Press, 1982.
  • Cic. Brut. = Cicero. Brutus. (Trans. G. L. Hendrickson). London: Harvard University Press, 1971.
  • Cod. Theod. = Codex Theodosianus. (Trans. Clyde Pharr vd.). The Theodosian Code and Novels and the The Sirmondian Constitutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
  • Çelgin, Güler. Eski Yunanca Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Alfa, 2018.
  • Erdkamp, Paul. A Companion to the Roman Army. California: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
  • Euseb. Hist. Eccl. (Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica) = Eusebius. The Ecclesiastical History, II cilt, Loeh Classical Library (serisi içinde) c. 1 Kirsopp Lake, London & New York. London & Cambridge: J.E.L. Oulton, 1926 & 1952.
  • Euseb. Vit. Const. (Eusebius, Vita Constantini) = Eusebius. Life of Constantine. Introduction, translation, and commentary by Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.
  • Haensch, Rudolf. “Inscriptions as Sources of Knowledge for Religions and Cults in the Roman World of Imperial Times”. A Companion to Roman Religion. Jörg Rüpke (ed). Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
  • Hebblewhite, Mark. The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395. New York: Routledge, 2017.
  • Helgeland, John. “Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173-337”. Church History 43/2. (1974): 149-200.
  • Henig, Martin. “The Veneration of Heroes in the Roman Army: The Evidence of Engraved Gemstones”, Britannia 1(1970): 249-265.
  • Hdn. (Herodianus. Ad Herodiani Historias ab excessu Divi Marci) = Herodian of Antioch’s History of the Roman Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius to the accession of Gordian III. çev. Edward C. Echols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.
  • Ioseph. BJ. (Iosephus, Bellum Judaicum) = Iosephus, Flavius. The Jewish War, Or, The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem. çev. William Whiston. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: S. Walker, 1850.
  • Ioseph. AJ. (Iosephus, Antiquitates Judaicae) = Iosephus, Jewish Antiquities. Books XII-XIV. (Trans. Ralph Marcus). Loeb Classical Library. London: Harvard University Press, 1957.
  • Ioseph. AJ. (Iosephus, Antiquitates Judaicae) = Iosephus. Jewish Antiquities. Books XVIII-XIX. (Trans. Louis H. Feldman). Loeb Classical Library. London: Harvard University Press, 1963&1980.
  • Iustin, Apol. (Iustinus, Apologia Prima) = Iustinus. Apologia Prima. The Writings of Justin Martyr and Athenagoras. çev. Marcus Dods, A.M., Rev. George Reith, A.M., ve Rev. B. P. Pratten. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1889.
  • Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey. Üç cilt içinde II. cilt. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964.
  • Kaçar, Turhan. “Ebioniteler’den Arius’a Eskiçağ Doğu Hristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”. AÜİFD Cilt XLIV/2 (2003): 187-206.
  • Karakuş, Onur Sadık. “Karadeniz ve Anadolu Kentlerinde Theos Hypsistos Kültü”. Anadolu Araştırmaları (2018), 1-20.
  • Kerneis, Soazick. “Oath:Republic”, Yann Le Bohec (ed.) The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army 2. Birleşik Krallık: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes: Eski ve Yeni Ahit (Tevrat ve İncil). İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 1976.
  • Kyrychenko, Alexander. The Roman Army and the Expansion of the Gospel: The Role of the Centurion in Luke-Acts. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014.
  • Lactant. De Mort. Pers. (Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum) = On the Deaths of the Persecutors. (Trans. Özel isim kapat). Ante-Nicene Fathers VII. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994.
  • Liban. Or. (Libanius, Oratio) = Libanius Selected Work. (Trans. A. F. Normans.) Loeb Classical Library. G.P.Goold (ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.
  • Livy. Epit. (Livius, Epitomae) = Livius. History of Roman Empire. Volume V. Books XI-XXII (Trans. B. O. Foster). Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1929&1969.
  • Mitchell, Stephen. “The cult of Theos Hypsistos between pagans, Jews, and Christians”. Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Polymnia Athanassiadi and Michael Frede (eds). Oxford: Clarendon; 1999.
  • Mitchell, Stephen. Geç Roma İmparatorluğu MS 281-641. çev. Turhan Kaçar. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu, 2020. Nicholson, Oliver. The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity I. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Plin. NH. (Plinius, Naturalist Historia) = Natural History. (Trans. H Rackham). The Loeb Classical Library. Volume III. London: Harvard University Press,1960.
  • Poma, Gabriele. “Oath:Republic”. Yann Le Bohec (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army 2. Birleşik Krallık: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
  • Renan, Ernest. Marc-Aurele et la fin du monde antique. Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1882.
  • Rivers, Pitt & Lane Fox, George Henry. The Riddle of the “Labarum” and the Origin of Christian Symbols. London: George Allan&Unwin LTD,1966.
  • Rosenstein, Nathan. “War, Sex, and Death: from Republic to Empire” Impact of Empire (200BC-AD 476)-Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Lukas de Blois and Elio Lo Cascio (ed.). Leiden: Brill Press, 2007.
  • Roth, Jonathan P. “Jews and the Roman Army: Perceptions and Realities” Impact of Empire (200BC-AD 476)-Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects. Lukas de Blois ve Elio Lo Cascio (ed.). Leiden: Brill Press, 2007.
  • Salzman, Michele Renee. “Religious Koine and Religious Dissent in the Fourth Century”. A Companion to Roman Religion. Jörg Rüpke (ed). Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
  • Sarıtaş, Duygu Ö. “Roma Cumhuriyet Döneminde Aedilis Makami: Kuruluş, Hukuki Statü Ve Yetkiler”, YÜHFD, XVI/2 (2019):107-125.
  • Simkins, Michael. & Embleton, Ron. The Roman Army From Hadrian to Constantine. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2000.
  • Southern, Pat. The Roman Army-A Social and Institutional History. Oxford: ABC-CLIO Inc., 2006.
  • Speidel, Michael. The Religion of Iuppiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. Leiden: Brill, 1987.
  • Stoll, Oliver. “The Religions of the Armie” A Companion to the Roman Army. Paul Erdkamp (ed.). California: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
  • Storch, Rudolph H. “The Eusebian Constantine” Church History 40/2. (1971): 145-155.
  • Tac. Ann. (Tacitus, Annales). = The Complete Works of Tacitus: The Annals; The History; The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola; Germany and Its Tribes; A Dialogue on Oratory. (Trans. A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb). Moses Hadas (ed.). ABD: Modern Library, 1942.
  • Tert. Apol. (Tertullianus, Apologia) = The Apology of Tertullian for the Christians. (Trans. T. Herbert Indley). Oxford: Merton College, 1899.
  • Tert. De coron. (Tertullianus. De Corona Militis) = The Chaplet or The Corona. Philip Schaff ve Allan Menzies (ed.) ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian. Edinburgh: Grand Rapids, 2006.
  • Tert. Exh. Cast. (Tertullianus, De Exhortatione Castitatis) = On Exhortation to Chastity Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian. Philip Schaff and Allan Menzies (ed.) ANF03. Edinburgh: Grand Rapids, 2006.
  • The Acts Of The Christian Martyrs, Introduction Texts and Translations by Herbert Musurillo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
  • The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. 2 ed., Iain McLean ve Alistair McMillan (ed.). Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Veg. Mil. (Vegetius, Epitoma Rei Miltaris) = Vegetius. Epitoma Rei Miltaris. ed. M. D. Reeve. Newyork: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Yarlıgaş, Oğuz. “Principatus Döneminde Roma Devletinin Anadolu’da Oluşturduğu Sınır Boyunca Konuşlandırılan Lejyonlar”. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2017. Yök Tez Merkezi (497102) Yurdakul, Şenol. “Roma Askeri Sistemi (M.Ö. 753 - M.S. 476)”. Ankara Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Zos. (Zosimus, Nova Historia) = New History. (Trans. Ronald T. Ridley). Australian Association for Byzantine Studies: Canberra, 1982.
  • Zeichmann, Christopher B. The Roman Army and the New Testament. Lanham: Fortress Academic, 2018.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. “Ebionites religious sect”. Erişim 18 Eylül 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebionites

EARLY CHRISTIANITY AND THE ROMAN ARMY: THE APPEARANCE OF CHRISTIAN ELEMENTS

Year 2024, Volume: 18 Issue: 2, 385 - 414, 31.12.2024

Murat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1553731

Abstract

The Christianization of the Roman Empire has been one of the most popular topics of study in Western literature and Turkish academia. It is seen that in addition to examining the (Eastern) Roman Empire and Christianity independently, the majority of studies in Turkish literature, which deal with these two topics together, are shaped around Constantine's Christianity and present evaluations regarding the history of the Christian Roman Empire. However, the Christianization process of the Roman army, which had a great impact on the Christianization of the empire, has been neglected. Therefore, this article reveals the first glimpses/clues of the Christianization process. It also examines the Christian elements that emerged in the pagan Roman army in the early Christian period through serious questions such as when they became evident, and their impact on the Christianization process of the Roman Empire. This study, in the light of the sources dating back to Late Antiquity and the studies of modern literature, will contribute to Turkish academia on the formation of the first Christian elements in the Roman army.

Keywords

Christian Soldiers Christianity Military History Roman Army Late Antiquity

References

  • Alova, Erdal. Türkçe-Latince Sözlük. İstanbul: Sosyal Yayınları, 2013.
  • Ambrose. “Exposition of the Christian Faith” Ambrose: Selected Works and Letters, Philip Schaff (ed.). Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers Second Series 10. Grand Rapids, MI: Christian Classics Ethereal Library, 2004.
  • Andringa, William Van. “Religions and the Integration of Cities”, A Companion to Roman Religion. Jörg Rüpke (ed.). Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
  • Brown, Peter. Geç Antikçağ Dünyası. çev. Turhan Kaçar. İstanbul: Alfa Yayınları, 2017.
  • Breeze, David J. The Roman Army. London&New York: Bloomsbury Academic Publishing, 2016.
  • Burkert, Walter. İlkçağ Gizem Tapıları. çev. Sina Şener. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 1999.
  • Cameron, Ron. The Other Gospels. London: Westminster John Knox Press, 1982.
  • Cic. Brut. = Cicero. Brutus. (Trans. G. L. Hendrickson). London: Harvard University Press, 1971.
  • Cod. Theod. = Codex Theodosianus. (Trans. Clyde Pharr vd.). The Theodosian Code and Novels and the The Sirmondian Constitutions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
  • Çelgin, Güler. Eski Yunanca Türkçe Sözlük. İstanbul: Alfa, 2018.
  • Erdkamp, Paul. A Companion to the Roman Army. California: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
  • Euseb. Hist. Eccl. (Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica) = Eusebius. The Ecclesiastical History, II cilt, Loeh Classical Library (serisi içinde) c. 1 Kirsopp Lake, London & New York. London & Cambridge: J.E.L. Oulton, 1926 & 1952.
  • Euseb. Vit. Const. (Eusebius, Vita Constantini) = Eusebius. Life of Constantine. Introduction, translation, and commentary by Averil Cameron and Stuart G. Hall. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.
  • Haensch, Rudolf. “Inscriptions as Sources of Knowledge for Religions and Cults in the Roman World of Imperial Times”. A Companion to Roman Religion. Jörg Rüpke (ed). Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
  • Hebblewhite, Mark. The Emperor and the Army in the Later Roman Empire, AD 235–395. New York: Routledge, 2017.
  • Helgeland, John. “Christians and the Roman Army A.D. 173-337”. Church History 43/2. (1974): 149-200.
  • Henig, Martin. “The Veneration of Heroes in the Roman Army: The Evidence of Engraved Gemstones”, Britannia 1(1970): 249-265.
  • Hdn. (Herodianus. Ad Herodiani Historias ab excessu Divi Marci) = Herodian of Antioch’s History of the Roman Empire from the Death of Marcus Aurelius to the accession of Gordian III. çev. Edward C. Echols. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961.
  • Ioseph. BJ. (Iosephus, Bellum Judaicum) = Iosephus, Flavius. The Jewish War, Or, The History of the Destruction of Jerusalem. çev. William Whiston. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: S. Walker, 1850.
  • Ioseph. AJ. (Iosephus, Antiquitates Judaicae) = Iosephus, Jewish Antiquities. Books XII-XIV. (Trans. Ralph Marcus). Loeb Classical Library. London: Harvard University Press, 1957.
  • Ioseph. AJ. (Iosephus, Antiquitates Judaicae) = Iosephus. Jewish Antiquities. Books XVIII-XIX. (Trans. Louis H. Feldman). Loeb Classical Library. London: Harvard University Press, 1963&1980.
  • Iustin, Apol. (Iustinus, Apologia Prima) = Iustinus. Apologia Prima. The Writings of Justin Martyr and Athenagoras. çev. Marcus Dods, A.M., Rev. George Reith, A.M., ve Rev. B. P. Pratten. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1889.
  • Jones, A. H. M. The Later Roman Empire 284-602: A Social Economic and Administrative Survey. Üç cilt içinde II. cilt. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1964.
  • Kaçar, Turhan. “Ebioniteler’den Arius’a Eskiçağ Doğu Hristiyanlığında İsa Teolojisi Tartışmaları”. AÜİFD Cilt XLIV/2 (2003): 187-206.
  • Karakuş, Onur Sadık. “Karadeniz ve Anadolu Kentlerinde Theos Hypsistos Kültü”. Anadolu Araştırmaları (2018), 1-20.
  • Kerneis, Soazick. “Oath:Republic”, Yann Le Bohec (ed.) The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army 2. Birleşik Krallık: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
  • Kitabı Mukaddes: Eski ve Yeni Ahit (Tevrat ve İncil). İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 1976.
  • Kyrychenko, Alexander. The Roman Army and the Expansion of the Gospel: The Role of the Centurion in Luke-Acts. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014.
  • Lactant. De Mort. Pers. (Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum) = On the Deaths of the Persecutors. (Trans. Özel isim kapat). Ante-Nicene Fathers VII. Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1994.
  • Liban. Or. (Libanius, Oratio) = Libanius Selected Work. (Trans. A. F. Normans.) Loeb Classical Library. G.P.Goold (ed.). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1969.
  • Livy. Epit. (Livius, Epitomae) = Livius. History of Roman Empire. Volume V. Books XI-XXII (Trans. B. O. Foster). Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1929&1969.
  • Mitchell, Stephen. “The cult of Theos Hypsistos between pagans, Jews, and Christians”. Pagan Monotheism in Late Antiquity. Polymnia Athanassiadi and Michael Frede (eds). Oxford: Clarendon; 1999.
  • Mitchell, Stephen. Geç Roma İmparatorluğu MS 281-641. çev. Turhan Kaçar. Ankara: Türk Tarihi Kurumu, 2020. Nicholson, Oliver. The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity I. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018.
  • Plin. NH. (Plinius, Naturalist Historia) = Natural History. (Trans. H Rackham). The Loeb Classical Library. Volume III. London: Harvard University Press,1960.
  • Poma, Gabriele. “Oath:Republic”. Yann Le Bohec (ed.). The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army 2. Birleşik Krallık: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015.
  • Renan, Ernest. Marc-Aurele et la fin du monde antique. Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1882.
  • Rivers, Pitt & Lane Fox, George Henry. The Riddle of the “Labarum” and the Origin of Christian Symbols. London: George Allan&Unwin LTD,1966.
  • Rosenstein, Nathan. “War, Sex, and Death: from Republic to Empire” Impact of Empire (200BC-AD 476)-Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects Lukas de Blois and Elio Lo Cascio (ed.). Leiden: Brill Press, 2007.
  • Roth, Jonathan P. “Jews and the Roman Army: Perceptions and Realities” Impact of Empire (200BC-AD 476)-Economic, Social, Political, Religious and Cultural Aspects. Lukas de Blois ve Elio Lo Cascio (ed.). Leiden: Brill Press, 2007.
  • Salzman, Michele Renee. “Religious Koine and Religious Dissent in the Fourth Century”. A Companion to Roman Religion. Jörg Rüpke (ed). Malden: Blackwell Publishing; 2007.
  • Sarıtaş, Duygu Ö. “Roma Cumhuriyet Döneminde Aedilis Makami: Kuruluş, Hukuki Statü Ve Yetkiler”, YÜHFD, XVI/2 (2019):107-125.
  • Simkins, Michael. & Embleton, Ron. The Roman Army From Hadrian to Constantine. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2000.
  • Southern, Pat. The Roman Army-A Social and Institutional History. Oxford: ABC-CLIO Inc., 2006.
  • Speidel, Michael. The Religion of Iuppiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. Leiden: Brill, 1987.
  • Stoll, Oliver. “The Religions of the Armie” A Companion to the Roman Army. Paul Erdkamp (ed.). California: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
  • Storch, Rudolph H. “The Eusebian Constantine” Church History 40/2. (1971): 145-155.
  • Tac. Ann. (Tacitus, Annales). = The Complete Works of Tacitus: The Annals; The History; The Life of Cnaeus Julius Agricola; Germany and Its Tribes; A Dialogue on Oratory. (Trans. A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb). Moses Hadas (ed.). ABD: Modern Library, 1942.
  • Tert. Apol. (Tertullianus, Apologia) = The Apology of Tertullian for the Christians. (Trans. T. Herbert Indley). Oxford: Merton College, 1899.
  • Tert. De coron. (Tertullianus. De Corona Militis) = The Chaplet or The Corona. Philip Schaff ve Allan Menzies (ed.) ANF03. Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian. Edinburgh: Grand Rapids, 2006.
  • Tert. Exh. Cast. (Tertullianus, De Exhortatione Castitatis) = On Exhortation to Chastity Latin Christianity: Its Founder, Tertullian. Philip Schaff and Allan Menzies (ed.) ANF03. Edinburgh: Grand Rapids, 2006.
  • The Acts Of The Christian Martyrs, Introduction Texts and Translations by Herbert Musurillo. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
  • The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. 2 ed., Iain McLean ve Alistair McMillan (ed.). Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Veg. Mil. (Vegetius, Epitoma Rei Miltaris) = Vegetius. Epitoma Rei Miltaris. ed. M. D. Reeve. Newyork: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Yarlıgaş, Oğuz. “Principatus Döneminde Roma Devletinin Anadolu’da Oluşturduğu Sınır Boyunca Konuşlandırılan Lejyonlar”. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi, 2017. Yök Tez Merkezi (497102) Yurdakul, Şenol. “Roma Askeri Sistemi (M.Ö. 753 - M.S. 476)”. Ankara Üniversitesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2013.
  • Zos. (Zosimus, Nova Historia) = New History. (Trans. Ronald T. Ridley). Australian Association for Byzantine Studies: Canberra, 1982.
  • Zeichmann, Christopher B. The Roman Army and the New Testament. Lanham: Fortress Academic, 2018.
  • Encyclopædia Britannica. “Ebionites religious sect”. Erişim 18 Eylül 2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ebionites
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Ancient History (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Kaya 0000-0002-2230-5193

Early Pub Date December 26, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date September 20, 2024
Acceptance Date November 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 18 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Kaya, Murat. “HRİSTİYANLIĞIN ERKEN DÖNEMİNDE ROMA ORDUSUNDA HRİSTİYAN UNSURLARIN TEŞEKKÜLÜ”. Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri 18, no. 2 (December 2024): 385-414. https://doi.org/10.46931/aran.1553731.
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