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NATURAL AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS AGAINST VARROA DESTRUCTOR

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 72 - 80, 31.12.2024

Sadık Çıvracı

Abstract

Varroa destructor is one of the most important problems of bee breeding in the world and is the most important honey bee parasite that negatively affects the productivity and health of honey bees worldwide. Varroa destructor causes great damage to honey bee colonies by sucking the hemolymph of honey bees. Many studies have been conducted to eliminate the harmful effects of the V. destructor parasite, and genetic, chemical, mechanical, and biological control methods have been developed. It is extremely important to control V. destructor in all bee products, especially honey and beeswax, without leaving harmful residues to honey bees and human health. For this reason, natural and alternative methods are becoming more important than chemicals in varroa control.

Keywords

Varroa destructor essentıal oils plant extracts biological control

References

  • Abd El-Wahab, T. E., & Ebada, M. A. (2006). Evaluation of some volatile plant oils and Mavrik against Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies. J. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(8), 514-521.
  • Abd El-Wahab, T. E., Ebadah, I. M. A., & Zidan, E. W. (2012). Control of Varroa mite by essential oils and formic acid with their effects on grooming behaviour of honey bee colonies. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(8), 7674-7680.
  • Akyol, E., & Korkmaz, A. (2006). Varroa destructor’un biyolojik kontrol yöntemleri. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 6(2), 62-67.
  • Akyol, E., & Özkök, D. (2005). Varroa (Varroa destructor) mücadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanımı. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 5(4), 167-174.
  • Alsaadi, M., Keshlaf, M. M., & Mirwan, H. B. (2024). Some essential oils as potential control agents for varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in infected honey bees (Apis mellifera). Open Veterinary Journal, 14(2), 692.
  • Amdam, G. V., Hartfelder, K., Norberg, K., Hagen, A., & Omholt, S. W. (2004). Altered physiology in worker honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) infested with the mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae): a factor in colony loss during overwintering?. Journal of economic entomology, 97(3), 741-747.
  • Anderson, D. L., & Trueman, J. W. H. (2000). Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species. Experimental & applied acarology, 24, 165-189.
  • Bakandritsons, N., & Zabunis, A. (1985). The tobacco leaves effectiveness in the control of varroatosis of honeybees. proc. XXX. Int. Apic. Cong. Nagoya, Japan.
  • Boecking, O., & Spivak, M. (1999). Behavioral defenses of honey bees against Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 141-158.
  • Bogdanov, S., Ruoff, K., & Oddo, L. P. (2004). Physico-chemical methods for the characterisation of unifloral honeys: a review. Apidologie, 35(Suppl. 1), S4-S17.
  • Cakmak, I., Aydin, L., & Wells, H. (2006). Walnut leaf smoke versus mint leaves in conjunction with pollen traps for control of Varroa destructor.
  • Çetin, M. (2010). Bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.,) kolonilerinde varroa destructorun kontrolünde bitkisel, kimyasal ve biyoteknik uygulama yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması (Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Damiani, N., Gende, L. B., Bailac, P., Marcangeli, J. A., & Eguaras, M. J. (2009). Acaricidal and insecticidal activity of essential oils on Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Parasitology research, 106, 145-152.
  • Damiani, N., Gende, L. B., Maggi, M. D., Palacios, S., Marcangeli, J. A., & Eguaras, M. J. (2011). Repellent and acaricidal effects of botanical extracts on Varroa destructor. Parasitology research, 108, 79-86.
  • Danka, R. G., Harris, J. W., & Villa, J. D. (2011). Expression of Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) in commercial VSH honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of economic entomology, 104(3), 745-749.
  • de Miranda, J. R., Cordoni, G., & Budge, G. (2010). The acute bee paralysis virus–Kashmir bee virus–Israeli acute paralysis virus complex. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 103, S30-S47.
  • Delaplane, K. S. (1992). Survey of miticide use in Georgia honey bee hives. American Bee Journal, 132(3), 185-187.
  • Devi, S., Devi, M., & Barwar, C. (2019). Different methods for the management of varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in honey bee colony. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud, 7, 178-182.
  • Drescher, N., Klein, A. M., Neumann, P., Yañez, O., & Leonhardt, S. D. (2017). Inside honeybee hives: Impact of natural propolis on the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and viruses. Insects, 8(1), 15.
  • Ellis, J. D., & Hayes, G. W. (2009). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in beekeeping: Principles and practices. American Bee Journal, 149(4), 333-338.
  • Erban, T., Harant, K., Hubalek, M., Vitamvas, P., Kamler, M., Poltronieri, P., ... & Titera, D. (2015). In-depth proteomic analysis of Varroa destructor: Detection of DWV-complex, ABPV, VdMLV and honeybee proteins in the mite. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 13907.
  • Garbian, Y., Maori, E., Kalev, H., Shafir, S., & Sela, I. (2012). Bidirectional transfer of RNAi between honey bee and Varroa destructor: Varroa gene silencing reduces Varroa population. PLoS pathogens, 8(12), e1003035.
  • García-Fernández, P., Santiago-Álvarez, C., & Quesada-Moraga, E. (2008). Pathogenicity and thermal biology of mitosporic fungi as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie, 39(6), 662-673.
  • Gregorc, A., & Planinc, I. (2002). The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid. The Veterinary Journal, 163(3), 306-310.
  • Haber, A. I., Steinhauer, N. A., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2019). Use of chemical and nonchemical methods for the control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and associated winter colony losses in US beekeeping operations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(4), 1509-1525.
  • Imdorf, A., Bogdanov, S., Ochoa, R. I., & Calderone, N. W. (1999). Use of essential oils for the control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in honey bee colonies. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 209-228.
  • Imdorf, A., Charriere, J. D., Maqueln, C., Kilchenmann, V., & Bachofen, B. (1996). Alternative varroa control. American Bee Journal, 136(3), 189-194.
  • Islam N, Amjad M, Haq E, Stephen E, Naz F. (2016). Management of Varroa destructor by essential oils and formic acid in Apis Mellifera L inn. Colonies. J. Entomol Zool. Stud., 4(6): 97–104.
  • Jack, C. J., & Ellis, J. D. (2021). Integrated pest management control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), the most damaging pest of (Apis mellifera L.(Hymenoptera: Apidae)) colonies. Journal of Insect Science, 21(5), 6.
  • Karapınar, Z., Oğuz, B., Dinçer, E., & Öztürk, C. (2018). Phylogenetic analysis of black queen cell virus and deformed wing virus in honeybee colonies infected by mites in Van, Eastern Turkey.
  • Kumova, U. (2003).Varroa ile mücadele yöntemleri. II. Marmara Arıcılık Kongresi, 28-30 Nisan, Yalova, 83-131. Muz, M. N., Aslan, S., & Girişgin, A. O. (2014). Balarılarında varroa destructor enfestasyonuna karşı pudra şekeri etkinliğinin araştırılması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1-2), 21-26.
  • Posada-Florez, F., Ryabov, E. V., Heerman, M. C., Chen, Y., Evans, J. D., Sonenshine, D. E., & Cook, S. C. (2020). Varroa destructor mites vector and transmit pathogenic honey bee viruses acquired from an artificial diet. PLoS one, 15(11), e0242688.
  • Qayyoum, M. A., Khan, B. S., & Bashir, M. H. (2013). Efficacy of plant extracts against honey bee mite, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae).
  • Refaei, G. S. (2011). Evaluation of some natural substances against Varroa destructor infesting honeybee, Apis mellifera in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 89(1), 169-175.
  • Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 103, S96-S119.
  • Rucker, R. R., Thurman, W. N., & Burgett, M. (2012). Honey bee pollination markets and the internalization of reciprocal benefits. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 94(4), 956-977.
  • Sabahi, Q., Morfin, N., Nehzati-Paghaleh, G., & Guzman-Novoa, E. (2020). Detection and replication of deformed wing virus and black queen cell virus in parasitic mites, Varroa destructor, from Iranian honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 59(2), 211-217.
  • Sammataro, D., Gerson, U., & Needham, G. (2000). Parasitic mites of honey bees: life history, implications, and impact. Annual review of entomology, 45(1), 519-548.
  • Satta, A., Floris, I., Eguaras, M., Cabras, P., Garau, V. L., & Melis, M. (2005). Formic acid-based treatments for control of Varroa destructor in a Mediterranean area. Journal of economic entomology, 98(2), 267-273.
  • Shaarawi, M. O. A. (1995, August). Evaluation of Several Natural Materials as Control Agents against Varroa jacobsoni Oud. In Infesting Honeybee Colonies. The XXXIVth International Apicultural Congress. Lausanne, SWİTZERLAND (pp. 15-19).
  • Shen, M., Yang, X., Cox-Foster, D., & Cui, L. (2005). The role of varroa mites in infections of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV) in honey bees. Virology, 342(1), 141-149.
  • Sofou, K., Isaakidis, D., Spyros, A., Büttner, A., Giannis, A., & Katerinopoulos, H. E. (2017). Use of costic acid, a natural extract from Dittrichia viscosa, for the control of Varroa destructor, a parasite of the European honey bee. Beilstein journal of organic chemistry, 13(1), 952-959.
  • Stanimirović, Z., Glavinić, U., Lakić, N., Radović, D., Ristanić, M., Tarić, E., & Stevanović, J. (2017). Efficacy of plant-derived formulation “Argus Ras” in Varroa destructor control. Acta Veterinaria, 67(2), 191-200.
  • Tsegaye, A., Desale, E., Tsegaye, A., Lemma, M., Grmay, A., Bihonegn, A., & Ibrahim, Y. (2024). Evaluation of the Efficiency of Different Biotechnical Techniques for the Control of Varroa Mite in Eastern Amhara. Frontiers, 10(3), 61-65.
  • Turhan, M. (2024). Use Of Essentıal Oils Of Plants In Control Of Varroa. Diagnosis And Treatment Methods Of Bee Dıseases, 13-23.
  • Vilarem, C., Piou, V., Vogelweith, F., & Vétillard, A. (2021). Varroa destructor from the laboratory to the field: Control, biocontrol and ipm perspectives—A review. Insects, 12(9), 800.
  • Wehling, M., Ohe, W., & Ohe, K. (2003). Natural content of formic and oxalic acids in honeys. Apiacta, 38,

VARROA DESTRUCTOR’A KARŞI DOĞAL VE ALTERNATİF YÖNTEMLER

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 72 - 80, 31.12.2024

Sadık Çıvracı

Abstract

Varroa Destructor, Dünya’da arı yetiştiriciliğinin en önemli sorunlarından birisi olup bal arılarının verimliliğini ve sağlığını dünya çapında olumsuz etkileyen en önemli bal arısı parazitidir. Varroa Destructor, bal arılarının hemolenfini emerek bal arısı kolonilerine büyük zararlar vermektedir. Varroa Destructor parazitinin zararlı etkilerini ortadan kaldırmak için birçok çalışma yapılmıştır ve genetik, kimyasal, mekanik ve biyolojik mücadele yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bal ve balmumu başta olmak üzere tüm arı ürünlerinde bal arıları ve insan sağlığına zararlı olacak kalıntılar bırakmadan V. Destructora karşı mücadele etmek son derecede önemlidir. Bu nedenle varroa mücadelesinde kimyasal kullanımının yerine doğal ve alternatif yöntemler giderek önem kazanmaktadır.

Keywords

Varroa destructor uçucu yağlar bitki ekstraktları biyolojik kontrol

References

  • Abd El-Wahab, T. E., & Ebada, M. A. (2006). Evaluation of some volatile plant oils and Mavrik against Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies. J. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(8), 514-521.
  • Abd El-Wahab, T. E., Ebadah, I. M. A., & Zidan, E. W. (2012). Control of Varroa mite by essential oils and formic acid with their effects on grooming behaviour of honey bee colonies. J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res, 2(8), 7674-7680.
  • Akyol, E., & Korkmaz, A. (2006). Varroa destructor’un biyolojik kontrol yöntemleri. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 6(2), 62-67.
  • Akyol, E., & Özkök, D. (2005). Varroa (Varroa destructor) mücadelesinde organik asitlerin kullanımı. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 5(4), 167-174.
  • Alsaadi, M., Keshlaf, M. M., & Mirwan, H. B. (2024). Some essential oils as potential control agents for varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in infected honey bees (Apis mellifera). Open Veterinary Journal, 14(2), 692.
  • Amdam, G. V., Hartfelder, K., Norberg, K., Hagen, A., & Omholt, S. W. (2004). Altered physiology in worker honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) infested with the mite Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae): a factor in colony loss during overwintering?. Journal of economic entomology, 97(3), 741-747.
  • Anderson, D. L., & Trueman, J. W. H. (2000). Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) is more than one species. Experimental & applied acarology, 24, 165-189.
  • Bakandritsons, N., & Zabunis, A. (1985). The tobacco leaves effectiveness in the control of varroatosis of honeybees. proc. XXX. Int. Apic. Cong. Nagoya, Japan.
  • Boecking, O., & Spivak, M. (1999). Behavioral defenses of honey bees against Varroa jacobsoni Oud. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 141-158.
  • Bogdanov, S., Ruoff, K., & Oddo, L. P. (2004). Physico-chemical methods for the characterisation of unifloral honeys: a review. Apidologie, 35(Suppl. 1), S4-S17.
  • Cakmak, I., Aydin, L., & Wells, H. (2006). Walnut leaf smoke versus mint leaves in conjunction with pollen traps for control of Varroa destructor.
  • Çetin, M. (2010). Bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.,) kolonilerinde varroa destructorun kontrolünde bitkisel, kimyasal ve biyoteknik uygulama yöntemlerinin karşılaştırılması (Master's thesis, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü).
  • Damiani, N., Gende, L. B., Bailac, P., Marcangeli, J. A., & Eguaras, M. J. (2009). Acaricidal and insecticidal activity of essential oils on Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Parasitology research, 106, 145-152.
  • Damiani, N., Gende, L. B., Maggi, M. D., Palacios, S., Marcangeli, J. A., & Eguaras, M. J. (2011). Repellent and acaricidal effects of botanical extracts on Varroa destructor. Parasitology research, 108, 79-86.
  • Danka, R. G., Harris, J. W., & Villa, J. D. (2011). Expression of Varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) in commercial VSH honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of economic entomology, 104(3), 745-749.
  • de Miranda, J. R., Cordoni, G., & Budge, G. (2010). The acute bee paralysis virus–Kashmir bee virus–Israeli acute paralysis virus complex. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 103, S30-S47.
  • Delaplane, K. S. (1992). Survey of miticide use in Georgia honey bee hives. American Bee Journal, 132(3), 185-187.
  • Devi, S., Devi, M., & Barwar, C. (2019). Different methods for the management of varroa mite (Varroa destructor) in honey bee colony. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud, 7, 178-182.
  • Drescher, N., Klein, A. M., Neumann, P., Yañez, O., & Leonhardt, S. D. (2017). Inside honeybee hives: Impact of natural propolis on the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor and viruses. Insects, 8(1), 15.
  • Ellis, J. D., & Hayes, G. W. (2009). Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in beekeeping: Principles and practices. American Bee Journal, 149(4), 333-338.
  • Erban, T., Harant, K., Hubalek, M., Vitamvas, P., Kamler, M., Poltronieri, P., ... & Titera, D. (2015). In-depth proteomic analysis of Varroa destructor: Detection of DWV-complex, ABPV, VdMLV and honeybee proteins in the mite. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 13907.
  • Garbian, Y., Maori, E., Kalev, H., Shafir, S., & Sela, I. (2012). Bidirectional transfer of RNAi between honey bee and Varroa destructor: Varroa gene silencing reduces Varroa population. PLoS pathogens, 8(12), e1003035.
  • García-Fernández, P., Santiago-Álvarez, C., & Quesada-Moraga, E. (2008). Pathogenicity and thermal biology of mitosporic fungi as potential microbial control agents of Varroa destructor (Acari: Mesostigmata), an ectoparasitic mite of honey bee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Apidologie, 39(6), 662-673.
  • Gregorc, A., & Planinc, I. (2002). The control of Varroa destructor using oxalic acid. The Veterinary Journal, 163(3), 306-310.
  • Haber, A. I., Steinhauer, N. A., & vanEngelsdorp, D. (2019). Use of chemical and nonchemical methods for the control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) and associated winter colony losses in US beekeeping operations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 112(4), 1509-1525.
  • Imdorf, A., Bogdanov, S., Ochoa, R. I., & Calderone, N. W. (1999). Use of essential oils for the control of Varroa jacobsoni Oud. in honey bee colonies. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 209-228.
  • Imdorf, A., Charriere, J. D., Maqueln, C., Kilchenmann, V., & Bachofen, B. (1996). Alternative varroa control. American Bee Journal, 136(3), 189-194.
  • Islam N, Amjad M, Haq E, Stephen E, Naz F. (2016). Management of Varroa destructor by essential oils and formic acid in Apis Mellifera L inn. Colonies. J. Entomol Zool. Stud., 4(6): 97–104.
  • Jack, C. J., & Ellis, J. D. (2021). Integrated pest management control of Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae), the most damaging pest of (Apis mellifera L.(Hymenoptera: Apidae)) colonies. Journal of Insect Science, 21(5), 6.
  • Karapınar, Z., Oğuz, B., Dinçer, E., & Öztürk, C. (2018). Phylogenetic analysis of black queen cell virus and deformed wing virus in honeybee colonies infected by mites in Van, Eastern Turkey.
  • Kumova, U. (2003).Varroa ile mücadele yöntemleri. II. Marmara Arıcılık Kongresi, 28-30 Nisan, Yalova, 83-131. Muz, M. N., Aslan, S., & Girişgin, A. O. (2014). Balarılarında varroa destructor enfestasyonuna karşı pudra şekeri etkinliğinin araştırılması. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(1-2), 21-26.
  • Posada-Florez, F., Ryabov, E. V., Heerman, M. C., Chen, Y., Evans, J. D., Sonenshine, D. E., & Cook, S. C. (2020). Varroa destructor mites vector and transmit pathogenic honey bee viruses acquired from an artificial diet. PLoS one, 15(11), e0242688.
  • Qayyoum, M. A., Khan, B. S., & Bashir, M. H. (2013). Efficacy of plant extracts against honey bee mite, Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae).
  • Refaei, G. S. (2011). Evaluation of some natural substances against Varroa destructor infesting honeybee, Apis mellifera in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 89(1), 169-175.
  • Rosenkranz, P., Aumeier, P., & Ziegelmann, B. (2010). Biology and control of Varroa destructor. Journal of invertebrate pathology, 103, S96-S119.
  • Rucker, R. R., Thurman, W. N., & Burgett, M. (2012). Honey bee pollination markets and the internalization of reciprocal benefits. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 94(4), 956-977.
  • Sabahi, Q., Morfin, N., Nehzati-Paghaleh, G., & Guzman-Novoa, E. (2020). Detection and replication of deformed wing virus and black queen cell virus in parasitic mites, Varroa destructor, from Iranian honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies. Journal of Apicultural Research, 59(2), 211-217.
  • Sammataro, D., Gerson, U., & Needham, G. (2000). Parasitic mites of honey bees: life history, implications, and impact. Annual review of entomology, 45(1), 519-548.
  • Satta, A., Floris, I., Eguaras, M., Cabras, P., Garau, V. L., & Melis, M. (2005). Formic acid-based treatments for control of Varroa destructor in a Mediterranean area. Journal of economic entomology, 98(2), 267-273.
  • Shaarawi, M. O. A. (1995, August). Evaluation of Several Natural Materials as Control Agents against Varroa jacobsoni Oud. In Infesting Honeybee Colonies. The XXXIVth International Apicultural Congress. Lausanne, SWİTZERLAND (pp. 15-19).
  • Shen, M., Yang, X., Cox-Foster, D., & Cui, L. (2005). The role of varroa mites in infections of Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and deformed wing virus (DWV) in honey bees. Virology, 342(1), 141-149.
  • Sofou, K., Isaakidis, D., Spyros, A., Büttner, A., Giannis, A., & Katerinopoulos, H. E. (2017). Use of costic acid, a natural extract from Dittrichia viscosa, for the control of Varroa destructor, a parasite of the European honey bee. Beilstein journal of organic chemistry, 13(1), 952-959.
  • Stanimirović, Z., Glavinić, U., Lakić, N., Radović, D., Ristanić, M., Tarić, E., & Stevanović, J. (2017). Efficacy of plant-derived formulation “Argus Ras” in Varroa destructor control. Acta Veterinaria, 67(2), 191-200.
  • Tsegaye, A., Desale, E., Tsegaye, A., Lemma, M., Grmay, A., Bihonegn, A., & Ibrahim, Y. (2024). Evaluation of the Efficiency of Different Biotechnical Techniques for the Control of Varroa Mite in Eastern Amhara. Frontiers, 10(3), 61-65.
  • Turhan, M. (2024). Use Of Essentıal Oils Of Plants In Control Of Varroa. Diagnosis And Treatment Methods Of Bee Dıseases, 13-23.
  • Vilarem, C., Piou, V., Vogelweith, F., & Vétillard, A. (2021). Varroa destructor from the laboratory to the field: Control, biocontrol and ipm perspectives—A review. Insects, 12(9), 800.
  • Wehling, M., Ohe, W., & Ohe, K. (2003). Natural content of formic and oxalic acids in honeys. Apiacta, 38,
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Veterinary Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Reviews
Authors

Sadık Çıvracı 0000-0002-0750-1823

Early Pub Date December 31, 2024
Publication Date December 31, 2024
Submission Date December 31, 2024
Acceptance Date December 31, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çıvracı, S. (2024). NATURAL AND ALTERNATIVE METHODS AGAINST VARROA DESTRUCTOR. Arı Ve Arıcılık Teknolojileri Dergisi, 3(2), 72-80.
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