Research Article
Turkish Film Criticism in the Digital Age: The Case of YouTube Türkiye Cinema Channels as New Cultural Intermediaries
Abstract
This study aims to reveal how Turkish film criticism has transformed in the digital age. In the study where the cinema channels broadcasting on YouTube Türkiye were determined as the population, the ten cinema channels with the highest number of subscribers were selected as the sample. In the mixed method study, the two most watched videos of the cinema channels were analyzed. Video contents were coded, analyzed and visuals were created using MAXQDA software around four types of criticism: promotional, classical, in-depth and scientific criticism. According to the results obtained, it was seen that promotional content was the most common type of criticism in the videos selected as a sample. Classical and in-depth criticism had limited content, while scientific criticism was the least coded category. As a result, it has been seen that digital platforms add a democratizing function to criticism, but weaken the artistic and academic aspect of criticism.
References
- Atay, S. (1991), Film Eleştirisine Dair, İstanbul: İdeart Yayınları.
- Belton, J. (2013), American Cinema/ American Culture, New York: McGraw Hill.
- Biryıldız, E. (2013), Örneklerle Türk Film Eleştirisi (1950-2002), İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
- Bourdieu, P. (1990), Photography: A Middle-Brow Art, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Bourdieu, P. (2021), Ayrım: Beğeni Yargısının Toplumsal Eleştirisi, (Çev.: D. Fırat), Ankara: Nika Yayınları.
- Burgess, J. and Green, J. (2009), YouTube: Online Video And Participatory Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Creswell, J. W. (2014), Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage Publications, Inc.
- Çamuroğlu, E. (2006), Türk Film Eleştirisinin Gelişimi (Gazete ve Dergiler Açısından), Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Ebert, R. (2008), Death to Film Critics! Hail to the CelebCult!, https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/death- to-film-critics-hail-to-the-celebcult, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2024).
- Elsaesser, T. (2015), The Social Function of Criticism; or, Why Does the Cinema Have (to Have) a Soul?, (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film criticism in the Digital Age), s.195-211, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- Frey, M. (2015a), The Permanent Crisis of Film Criticism: The Anxiety of Authority, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
- Frey, M. (2015b), The New Democracy? Rotten Tomatoes, Metacritic, Twitter, and IMDb. (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film Criticism in the Digital Age, s.81-98, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- Haberski, R. J. (2001), It’s Only a Movie! Film and Critics in American Culture, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Hutchinson, J. (2017), Cultural Intermediaries: Audience Participation In Media Organisations, Berlin: Springer.
- Janssen, S. ve Verboord, M. (2015), Cultural Mediators and Gatekeepers, In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences and Behavioral Sciences, s. 440–446.
- Juilly, B. (2017), Make Your Own Amazing YouTube Videos: Learn How to Film, Edit, and Upload Quality Videos to YouTube, New York: Racehorse for Young Readers.
- Kallay, J. (2015), The Critic is Dead…, (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film Criticism in the Digital Age, s.211-217, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- Kammer, A. (2015), Post-Industrial Cultural Criticism, The Everyday Amateur Expert and The Online Cultural Public Sphere, Journalism Practice, 9(6), s.872-889.
- Keen, A. (2007), The Cult Of The Amateur: How Blogs, MySpace, YouTube And The Rest Of Today’s User Generated Media Are Killing Our Culture And Economy, New York: Doubleday.
- Lash, S. M. and Urry, J. (1994), Economies of Signs And Space, London: Sage.
- Maguire, J. S. ve Matthews, J. (2012), Are We All Cultural Intermediaries Now? An Introduction To Cultural Intermediaries In Context, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15, s.551–562.
- Maguire, J. S. ve Matthews, J. (2014), Bourdieu on cultural intermediaries, (Eds.: J. S. Maguire ve J. Matthews), The Cultural Intermediaries Reader, s.15-24, Londra: Sage.
- Manzoli, G. ve Noto, P. (2015), The Price of Conservation. Online Video Criticism of Film in Italy. (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film criticism in the Digital Age), s.99-116, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- McDonald, R. (2007), The Death of the Critic, New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
- Mcwhirter, A. (2016), Film Criticism and Digital Cultures: Journalism, Social Media and The Democratization of Opinion, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Neuman, W. L. (2014a), Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri 1: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar, (Çev.: S. Özge), Ankara: Yayın Odası.
- Neuman, W. L. (2014b), Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri 2: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar, (Çev.: S. Özge), Ankara: Yayın Odası.
- Null, C. (2012), Five Stars! How to Become a Film Critic, the World’s Greatest Job, California: Smashwords.
- Ormanlı, O. (2005), Türk Sinemasında Eleştiri, Ankara: Bileşim Yayınları.
- Özden, Z. (2020), Film Eleştirisi: Film Eleştirisinde Temel Yaklaşımlar ve Tür Filmi Eleştirisi, İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi.
- Özön, N. (1962), Türk Sinema Tarihi, İstanbul: Artist Yayınları
- Penn, M. (2024), The Next Death of Film Criticism?: The Role of TikTok and Participatory Culture for Film Criticism and Film Festivals, (Master’s Thesis), Swedish: Malmö University.
- Roberts, J. (2010), The Complete History of American Film Criticism, Santa Monica: Santa Monica Press LLC.
- Shepherd, M. (2009), Rotten Tomatoes In The Field Of Popular Cultural Production, Canadian Journal of Film Studies, 18(2), s.26-44.
- Sontag, S. (1996), The Decay of Cinema, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/25/magazine/the-decay-of- cinema.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2024).
- Sotoudeh, N. (2021), Cinema Lives: Film Criticism In The Digital Age, (Doctoral Thesis, University of Sydney), Sydney eScholarship Repository.
- Szabó, H. (2021), American Film Criticism In The 21st Century: Everyone Is A Critic (?), Cultural Perspectives- Journal for Literary and British Cultural Studies in Romania, 26, s.207-230.
- Szabó, H. (2024), American Film Criticism In The Age of the World Wide Web, (Doctoral Dissertation), Hungary: University of Szeged.
- Wright, D. (2015), Understanding Cultural Taste: Sensation, Skill And Sensibility, London: Palgrave Mac Millan.
Dijital Çağda Türk Film Eleştirisi: Yeni Kültürel Aracılar Olarak YouTube Türkiye Sinema Kanalları Örneği
Abstract
Bu çalışmada, dijital çağda Türk film eleştirisinin nasıl bir dönüşüm geçirdiğinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmaktadır. YouTube Türkiye’de yayın yapan sinema kanallarının evren olarak belirlendiği çalışmada en çok aboneye sahip olan on sinema kanalı örneklem olarak seçilmiştir. Karma yöntemin kullanıldığı çalışmada sinema kanallarının en çok izlenen iki videosu analiz edilmiştir. Video içerikleri dört eleştiri türü olan tanıtım, klasik, derinlemesine ve bilimsel eleştiri etrafında MAXQDA yazılımı kullanılarak kodlanmış, analiz edilmiş ve görseller oluşturulmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre örneklem olarak belirlenen videolarda tanıtım içeriklerinin en çok yeralan eleştiri türü olduğu görülmüştür. Klasik ve derinlemesine eleştiri türünün sınırlı bir içeriğe sahip olduğu, bilimsel eleştiri türünün ise en az kodlanan kategori olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak dijital platformların eleştiriyi demokratikleştikleştirdiği ancak eleştirinin sanatsal ve akademik yönünü zayıflattığı görülmüştür.
References
- Atay, S. (1991), Film Eleştirisine Dair, İstanbul: İdeart Yayınları.
- Belton, J. (2013), American Cinema/ American Culture, New York: McGraw Hill.
- Biryıldız, E. (2013), Örneklerle Türk Film Eleştirisi (1950-2002), İstanbul: Beta Yayınevi.
- Bourdieu, P. (1990), Photography: A Middle-Brow Art, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Bourdieu, P. (2021), Ayrım: Beğeni Yargısının Toplumsal Eleştirisi, (Çev.: D. Fırat), Ankara: Nika Yayınları.
- Burgess, J. and Green, J. (2009), YouTube: Online Video And Participatory Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press.
- Creswell, J. W. (2014), Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, Sage Publications, Inc.
- Çamuroğlu, E. (2006), Türk Film Eleştirisinin Gelişimi (Gazete ve Dergiler Açısından), Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
- Ebert, R. (2008), Death to Film Critics! Hail to the CelebCult!, https://www.rogerebert.com/roger-ebert/death- to-film-critics-hail-to-the-celebcult, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2024).
- Elsaesser, T. (2015), The Social Function of Criticism; or, Why Does the Cinema Have (to Have) a Soul?, (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film criticism in the Digital Age), s.195-211, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- Frey, M. (2015a), The Permanent Crisis of Film Criticism: The Anxiety of Authority, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
- Frey, M. (2015b), The New Democracy? Rotten Tomatoes, Metacritic, Twitter, and IMDb. (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film Criticism in the Digital Age, s.81-98, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- Haberski, R. J. (2001), It’s Only a Movie! Film and Critics in American Culture, Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
- Hutchinson, J. (2017), Cultural Intermediaries: Audience Participation In Media Organisations, Berlin: Springer.
- Janssen, S. ve Verboord, M. (2015), Cultural Mediators and Gatekeepers, In International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences and Behavioral Sciences, s. 440–446.
- Juilly, B. (2017), Make Your Own Amazing YouTube Videos: Learn How to Film, Edit, and Upload Quality Videos to YouTube, New York: Racehorse for Young Readers.
- Kallay, J. (2015), The Critic is Dead…, (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film Criticism in the Digital Age, s.211-217, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- Kammer, A. (2015), Post-Industrial Cultural Criticism, The Everyday Amateur Expert and The Online Cultural Public Sphere, Journalism Practice, 9(6), s.872-889.
- Keen, A. (2007), The Cult Of The Amateur: How Blogs, MySpace, YouTube And The Rest Of Today’s User Generated Media Are Killing Our Culture And Economy, New York: Doubleday.
- Lash, S. M. and Urry, J. (1994), Economies of Signs And Space, London: Sage.
- Maguire, J. S. ve Matthews, J. (2012), Are We All Cultural Intermediaries Now? An Introduction To Cultural Intermediaries In Context, European Journal of Cultural Studies, 15, s.551–562.
- Maguire, J. S. ve Matthews, J. (2014), Bourdieu on cultural intermediaries, (Eds.: J. S. Maguire ve J. Matthews), The Cultural Intermediaries Reader, s.15-24, Londra: Sage.
- Manzoli, G. ve Noto, P. (2015), The Price of Conservation. Online Video Criticism of Film in Italy. (Eds.: M. Frey and C. Sayad), Film criticism in the Digital Age), s.99-116, New Brunswick, New Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
- McDonald, R. (2007), The Death of the Critic, New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
- Mcwhirter, A. (2016), Film Criticism and Digital Cultures: Journalism, Social Media and The Democratization of Opinion, London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Neuman, W. L. (2014a), Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri 1: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar, (Çev.: S. Özge), Ankara: Yayın Odası.
- Neuman, W. L. (2014b), Toplumsal Araştırma Yöntemleri 2: Nitel ve nicel yaklaşımlar, (Çev.: S. Özge), Ankara: Yayın Odası.
- Null, C. (2012), Five Stars! How to Become a Film Critic, the World’s Greatest Job, California: Smashwords.
- Ormanlı, O. (2005), Türk Sinemasında Eleştiri, Ankara: Bileşim Yayınları.
- Özden, Z. (2020), Film Eleştirisi: Film Eleştirisinde Temel Yaklaşımlar ve Tür Filmi Eleştirisi, İstanbul: İmge Kitabevi.
- Özön, N. (1962), Türk Sinema Tarihi, İstanbul: Artist Yayınları
- Penn, M. (2024), The Next Death of Film Criticism?: The Role of TikTok and Participatory Culture for Film Criticism and Film Festivals, (Master’s Thesis), Swedish: Malmö University.
- Roberts, J. (2010), The Complete History of American Film Criticism, Santa Monica: Santa Monica Press LLC.
- Shepherd, M. (2009), Rotten Tomatoes In The Field Of Popular Cultural Production, Canadian Journal of Film Studies, 18(2), s.26-44.
- Sontag, S. (1996), The Decay of Cinema, https://www.nytimes.com/1996/02/25/magazine/the-decay-of- cinema.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.10.2024).
- Sotoudeh, N. (2021), Cinema Lives: Film Criticism In The Digital Age, (Doctoral Thesis, University of Sydney), Sydney eScholarship Repository.
- Szabó, H. (2021), American Film Criticism In The 21st Century: Everyone Is A Critic (?), Cultural Perspectives- Journal for Literary and British Cultural Studies in Romania, 26, s.207-230.
- Szabó, H. (2024), American Film Criticism In The Age of the World Wide Web, (Doctoral Dissertation), Hungary: University of Szeged.
- Wright, D. (2015), Understanding Cultural Taste: Sensation, Skill And Sensibility, London: Palgrave Mac Millan.
There are 39 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Communication and Media Studies (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 25, 2025 |
| Submission Date | November 15, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | February 3, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 25 Issue: 1 |
