Research Article
Konstantinopolis Hipodromu ve Geç Roma Döneminde Hiziplerin (De-mosların) İsyanları (4. ve 6. Yüzyıllar)
Abstract
Roma kentlerinin en önemli kamusal mekânlarından biri olan hipodromlar, araba yarışla-rı, gladyatör, vahşi hayvan dövüşleri, pandomimler, danslar gibi çeşitli gösteri ve törenlerin düzenlendiği yerlerdi. Doğu Roma’nın başkentinde, bugün Sultanahmet olarak bilinen tarihi yarımadanın doğu ucunda önemli bir konumda inşa edilmiş olan Konstantinopolis Hipodrom’u da bu yapılar arasında en önemlilerinden biridir. Roma İmparator’u Severus Septimius (M.Ö. 193–211) döneminde inşa edildiği varsayılan ve I. Konstantinus (M.Ö. 307–337) döneminde genişletilerek tamamlanan Konstantinopolis Hipodromu’nda, ortaya çıkış tarihi belli olmayan atlı yarışlar düzenlenirdi. Quadriga denilen dört atın çektiği iki tekerlekli araba takımları, İmpa-rator Romulus’un verdiği isimler olan Yeşiller, Maviler, Kırmızılar ve Beyazlar olarak bilinir. Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun kuruluşundan itibaren varlığını sürdüren atlı araba yarışları yüzyıl-lar içerisinde siyaseti ve toplumu farklı açılardan etkilemişlerdir. Çalışmada Konstantinopolis Hipodrom’un oluşumu, burada düzenlenen atlı yarışlar ve demos ya da hiziplerin Bizans İmpa-ratorluğu’nda 5. ve 6. yüzyıllarda Siyasî İktidarı Zorlayan önemli isyanlarına değinilecektir.
References
- Akyürek, E. (2021). The Hippodrome of Constantinople. Cambridge University Press.
- Agapius. (1912). Kitab al-Unvan, histoire universelle écrite par Agapius (Mahboub) de Men-bidj. A. A. Vasiliev (Ed. & Trans.). Roger Pearse.
- Agathias of Myrina. (1975). The histories (Trans. J. D. Frendo). de Gruyter.
- Altunbeğ Turgut, C. (2022). Maviler ve Yeşiller: Bizans atlı araba yarışları çerçevesinde taraftar grupları. Türk Akademik Dergiler (TAD), 41 (71), 118-153.
- Andronicos, M. (2002). The Greek Museums National Museum. Ekdotike Athenon.
- Bassett, S. (1991). The antiquities in the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Dumbarton Oaks Pa-pers, 45, 87-96.
- Bassett, S. (2004). The urban image of Late Antique Constantinople. Cambridge University Press.
- Berger, A. (2013). Accounts of medieval Constantinople: The Patria. Harvard University Press.
- Cameron, A. (1973). Porphyrius the Charioteer. Routledge.
- Cameron, A. (1993). The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, A.D. 395–400. Routledge.
- Chronicon Paschale. (1989). 284–628 AD. Whitby, M., and M. Whitby (Ed.). Liverpool Uni-versity Press.
- Choniates, N. (1984). City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates. (Trans. H. J. Magou-lias). Wayne State University Press.
- Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos. (1999). Circus factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and By-zantium. Oxford Clarendon Press.
- Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos. (2012). The book of ceremonies. (Trans. A. Moffatt & M. Tell). Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.
- Çoban, B. Z. (2013). Doğu Kiliseleri ve Monofizitizm. Milel ve Nihal Dergisi, 10 (2), 13-27.
- Daş, M. (2015). Bizans İstanbul’unda Siyasi Gelişmeler. İçinde. Büyük İstanbul Tarihi Ansiklo-pedisi, II, 30-57.
- Dagron, G. (2010). From one Rome to the other, Hippodrome/At Meydanı. in B. Pitarakis & E. Işın (Eds.), Istanbul’s history.
- Demirkent, I. (1998). Herakleios. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. (C.17, s. 210-215). TDV Yayınları.
- Emerson, W., & Nice, R. L. (1951). Hagia Sophia: The collapse of the first dome. Archaeology, 4, 94–103.
- Frend, W. H. C. (1987). Monophysitism. in M. Eliade (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion (Vol. 10, pp. 66-68). MacMillan.
- Georgii Monachi. (1978). Chronicon II. (C. de Boor, Ed.). Stuttgart.
- Greatrex, G. (1997). The Nika riot: A reappraisal. JHS, 117, 60-86.
- Gibbon, E. (2020). Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Gerileyiş ve Çöküş Tarihi IV. (Trans. A. Baltacı-gil). İndie Yayınları.
- Gilles, P. (1988). The antiquities of Constantinople. (Trans. J. Ball). (2nd ed.). Italica Press.
- Humphrey, J. H. (1986). Roman circuses: Arenas for chariot racing. Batsford.
- John of Nikiu. (1913). Chronicle. (Trans. R. H. Charles). Messrs. Williams & Norgate.
- Harris, J. (2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Jones, A. H. M. (1964). Later Roman Empire 284-602: a Social Economic... Survey: maps. B. Blackwell.
- Kazhdan, A. P. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
- Krüger, G. (1994). Monophysitism. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburg, 8, 811-817.
- Liebeschuetz, W. (1991). The circus factions. Convegno per Santo Mazzarino: Roma, 9-11 maggio 1991.-(Saggi di storia antica; 13), 163-185.
- Liddell, H. G. (1940). A Greek and English lexicon. Clarendon Press.
- Liddell, H. G., & Scott, R. (1901). A Greek-English lexicon. American Book.
- Luce, A. A. (1920). Monophysitism: Past and present. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge.
- MacLagan, M. (1968). The city of Constantinopolis. Thames and Hudson. Malalas. (1986). The Chronicle. (Trans. E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys, & R. Scott). Australian Asso-ciation for Byzantine Studies.
- Magdalino, P. (2010). Byzantium= Constantinople. A companion to Byzantium, 43-54.
- Mango, C. (2010). A history of the Hippodrome of Constantinople. In B. Pitarakis & E. Işın (Eds.), Hipporome/At Meydanı: A stage for Istanbul’s history I. Pera Müzesi Yayını.
- Madrigal, M. (2014). Anadolu’nun ekümenik konsilleri. Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi.
- Meier, M. (2003). Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe: Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand. ZPE, 142, 273-300.
- Minorsky, V. (1950). Marvazi on the Byzantines. Annuaire de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire Orientales et Slaves, 10, 461-462.
- Mitchell, S. (2016). Geç Roma İmparatorluğu tarihi M.S. 284-641. (Çev. T. Kaçar). TTK Ya-yınları.
- Monachi. (1978). Chronicon. Stvtgardiae in Aedibvs.
- Moss, L. B. (1948). The history of the Byzantine Empire: An outline from M.S. 330 to the Fo-urth Crusade. In N. H. Boynes & H. Moss (Eds.), Byzantium: An introduction to East Roman civilization. Harvard University Press.
- Oman, C. (1908). The Byzantine Empire. Putnam’s.
- Pitarakis, B., & Işın, E. (Eds.). (2010). Hippodrom/Atmeydanı: İstanbul’un Tarih Sahne-si/Hippodrome/Atmeydanı: A Stage for Istanbul’s History. (2nd ed.). Pera Müzesi.
- Prokopius. (2002). İsyan ve veba. (Trans. A. Çalap). Lir Yayınları.
- Runciman, S. (1966). Byzantine Civilisation. London: University Paperbacks.
- Simocatta. (1997). History. M. Micheal & Whitby (Eds.). Oxford University Press.
- Sivrioğlu, U. T. (2015). Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda Yahudiler (330-1453). History Studies (Spe-cial Issue on Byzantine), VII, 299-132.
- Stratos, A. N. (1980). Byzantium in the seventh century: Volume V Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius (685-711). Adolf M. Hakkert.
- Sturluson, S. (1961). Heimskringla: Sagas of the Norse kings. (Trans. S. Laing). Dent.
- Theophanes. (1982). The Chronicle of Theophanes. (Trans. H. Turtledove). University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Vasil’ev, A. A. (1952). History of the Byzantine Empire (324-1453). The University of Wiscon-sin Press. Whitby, M. (1999). The violence of the circus factions. Organised crime in Antiquity, 229-53.
The Hippodrome of Constantinople and the Revolts of the Factions (De-mos) in the Late Roman Period (4th and 6th Centuries)
Abstract
Hippodromes, one of the most important public spaces of Roman cities, were places where various shows and ceremonies such as chariot races, gladiator and wild animal fights, panto-mimes and dances were organised. The Hippodrome of Constantinople, which was built in an important location at the eastern end of the historical peninsula known today as Sultanahmet in the capital of Eastern Rome, is one of the most important among these structures. Assumed to have been built during the reign of the Roman Emperor Severus Septimius (193-211 BC) and expanded and completed during the reign of Constantine I (307-337 BC), the Hippodrome of Constantinople was used to organise horse races with an uncertain date of origin. The two-wheeled chariot teams drawn by four horses called quadriga are known as the Greens, Blues, Reds and Whites, names given by Emperor Romulus. Horse-drawn chariot races, which have been in existence since the foundation of the Byzantine Empire, have influenced politics and society from different angles over the centuries. In this study, the formation of the Hippodrome of Constantinople, the horse races organised here and the important rebellions of demos or facti-ons that challenged the political power in the Byzantine Empire in the 5th and 6th centuries will be discussed.
References
- Akyürek, E. (2021). The Hippodrome of Constantinople. Cambridge University Press.
- Agapius. (1912). Kitab al-Unvan, histoire universelle écrite par Agapius (Mahboub) de Men-bidj. A. A. Vasiliev (Ed. & Trans.). Roger Pearse.
- Agathias of Myrina. (1975). The histories (Trans. J. D. Frendo). de Gruyter.
- Altunbeğ Turgut, C. (2022). Maviler ve Yeşiller: Bizans atlı araba yarışları çerçevesinde taraftar grupları. Türk Akademik Dergiler (TAD), 41 (71), 118-153.
- Andronicos, M. (2002). The Greek Museums National Museum. Ekdotike Athenon.
- Bassett, S. (1991). The antiquities in the Hippodrome of Constantinople. Dumbarton Oaks Pa-pers, 45, 87-96.
- Bassett, S. (2004). The urban image of Late Antique Constantinople. Cambridge University Press.
- Berger, A. (2013). Accounts of medieval Constantinople: The Patria. Harvard University Press.
- Cameron, A. (1973). Porphyrius the Charioteer. Routledge.
- Cameron, A. (1993). The Mediterranean World in Late Antiquity, A.D. 395–400. Routledge.
- Chronicon Paschale. (1989). 284–628 AD. Whitby, M., and M. Whitby (Ed.). Liverpool Uni-versity Press.
- Choniates, N. (1984). City of Byzantium: Annals of Niketas Choniates. (Trans. H. J. Magou-lias). Wayne State University Press.
- Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos. (1999). Circus factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and By-zantium. Oxford Clarendon Press.
- Constantine VII Porphyrogenitos. (2012). The book of ceremonies. (Trans. A. Moffatt & M. Tell). Australian Association for Byzantine Studies.
- Çoban, B. Z. (2013). Doğu Kiliseleri ve Monofizitizm. Milel ve Nihal Dergisi, 10 (2), 13-27.
- Daş, M. (2015). Bizans İstanbul’unda Siyasi Gelişmeler. İçinde. Büyük İstanbul Tarihi Ansiklo-pedisi, II, 30-57.
- Dagron, G. (2010). From one Rome to the other, Hippodrome/At Meydanı. in B. Pitarakis & E. Işın (Eds.), Istanbul’s history.
- Demirkent, I. (1998). Herakleios. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. (C.17, s. 210-215). TDV Yayınları.
- Emerson, W., & Nice, R. L. (1951). Hagia Sophia: The collapse of the first dome. Archaeology, 4, 94–103.
- Frend, W. H. C. (1987). Monophysitism. in M. Eliade (Ed.), Encyclopedia of religion (Vol. 10, pp. 66-68). MacMillan.
- Georgii Monachi. (1978). Chronicon II. (C. de Boor, Ed.). Stuttgart.
- Greatrex, G. (1997). The Nika riot: A reappraisal. JHS, 117, 60-86.
- Gibbon, E. (2020). Roma İmparatorluğu’nun Gerileyiş ve Çöküş Tarihi IV. (Trans. A. Baltacı-gil). İndie Yayınları.
- Gilles, P. (1988). The antiquities of Constantinople. (Trans. J. Ball). (2nd ed.). Italica Press.
- Humphrey, J. H. (1986). Roman circuses: Arenas for chariot racing. Batsford.
- John of Nikiu. (1913). Chronicle. (Trans. R. H. Charles). Messrs. Williams & Norgate.
- Harris, J. (2017). Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Jones, A. H. M. (1964). Later Roman Empire 284-602: a Social Economic... Survey: maps. B. Blackwell.
- Kazhdan, A. P. (2005). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford University Press.
- Krüger, G. (1994). Monophysitism. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburg, 8, 811-817.
- Liebeschuetz, W. (1991). The circus factions. Convegno per Santo Mazzarino: Roma, 9-11 maggio 1991.-(Saggi di storia antica; 13), 163-185.
- Liddell, H. G. (1940). A Greek and English lexicon. Clarendon Press.
- Liddell, H. G., & Scott, R. (1901). A Greek-English lexicon. American Book.
- Luce, A. A. (1920). Monophysitism: Past and present. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge.
- MacLagan, M. (1968). The city of Constantinopolis. Thames and Hudson. Malalas. (1986). The Chronicle. (Trans. E. Jeffreys, M. Jeffreys, & R. Scott). Australian Asso-ciation for Byzantine Studies.
- Magdalino, P. (2010). Byzantium= Constantinople. A companion to Byzantium, 43-54.
- Mango, C. (2010). A history of the Hippodrome of Constantinople. In B. Pitarakis & E. Işın (Eds.), Hipporome/At Meydanı: A stage for Istanbul’s history I. Pera Müzesi Yayını.
- Madrigal, M. (2014). Anadolu’nun ekümenik konsilleri. Kitab-ı Mukaddes Şirketi.
- Meier, M. (2003). Die Inszenierung einer Katastrophe: Justinian und der Nika-Aufstand. ZPE, 142, 273-300.
- Minorsky, V. (1950). Marvazi on the Byzantines. Annuaire de l’Institut de Philologie et d’Histoire Orientales et Slaves, 10, 461-462.
- Mitchell, S. (2016). Geç Roma İmparatorluğu tarihi M.S. 284-641. (Çev. T. Kaçar). TTK Ya-yınları.
- Monachi. (1978). Chronicon. Stvtgardiae in Aedibvs.
- Moss, L. B. (1948). The history of the Byzantine Empire: An outline from M.S. 330 to the Fo-urth Crusade. In N. H. Boynes & H. Moss (Eds.), Byzantium: An introduction to East Roman civilization. Harvard University Press.
- Oman, C. (1908). The Byzantine Empire. Putnam’s.
- Pitarakis, B., & Işın, E. (Eds.). (2010). Hippodrom/Atmeydanı: İstanbul’un Tarih Sahne-si/Hippodrome/Atmeydanı: A Stage for Istanbul’s History. (2nd ed.). Pera Müzesi.
- Prokopius. (2002). İsyan ve veba. (Trans. A. Çalap). Lir Yayınları.
- Runciman, S. (1966). Byzantine Civilisation. London: University Paperbacks.
- Simocatta. (1997). History. M. Micheal & Whitby (Eds.). Oxford University Press.
- Sivrioğlu, U. T. (2015). Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda Yahudiler (330-1453). History Studies (Spe-cial Issue on Byzantine), VII, 299-132.
- Stratos, A. N. (1980). Byzantium in the seventh century: Volume V Justinian II, Leontius and Tiberius (685-711). Adolf M. Hakkert.
- Sturluson, S. (1961). Heimskringla: Sagas of the Norse kings. (Trans. S. Laing). Dent.
- Theophanes. (1982). The Chronicle of Theophanes. (Trans. H. Turtledove). University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Vasil’ev, A. A. (1952). History of the Byzantine Empire (324-1453). The University of Wiscon-sin Press. Whitby, M. (1999). The violence of the circus factions. Organised crime in Antiquity, 229-53.
There are 53 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Medieval History (Other) |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | March 14, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | September 27, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 14, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 1 |
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