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THE HERO’S JOURNEY IN THE RĀMĀYAṆA: AN ANALYSIS OF AN INDIAN EPIC THROUGH CAMPBELL’S MONOMYTH THEORY

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 112 - 151, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.61134/audodilder.1683819

Abstract

Joseph Campbell (1904–1987) was an American scholar and writer who worked in mythology, history of religions, and comparative literature. In his seminal work The Hero with a Thousand Faces, published in 1949, he proposed the Monomyth theory (The Hero’s Journey), asserting that mythologies across different cultures share a common structural cycle closely tied to human psychology. Campbell suggested that heroic narratives are shaped through three fundamental stages—Separation, Initiation, and Return—along with related narrative motifs.
This study aims to analyze the Rāmāyaṇa, one of the foundational texts of Indian culture, through the framework of Campbell’s Monomyth theory. Based on seventeen narrative motifs identified by Campbell, the heroic journey of Rāma—beginning with exile, unfolding through various trials, and culminating in a divine resolution—is systematically examined. Each of the seventeen motifs is compared with corresponding narrative segments in the Rāmāyaṇa, providing a structural and thematic text analysis.
The source text examined in this study is the English translation of the Rāmāyaṇa attributed to Vālmīki. Thought to have begun taking shape around the 6th century BCE, this epic has been rewritten, interpreted, and enriched over centuries in various regions, languages, and socio-religious contexts. Owing to its multilayered structure, the Rāmāyaṇa offers a fruitful ground not only for literary inquiry but also for religious, cultural, and political critique in light of contemporary theoretical approaches.
The analysis shows that the Rāmāyaṇa largely aligns with Campbell’s Monomyth model, although certain motifs are open to culturally specific interpretations.

References

  • Campbell, J. (2004). The hero with a thousand faces (Commemorative ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu (S. Gürses, Çev., 2. Basım). Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). The hero with a thousand faces (Electronic Ed.). Joseph Campbell Foundation.
  • Goldman, R. P. (1984). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India (Vol. 1). Princeton University Press.
  • Campbell, J. (2004). The hero with a thousand faces (Commemorative ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu (S. Gürses, Çev., 2. Basım). Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). The hero with a thousand faces (Electronic Ed.). Joseph Campbell Foundation.
  • Goldman, R. P. (1984). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India (Vol. 1). Princeton University Press.
  • Griffith, R. T. (2024, 12 21). The Rig Veda. Sacred Texts: https://sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv01164.htm
  • Hanney, R. (2024). One myth to rule them all and in the darkness bind them: a critical examination of Joseph Campbell's The Hero's Journey. Media Practice and Education, 25(2), DOI: 10.1080/25741136.2024.2333649, 113-122.
  • Jung, C. G. (1980). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Murdock, M. (1990). The heroine's journey: Woman’s quest for wholeness. Shambhala Publications.
  • Nicholson, S. (2015). The Problem of Woman as Hero in the Work of Joseph Campbell. Feminist Theology 19(2), DOI: 10.1177/0966735010384331. Sage Publications, 182–193.
  • Pearson, C., & Pope, K. (1981). The Female Hero in American and British Literature. New York: R. R. Bowker Company.
  • Rāmayana. (2012). (Çev: Can, D. H., & Belen Özcan, A.). Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Rāmāyaṇa. (2002). (Çev. Kaya, K.). İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Richman, P. (1991). Many Rāmāyanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia. University of California Press.
  • Richman, P. (2000). Questioning Ramayanas A South Asian Tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Rigveda. (2014). (Çev. Kaya, K.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Ross, S. L. (2019). The Integration of Transformation: Extending Campbell’s Monomyth . Heroism Science: 4(2), Article 7, DOI: 10.26736/hs.2019.02.07, 1- 29.
  • Seager, S. (2015, 07 2). Beyond the Hero’s Journey: Four innovative models for digital story design. 17.04.2025 tarihinde steveseager.com: https://www.steveseager.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Beyond-the-Hero’s-Journey-Four-innovative-models-for-digital-story-design-download.pdf.
  • Segal, R. A. (1987). Joseph Campbell: An Introduction. Garland Publishing.
  • Tharuvana, A. (2021). Living Ramayanas: Exploring the Plurality of the Epic in Wayanad and the World. Eka.
  • The Valmiki Rāmayana (Vols. I-III). (2017). (Çev. Debroy, B.). Penguin Books.
  • Thiel-Horstmann, M. (1991). Rāmāyaṇa and Rāmāyaṇas. Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Winternitz, M. (1927). A History of Indian Literature. University of Calcutta.

RĀMĀYAṆA’DA KAHRAMANIN YOLCULUĞU: CAMPBELL’IN MONOMİT KURAMIYLA BİR HİNT DESTANININ ANALİZİ

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 112 - 151, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.61134/audodilder.1683819

Abstract

Joseph Campbell (1904–1987), mitoloji, dinler tarihi ve karşılaştırmalı edebiyat alanlarında çalışan Amerikalı bir akademisyen ve yazardır. 1949 yılında yayımladığı The Hero with a Thousand Faces adlı eserinde ortaya koyduğu Monomit (Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu) kuramıyla, farklı kültürlerin mitolojilerinde ortak bir yapısal döngü bulunduğunu ileri sürmüş; bu döngünün insan psikolojisiyle yakından ilişkili olduğunu savunmuştur. Campbell, kahramanlık anlatılarının “Yola Çıkış”, “Erginlenme” ve “Dönüş” olmak üzere üç temel aşama ile bu aşamalara bağlı motifler üzerinden şekillendiğini öne sürmüştür.
Bu çalışma, Hint kültürünün temel metinlerinden biri olan Rāmāyaṇa destanını Joseph Campbell’ın Monomit kuramı çerçevesinde analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Kuramsal çerçevede Campbell’ın öne sürdüğü on yedi anlatı motifi esas alınarak, Rāma’nın sürgünle başlayan, sınavlarla biçimlenen ve tanrısal bir düzlemde tamamlanan kahramanlık yolculuğu sistematik olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Kuramın sunduğu on yedi motif, Rāmāyaṇa’daki anlatılarla karşılaştırılmış ve bu motifler üzerinden metinle ilgili yapısal ve tematik bir çözümleme yöntemi izlenmiştir.
Çalışmada, Vālmīki’ye atfedilen Rāmāyaṇa’nın İngilizce çevirisi kaynak metin olarak incelenmiştir. Yaklaşık MÖ 6. yüzyıldan itibaren oluşmaya başladığı düşünülen bu destan, yüzyıllar boyunca farklı bölgelerde, çeşitli dillerde, toplumsal ve dinsel bağlamlarda yeniden yazılmış, yorumlanmış ve zenginleşmiştir. Bu çok katmanlı yapısı nedeniyle Rāmāyaṇa’nın, yalnızca edebi değil, modern kuramsal yaklaşımlar doğrultusunda aynı zamanda dini, kültürel ve politik eleştirel okumalar için de verimli bir zemin sunduğu görülmüştür.
Yapılan analiz, Rāmāyaṇa'nın Campbell’ın Monomit kuramıyla büyük ölçüde örtüştüğünü, ancak bazı motiflerin kültürel bağlama özgü biçimlerde yorumlanmaya açık olduğunu göstermiştir.

References

  • Campbell, J. (2004). The hero with a thousand faces (Commemorative ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu (S. Gürses, Çev., 2. Basım). Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). The hero with a thousand faces (Electronic Ed.). Joseph Campbell Foundation.
  • Goldman, R. P. (1984). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India (Vol. 1). Princeton University Press.
  • Campbell, J. (2004). The hero with a thousand faces (Commemorative ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Campbell, J. (2010). Kahramanın Sonsuz Yolculuğu (S. Gürses, Çev., 2. Basım). Kabalcı Yayınları.
  • Campbell, J. (2020). The hero with a thousand faces (Electronic Ed.). Joseph Campbell Foundation.
  • Goldman, R. P. (1984). The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India (Vol. 1). Princeton University Press.
  • Griffith, R. T. (2024, 12 21). The Rig Veda. Sacred Texts: https://sacred-texts.com/hin/rvsan/rv01164.htm
  • Hanney, R. (2024). One myth to rule them all and in the darkness bind them: a critical examination of Joseph Campbell's The Hero's Journey. Media Practice and Education, 25(2), DOI: 10.1080/25741136.2024.2333649, 113-122.
  • Jung, C. G. (1980). The archetypes and the collective unconscious (R. F. C. Hull, Trans.; 2nd ed.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Murdock, M. (1990). The heroine's journey: Woman’s quest for wholeness. Shambhala Publications.
  • Nicholson, S. (2015). The Problem of Woman as Hero in the Work of Joseph Campbell. Feminist Theology 19(2), DOI: 10.1177/0966735010384331. Sage Publications, 182–193.
  • Pearson, C., & Pope, K. (1981). The Female Hero in American and British Literature. New York: R. R. Bowker Company.
  • Rāmayana. (2012). (Çev: Can, D. H., & Belen Özcan, A.). Dost Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Rāmāyaṇa. (2002). (Çev. Kaya, K.). İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • Richman, P. (1991). Many Rāmāyanas: The Diversity of a Narrative Tradition in South Asia. University of California Press.
  • Richman, P. (2000). Questioning Ramayanas A South Asian Tradition. Oxford University Press.
  • Rigveda. (2014). (Çev. Kaya, K.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Ross, S. L. (2019). The Integration of Transformation: Extending Campbell’s Monomyth . Heroism Science: 4(2), Article 7, DOI: 10.26736/hs.2019.02.07, 1- 29.
  • Seager, S. (2015, 07 2). Beyond the Hero’s Journey: Four innovative models for digital story design. 17.04.2025 tarihinde steveseager.com: https://www.steveseager.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Beyond-the-Hero’s-Journey-Four-innovative-models-for-digital-story-design-download.pdf.
  • Segal, R. A. (1987). Joseph Campbell: An Introduction. Garland Publishing.
  • Tharuvana, A. (2021). Living Ramayanas: Exploring the Plurality of the Epic in Wayanad and the World. Eka.
  • The Valmiki Rāmayana (Vols. I-III). (2017). (Çev. Debroy, B.). Penguin Books.
  • Thiel-Horstmann, M. (1991). Rāmāyaṇa and Rāmāyaṇas. Otto Harrassowitz.
  • Winternitz, M. (1927). A History of Indian Literature. University of Calcutta.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Indian Language, Literature and Culture
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Küçükler 0000-0003-0861-5256

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date April 25, 2025
Acceptance Date May 1, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Küçükler, A. (2025). RĀMĀYAṆA’DA KAHRAMANIN YOLCULUĞU: CAMPBELL’IN MONOMİT KURAMIYLA BİR HİNT DESTANININ ANALİZİ. Doğu Dilleri Dergisi, 10(2), 112-151. https://doi.org/10.61134/audodilder.1683819