Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 172 - 203, 30.06.2025
Abstract
Despite numerous socio-political events and natural disasters throughout Chinese history, population growth has continued to rise rapidly. As a result, official population policies have been developed to manage this growth. During the Mao era, the population was regarded as a driving force for development and production, and policies promoting population growth were implemented. However, following the Great Famine, birth control policies began to be adopted. After Mao’s death, Deng Xiaoping came to power and introduced the one-child policy in 1980, initiating a strict and compulsory population control process.This study examines the population policies implemented during the People's Republic of China from a historical perspective, analyzing the One-Child, Two-Child, and Three-Child Policies chronologically, starting from the Mao era. Additionally, the study focuses not only on the demographic impacts of these policies but also on their effects on gender balance, the aging population, rural-urban inequalities, and the social security system. In this context, the article aims to reveal the historical evolution of China’s population policies and analyze their outcomes.
References
- Baum, R. (1994). Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton University Press.
- Central People's Government of the People’s Republic of China. (2018, February 28). 2017 Yılı Ekonomik ve Sosyal Gelişim Raporu. (05. 23. 2025). https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-02/28/content_5269506.htm Central People's Government of the People’s Republic of China. (2021, July 20). (05. 23. 2025) from https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-07/20/content_5626190.htm
- Chen, H., & Wei, T. (2022). “Association Of China’s Two-Child Policy With Changes in Number Of Births and Birth Defects Rate, 2008–2017”, BMC Public Health, 22/1, 1–11.
- China Family Planning Association. (2008). Report on the Progress of Work and Suggestions for the Future. General Office of the State Council, Beijing.
- China Family Planning Association. (2009). The human rights protection situation for population and family planning in China, CFPA-UPR, Beijing.
- China Unfpa. (2018). The Economic Miracles and Demographic Dividend in China. Beijing: China Development and Research Center. https://china.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/china_dd_study_abstract-en.pdf
- Cooke, F. L. (2017). “The Two-child Policy in China: A Blessing or a Curse for the Employment of Female University Graduates?” In Employment relations and labour markets in China (pp. 227–246). Manchester University Press.
- Doyle, A. (2007, December 8). China Says One-child Policy Helps Protect Climate. Reuters. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/china-says-one-child-policy-helps-protect-climate-idUSKUA077240/
- Gale, J. (1994). “Effects of Institutions and Policies on Rural Population Growth With Application to China”, Population and Development Review, 20/3, 503–531.
- General Office of the State Council. (2009). China Population and Development Report. Beijing: Department of Social, Sciences and Technology Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics.
- Goeking, K. (2025). “China’s One-child Policy: Population Control and Its Unintended Consequences”, Newcomb College Institute, 82–94.
- Howden, D., ve Zhou, Y. (2015). Why did China’s Population Grow so Quickly? Munich Personal Repec Archive. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/xxxxx/
- James, K.-S. K., ve Lin, J. Y. (2003). “The Causes of China’s Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51/2, 327–348.
- Jiang, Q., Li, S., & Feldman, M. (2013). “China’s Population Policy at the Crossroads: Social Impacts and Prospects”, Asian Journal of Social Science, 41/4, 465–484.
- Jowett, A. J. (1984). “The Growth of China's Population, 1949–1982”, The Geographical Journal, 150/1, 28–42. Keser, D. (2015). Çin Bülteni. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Li, X. (2012). “China’s One-Child Policy and Implementation”, Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 12/1, 23–38. Ma, B. (1983). The National Conference of Propaganda Work on Family Planning held Beijing. Ren kou yan jiu= Renkou yanjiu, (1), 5-7.
- Mao, X. (1997). “China's Misconception of Eugenics. Nature”, 387/6629), 116.
- National Bureau of Statistics of China. (1999). Statistical Yearbook on Environment 1999. (5. 23. 2025) https://www.stats.gov.cn/zt_18555/ztsj/hjtjzl/1999/202303/t20230302_1923328.html
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2015, June 1). (05.23. 2025) https://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/flfg/201606/1c0ac828bce44560bd2389cba203663b.shtml
- Ni, J. (2024). “The aging population in China”, Highlights in Business, Economics and Management, 5/1, 1–8.
- Nutrition Country Profile. (1999). China 1999, Food and Agrıculture Organızatıon, Rome: People’s Republic of China. (2002). Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China. (05. 25. 2025) https://law.pkulaw.com/falv/252f7ce51132230bbdfb.html
- Pu, G. (2015). Çağdaş Çin'in Mimarı Deng Xiaoping, Canut Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Salvador, R. R. (2023). “An Unexpected Bird in Honkai: Star Rail and China’s War on Sparrows”, Journal of Geek Studies, 10(1), 49–57.
- Scharping, T. (2003). Birth Control in China 1949–2000: Population Policy and Demographic Development, Routledge, Londra.
- Sezen, S. (2011). “Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nde Toprak Yönetimi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 66/2, 103–124. State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). (05. 23, 2025) http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfb/gwyxwbgsxwfbh/wqfbh_2284/2015n_9477/2015n11y10r/
- Steinfeld, J. (2018). “China’s Deadly Science Lesson”, Index on Censorship, 47/4, 49–51.
- Tang, J., & Ying, T. (2015). Çin Ansiklopedisi, Çin Uluslararası Radyosu Yayınları, Hong Kong.
- Tb İnternet. (2008). Report of the China Family Planning Association on the progress of its work and suggestions for future work. Beijing: 国务院办公厅文件 General Office of the State Council. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/DownloadDraft.aspx?key=6xWKModG9I5i6k/Vch3B8PaK0kKftm5Cj7Ey3oX3qEAcv2wNm6bVtP0OcHllc86u
- The Communist Party of China. (2010). 1955 Yılı Bildirisi. (05. 25. 2025) http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64164/4416033.html
- UNICEF. (2018). Population demographics atlas 2018. (04. 20. 2025) https://www.unicef.cn/sites/unicef.org.china/files/2019-06/01EN-Population%20demographics%20Atlas%202018.pdf
- United Nations. (2010). Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Status With the Economic and Social Council Pursuant to Council Resolution 1996/31: Adoption of the Quadrennial Report of the Secretary-General for the Period 2005-2008. United Nations, New York.
- Vogel, E. (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, USA.
- Wang, F., Gu, B., ve Cai, Y. (2016). “The end of China’s One-child Policy”, Studies in Family Planning, 47/1, 83–86.
- Whyte, M. K. (2019). “China’s One-child Policy”, Childhood Studies, 3/2, 8–10.
- Yağcı, M., & Bakır, C. (2019). Çin Bilmecesi. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Yalın, T., & Çetinbakış, M. (2019). “Uyuyan Dev Çin’in Yapısal ve Ekonomik Dönüşüm Süreci”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17/3, 123–145.
- Yu, C. (1979). The Population Policy of China. Population Studies, 33/1, 1–16.
- Zeldin, W. (1998). China: Early Marriage and de Facto Marriage. Law Library of Congress. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from https://www.loc.gov/law/help/early-marriage/china.php
- Zhang, J. (2017). “The Evolution of China’s One-child Policy and its Effects on Family Outcomes”. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31/1, 141–160.
- Zhang, Y. (2006). "To Achieve the Goals of China's 11th Five-Year Plan Through Reforms”, Development Research Center of the State Council.
- Zhu, Z. (2023). The Evolution of China’s Policy for Family Planning. In Proceedings of ICDEBA 2023. Burnaby: International Conference on Development and Business Analysis.
Year 2025,
Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 172 - 203, 30.06.2025
Abstract
Çin’de tarih boyunca meydana gelen birçok sosyal-siyasi olaylara ve doğal afetlere rağmen, nüfus artışı tarih boyunca hızla artmaya devam etmiştir. Bu sebeple nüfus artışına yönelik resmî nüfus politikaları geliştirilmiştir. Mao döneminde nüfus, bir kalkınma ve üretim gücü olarak değerlendirilmiş; nüfus artışını teşvik eden politikalar uygulanmıştır. Ancak yaşanan Büyük Kıtlık sonrasında, doğum kontrol politikaları benimsenmeye başlanmıştır. Mao’nun ölümünün ardından yönetime gelen Deng Xiaoping ise, 1980 yılında tek çocuk politikasını yürürlüğe koyarak katı ve zorunlu bir nüfus politikası süreci başlatmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti döneminde uygulanmış olan nüfus politikaları tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alınmakta; Mao döneminden başlayarak Tek Çocuk, İki Çocuk ve Üç Çocuk Politikaları kronolojik olarak incelenmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca bu politikaların yalnızca demografik yapıya değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal cinsiyet dengesi, yaşlı nüfusun artışı, kırsal-kentsel eşitsizlikler ve sosyal güvenlik sistemi üzerindeki etkilerine de odaklanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda makale, Çin’in nüfus politikalarının tarihsel evrimini ortaya koyarken, bu politikaların sonuçlarını analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.
References
- Baum, R. (1994). Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping. Princeton University Press.
- Central People's Government of the People’s Republic of China. (2018, February 28). 2017 Yılı Ekonomik ve Sosyal Gelişim Raporu. (05. 23. 2025). https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2018-02/28/content_5269506.htm Central People's Government of the People’s Republic of China. (2021, July 20). (05. 23. 2025) from https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-07/20/content_5626190.htm
- Chen, H., & Wei, T. (2022). “Association Of China’s Two-Child Policy With Changes in Number Of Births and Birth Defects Rate, 2008–2017”, BMC Public Health, 22/1, 1–11.
- China Family Planning Association. (2008). Report on the Progress of Work and Suggestions for the Future. General Office of the State Council, Beijing.
- China Family Planning Association. (2009). The human rights protection situation for population and family planning in China, CFPA-UPR, Beijing.
- China Unfpa. (2018). The Economic Miracles and Demographic Dividend in China. Beijing: China Development and Research Center. https://china.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/china_dd_study_abstract-en.pdf
- Cooke, F. L. (2017). “The Two-child Policy in China: A Blessing or a Curse for the Employment of Female University Graduates?” In Employment relations and labour markets in China (pp. 227–246). Manchester University Press.
- Doyle, A. (2007, December 8). China Says One-child Policy Helps Protect Climate. Reuters. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/china-says-one-child-policy-helps-protect-climate-idUSKUA077240/
- Gale, J. (1994). “Effects of Institutions and Policies on Rural Population Growth With Application to China”, Population and Development Review, 20/3, 503–531.
- General Office of the State Council. (2009). China Population and Development Report. Beijing: Department of Social, Sciences and Technology Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics.
- Goeking, K. (2025). “China’s One-child Policy: Population Control and Its Unintended Consequences”, Newcomb College Institute, 82–94.
- Howden, D., ve Zhou, Y. (2015). Why did China’s Population Grow so Quickly? Munich Personal Repec Archive. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/xxxxx/
- James, K.-S. K., ve Lin, J. Y. (2003). “The Causes of China’s Great Leap Famine, 1959–1961”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 51/2, 327–348.
- Jiang, Q., Li, S., & Feldman, M. (2013). “China’s Population Policy at the Crossroads: Social Impacts and Prospects”, Asian Journal of Social Science, 41/4, 465–484.
- Jowett, A. J. (1984). “The Growth of China's Population, 1949–1982”, The Geographical Journal, 150/1, 28–42. Keser, D. (2015). Çin Bülteni. Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Li, X. (2012). “China’s One-Child Policy and Implementation”, Asia-Pacific Social Science Review, 12/1, 23–38. Ma, B. (1983). The National Conference of Propaganda Work on Family Planning held Beijing. Ren kou yan jiu= Renkou yanjiu, (1), 5-7.
- Mao, X. (1997). “China's Misconception of Eugenics. Nature”, 387/6629), 116.
- National Bureau of Statistics of China. (1999). Statistical Yearbook on Environment 1999. (5. 23. 2025) https://www.stats.gov.cn/zt_18555/ztsj/hjtjzl/1999/202303/t20230302_1923328.html
- National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2015, June 1). (05.23. 2025) https://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/flfg/201606/1c0ac828bce44560bd2389cba203663b.shtml
- Ni, J. (2024). “The aging population in China”, Highlights in Business, Economics and Management, 5/1, 1–8.
- Nutrition Country Profile. (1999). China 1999, Food and Agrıculture Organızatıon, Rome: People’s Republic of China. (2002). Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China. (05. 25. 2025) https://law.pkulaw.com/falv/252f7ce51132230bbdfb.html
- Pu, G. (2015). Çağdaş Çin'in Mimarı Deng Xiaoping, Canut Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Salvador, R. R. (2023). “An Unexpected Bird in Honkai: Star Rail and China’s War on Sparrows”, Journal of Geek Studies, 10(1), 49–57.
- Scharping, T. (2003). Birth Control in China 1949–2000: Population Policy and Demographic Development, Routledge, Londra.
- Sezen, S. (2011). “Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nde Toprak Yönetimi”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 66/2, 103–124. State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2015). (05. 23, 2025) http://www.scio.gov.cn/xwfb/gwyxwbgsxwfbh/wqfbh_2284/2015n_9477/2015n11y10r/
- Steinfeld, J. (2018). “China’s Deadly Science Lesson”, Index on Censorship, 47/4, 49–51.
- Tang, J., & Ying, T. (2015). Çin Ansiklopedisi, Çin Uluslararası Radyosu Yayınları, Hong Kong.
- Tb İnternet. (2008). Report of the China Family Planning Association on the progress of its work and suggestions for future work. Beijing: 国务院办公厅文件 General Office of the State Council. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/DownloadDraft.aspx?key=6xWKModG9I5i6k/Vch3B8PaK0kKftm5Cj7Ey3oX3qEAcv2wNm6bVtP0OcHllc86u
- The Communist Party of China. (2010). 1955 Yılı Bildirisi. (05. 25. 2025) http://cpc.people.com.cn/GB/64162/64164/4416033.html
- UNICEF. (2018). Population demographics atlas 2018. (04. 20. 2025) https://www.unicef.cn/sites/unicef.org.china/files/2019-06/01EN-Population%20demographics%20Atlas%202018.pdf
- United Nations. (2010). Non-Governmental Organizations in Consultative Status With the Economic and Social Council Pursuant to Council Resolution 1996/31: Adoption of the Quadrennial Report of the Secretary-General for the Period 2005-2008. United Nations, New York.
- Vogel, E. (2011). Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, USA.
- Wang, F., Gu, B., ve Cai, Y. (2016). “The end of China’s One-child Policy”, Studies in Family Planning, 47/1, 83–86.
- Whyte, M. K. (2019). “China’s One-child Policy”, Childhood Studies, 3/2, 8–10.
- Yağcı, M., & Bakır, C. (2019). Çin Bilmecesi. Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Yalın, T., & Çetinbakış, M. (2019). “Uyuyan Dev Çin’in Yapısal ve Ekonomik Dönüşüm Süreci”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 17/3, 123–145.
- Yu, C. (1979). The Population Policy of China. Population Studies, 33/1, 1–16.
- Zeldin, W. (1998). China: Early Marriage and de Facto Marriage. Law Library of Congress. Retrieved May 23, 2025, from https://www.loc.gov/law/help/early-marriage/china.php
- Zhang, J. (2017). “The Evolution of China’s One-child Policy and its Effects on Family Outcomes”. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31/1, 141–160.
- Zhang, Y. (2006). "To Achieve the Goals of China's 11th Five-Year Plan Through Reforms”, Development Research Center of the State Council.
- Zhu, Z. (2023). The Evolution of China’s Policy for Family Planning. In Proceedings of ICDEBA 2023. Burnaby: International Conference on Development and Business Analysis.
There are 41 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Chinese Language, Literature and Culture |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Submission Date | June 25, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | June 30, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 |
