Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Sürdürülebilir Güneş Enerji Kullanımının Enerji Politikaları Bağlamında Karşılaştırılması: Türkiye ve Almanya Örneği

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 20 - 32

Ferat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1612024

Abstract

Enerji tüketim miktarı, ülkelerin teknolojik ve ekonomik yönden gelişmişlik seviyesini gösteren önemli ölçütlerden biridir. Artan enerji gereksinimini karşılamak amacıyla fosil yakıtlara alternatif ve sürdürülebilir nitelikteki yenilenebilir enerjiye yönelim artmaktadır. Ülkeler olası bir enerji krizinin etkilerinden korunmak için güvenli, çevre dostu ve sürdürülebilir enerji kaynağı olan güneş enerji santrallerine yönelmektedir.
Enerji ithaline bağlı olan Türkiye’nin, yenilenebilir enerji kaynak potansiyeli her geçen gün daha önem kazanmaktadır. Güneş enerji santral yapımına yönelik yatırımdan elde edilecek üretim ve güneşlenme gün sayısı baz alındığında Türkiye’nin, Almanya’dan iki kat daha fazla yatırım yapılabilirlik seviyesine sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Bu çalışma; Türkiye ve Almanya’nın fotovoltaik (PV) santrallerine verdikleri desteği, enerji politikaları alanında karşılaştırmalı bir şekilde analiz etmektedir. Almanya ortaya koyduğu vizyon doğrultusunda enerji çeşitlemesine giderek dışa bağımlılığını azaltma hedefi ortaya koymaktadır. Türkiye ile Almanya arasında güneş enerji üretimine yönelik; enerji alım fiyatı, alım garantisi, enerji politikaları, finansman bulma, teşvikler, ekonomik gelişmişlik, yasal düzenlemeler ve maliyet gibi farklılıklarla güneş enerjisinden yararlanma miktarları arasındaki ayrımın oluştuğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu verilerle Türkiye’nin PV santralleri üretimine yönelik enerji politikaları alanında eksikliklerinin neler olduğunun tespitiyle literatüre bu alanda destek olunmaya çalışılmıştır.

Keywords

Enerji Yenilenebilir Enerji Güneş Enerji Santrali Fotovoltaik Türkiye-Almanya

References

  • Akdemir, S. D. (2021). Opportunities and barriers for the application of solar heat for industrial processes technologies to Turkish industrial parks (Master's thesis). Middle East Technical University.
  • Cebeci, S. (2017). Türkiye’de güneş enerjisinden elektrik üretim potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi (Uzmanlık Tezi, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, İktisadi Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: 2977).
  • Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). Governor Fatih Karahan PhD’s speech at the briefing on inflation report. Retrieved from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/en/tcmb+en/main+menu/announcements/remarks +by+governor/2024/speechg08_11_2024 (Accessed on November 19, 2024).
  • Çelik, O., Yılmaz, S. E., Yıldızhan, H., & Ameen, A. (2023). Consumer purchasing behavior and its organizational evaluation toward solar water heating system. Energy Reports, 10, 1589-1601.
  • Deutsche Bundesbank Eurosystem. (2024). Central bank interest rate. Retrieved from https://www.bundesbank.de/en/statistics/money-and-capital-markets/interest-rates-and-yields/central-bank-interest-rates/central-bank-interest-rates-793456 (Accessed on November 19, 2024).
  • Edo, G. I. (2023). The German energy system: Analysis of past, present, and future developments. Advanced Energy Conversion Materials, 4(1), 18-28.
  • Enerdata. (2025). Germany’s power generation fell by 4% I 2024, 59% came from renewables, Available online: https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/germanys-power-generation-fell-4-2024-59-came-renewables.html# :~:text=Transport-,Germany’s%20power%20generation%20fell%20by%204,2024%2C%2059%25%20came%20from%20 renewables&text=According%20to%20preliminary%20data%20from,4%25%20decrease%20compared%20to%202023. (accessed on 20 February 2025).
  • European Commission. (2016). Clean energy for all Europeans. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-strategy/clean-energy-all-europeans_en (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Commission (2019). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions- The European Green Deal 2019 Report, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2020). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2020 Report, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2022). REPowerEU affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe, Available online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en (accessed on 2 March 2025).
  • European Commission (2024). “The European Green Deal”, Available online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (accessed on 2 March 2025).
  • European Council. (2001). Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32001L0077&from=EN (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Council. (2003). Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003L0030&rid=10 (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Council. (2009). Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028&rid=8 (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Council. (2023). Directive 2023/2413 of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 October 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/652. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023L2413 (Accessed on September 5, 2024).
  • Eurostat. (2023). EU overachieves 2020 renewable energy target. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220119-1 (Accessed on August 26, 2024).
  • Federal Statistical Office Germany. (2022). Data from the municipal directory cities and districts by area, population, and population density. Retrieved from https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/04-kreise.html (Accessed on May 23, 2023).
  • Fina, B., Fleischacker, A., Auer, H., & Lettner, G. (2018). Economic assessment and business models of rooftop photovoltaic systems in multiapartment buildings: Case studies for Austria and Germany. Journal of Renewable Energy, 1-16.
  • Fraunhofer. (2025). Public Electricity Generation 2024, Available online: https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/press-releases/2025/public-electricity-generation-2024-renewable-energies-cover-more-than-60-percent-of-german-electricity-consumption-for-the-first-time.html#:~:text=As%20in%202023%2C%20photovoltaic%20expansion,by%20the%20 end%20of%202024. (Accessed on 26 February 2024).
  • Frentzou, M. G. (2024). Turkey’s path towards energy transition (Master's thesis). University of Piraeus, Department of International & European Studies, MSc in Energy: Strategy, Law, and Economics.
  • Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bzialian, M. D., Wagner, N., & Gorini, R. (2019). The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 38-50.
  • Hafner, M., & Raimondi, P. P. (2022). Energy and the economy in Europe. In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics (pp. 731-761). Springer: International Publishing.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2011). Renewable energy technologies: Solar energy perspectives. Paris: Cedex.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). World energy employment 2023. Paris: Cedex.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). Available online: https://www.iea.org/countries/turkiye/energy-mix (Accessed on 26 February 2024).
  • Intersolar Europe. (2022). Solar energy in Germany takes center stage. Retrieved from https://www.intersolar.de/news/solar-energy-in-germany-takes-center-stage (Accessed on May 23, 2023).
  • Jones, D., Graham, E., & Turnbridge, P. (2020). Wind and solar now generate one-tenth of global electricity: Global half-year electricity analysis. Ember. London.
  • Kat, B. (2023). Clean energy transition in the Turkish power sector: A techno-economic analysis with a high-resolution power expansion model. Utilities Policy, 82, 1-14.
  • Kraschewski, T., Brauner, T., Heumann, M., & Breitner, M. H. (2023). Disentangle the price dispersion of residential solar photovoltaic systems: Evidence from Germany. Energy Economics, 121, 1-8.
  • Lazard. (2021). Levelized cost of energy. Retrieved from https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/ (Accessed on November 5, 2022)
  • Nakamura, T., Maruyama, A., Masuda, S., & Lloyd, S. (2024). The impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on Germany’s energy choice attitudes among residents in German states with nuclear power plants in commission or decommissioned. Sustainability 2024, 16(1999). 1-31.
  • Official Gazette. (2007). Enerji Verimliliği Kanunu, Kanun No. 5627. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/05/20070502-2.htm (Accessed on August 28, 2023)
  • Official Gazette. (2016). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından elektrik enerjisi üreten tesislerde kullanılan yerli aksamın desteklenmesi hakkında yönetmelik, Sayı: 29752. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/06/20160624-1.htm (Accessed on May 14, 2024)
  • PwC. (2024). Solar energy industry in the world and in Türkiye. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com.tr/solar-energy-industry-in-the-world-and-in-turkiye (Accessed on November 15, 2024)
  • Qadir, S. A., Al-Motairi, H., Tahir, F., & Al-Fagih, L. (2021). Incentives and strategies for financing the renewable energy transition: A review. Energy Reports, 7, 3590–3606.
  • Renn, O., & Marshall, J. P. (2016). Coal, nuclear and renewable energy policies in Germany: From the 1950s to the “Energiewende”. Energy Policy, 99, 224-232.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2021). YEKA Model. Retrieved from https://enerji.gov.eng/eigm-renewable-energy-production-yekamodel (Accessed on August 23, 2023)
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2024). Electricity. Retrieved from https://enerji.gov.tr/infobank-energy-electricity (Accessed on March 21, 2024)
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2024). Solar. Retrieved from https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-gunes-en (Accessed on October 28, 2024)
  • Sayigh, A. (2012). Comprehensive renewable energy. Elsevier Ltd. Amsterdam.
  • Schischke, A., Papenfuß, P., Brem, M., Kurz, P., & Rathgeber, A. (2023). Sustainable energy transition and its demand for scarce resources: Insights into the German Energiewende through a new risk assessment framework. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 176, 1-15.
  • Solar3GW. (2024). Türkiye güneş enerjisi sektöründe istihdam. Retrieved from https://www.solar3gw.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Solar3GW-Istihdam-Raporu_Final_120624-sikistirilmis-3.pdf (Accessed on October 17, 2024)
  • Statista. (2024). Number of renewable energy sector employees in Türkiye in 2002. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/893602/renewable-energy-employment-numbers-turkey/#statisticContainer (Accessed on October 17, 2024)
  • S&P Global. (2020). What is energy transition? S&P Global. Retrieved from https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/market-insights/what-is-energy-transition (Accessed on August 20, 2024)
  • Şencan, D. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerjide Türkiye’nin dünyadaki rolü ve uygulanan teşviklerin değerlendirilmesi. Ömer Halis Özdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 693-709.
  • Telli, A., Erat, S. & Demir, B. (2021). Comparison of energy transition of Turkey and Germany: energy policy, strengths/weaknesses and targets. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 23, 413–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01950-8.
  • Tsagas, I. (2019). Mega projects, mega problems. PV Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/03/29/mega-projects-mega-problems/ (Accessed on August 24, 2023)
  • The World Bank Group & Solargis. (2019). Global Solar Atlas. Retrieved from http://global.solaratlas.info (Accessed on August 21, 2023)
  • TSKB. (2024). Aylık Enerji Bülteni, Available online: https://www.tskb.com.tr/uploads/file/enerji-bulteni-agustos-20240905.pdf (accessed on 22 February 2024)
  • Wirth, H. (2021). Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany. Fraunhofer ISE. Freiburg.
  • Wirth, H. (2024). Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany. Fraunhofer ISE. Freiburg.
  • World Economic Forum. (2023). Fostering effective energy transition 2023 edition insight report. Geneva.
  • Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi Amaçlı Kullanımına İlişkin Kanun (5346 Kanun No.) (2005). Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5346.pdf (Accessed on August 30, 2024)
  • Zackariat, M., Hartz K., Huneke, F. (2025). The energy transition in Germany: state of play 2024, review of key developments and outlook for 2025. Berlin: Agora Energiewende.
  • Zielinski, M., Fletcher, J., Ewen, M., Fulghum, N., & Turnbridge, P. (2022). Global electricity review. Ember. London.

Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 20 - 32

Ferat Kaya

https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1612024

Abstract

The amount of energy consumption is one of the main criteria for technological and economic advancement in countries. In order to meet the increasing energy need, there is an increasing tendency towards renewable energy, which is an alternative to fossil fuels and sustainable. Countries are turning to solar power plants, which are safe, environmentally friendly, and sustainable energy sources, to protect themselves from the effects of a possible energy crisis.
Türkiye, which is dependent on energy imports, is increasingly recognizing the importance of its renewable energy resource potential. Based on the generation obtained from investments in solar power plant construction and the number of sunshine days, it is observed that Türkiye has a twofold higher investment viability level compared to Germany. This study comparatively analyzes the support provided by Türkiye and Germany for photovoltaic (PV) plants, focusing on energy policies. Germany aims to reduce its dependence on imports by diversifying its energy sources in accordance with its articulated vision. The study concludes that distinctions have emerged between Türkiye and Germany in terms of solar energy generation, influenced by factors such as energy purchase prices, purchase guarantees, energy policies, access to financing, incentives, economic development, legal regulations, and costs. Utilizing these data, the study seeks to identify the shortcomings of Türkiye’s energy policies related to the generation of PV plants, thereby contributing to the existing literature in this field.

Keywords

Energy Renewable Energy Solar Power Plant Photovoltaic Türkiye-Germany

References

  • Akdemir, S. D. (2021). Opportunities and barriers for the application of solar heat for industrial processes technologies to Turkish industrial parks (Master's thesis). Middle East Technical University.
  • Cebeci, S. (2017). Türkiye’de güneş enerjisinden elektrik üretim potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi (Uzmanlık Tezi, T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, İktisadi Sektörler ve Koordinasyon Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: 2977).
  • Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye. (2024). Governor Fatih Karahan PhD’s speech at the briefing on inflation report. Retrieved from https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/en/tcmb+en/main+menu/announcements/remarks +by+governor/2024/speechg08_11_2024 (Accessed on November 19, 2024).
  • Çelik, O., Yılmaz, S. E., Yıldızhan, H., & Ameen, A. (2023). Consumer purchasing behavior and its organizational evaluation toward solar water heating system. Energy Reports, 10, 1589-1601.
  • Deutsche Bundesbank Eurosystem. (2024). Central bank interest rate. Retrieved from https://www.bundesbank.de/en/statistics/money-and-capital-markets/interest-rates-and-yields/central-bank-interest-rates/central-bank-interest-rates-793456 (Accessed on November 19, 2024).
  • Edo, G. I. (2023). The German energy system: Analysis of past, present, and future developments. Advanced Energy Conversion Materials, 4(1), 18-28.
  • Enerdata. (2025). Germany’s power generation fell by 4% I 2024, 59% came from renewables, Available online: https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/germanys-power-generation-fell-4-2024-59-came-renewables.html# :~:text=Transport-,Germany’s%20power%20generation%20fell%20by%204,2024%2C%2059%25%20came%20from%20 renewables&text=According%20to%20preliminary%20data%20from,4%25%20decrease%20compared%20to%202023. (accessed on 20 February 2025).
  • European Commission. (2016). Clean energy for all Europeans. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/energy/topics/energy-strategy/clean-energy-all-europeans_en (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Commission (2019). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The European Council, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and The Committee of the Regions- The European Green Deal 2019 Report, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2020). Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2020 Report, Brussels.
  • European Commission (2022). REPowerEU affordable, secure and sustainable energy for Europe, Available online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal/repowereu-affordable-secure-and-sustainable-energy-europe_en (accessed on 2 March 2025).
  • European Commission (2024). “The European Green Deal”, Available online: https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en (accessed on 2 March 2025).
  • European Council. (2001). Directive 2001/77/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable energy sources in the internal electricity market. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32001L0077&from=EN (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Council. (2003). Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003L0030&rid=10 (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Council. (2009). Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028&rid=8 (Accessed on August 27, 2023).
  • European Council. (2023). Directive 2023/2413 of the European Parliament and the Council of 18 October 2023 amending Directive (EU) 2018/2001, Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 and Directive 98/70/EC as regards the promotion of energy from renewable sources, and repealing Council Directive (EU) 2015/652. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32023L2413 (Accessed on September 5, 2024).
  • Eurostat. (2023). EU overachieves 2020 renewable energy target. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/ddn-20220119-1 (Accessed on August 26, 2024).
  • Federal Statistical Office Germany. (2022). Data from the municipal directory cities and districts by area, population, and population density. Retrieved from https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/04-kreise.html (Accessed on May 23, 2023).
  • Fina, B., Fleischacker, A., Auer, H., & Lettner, G. (2018). Economic assessment and business models of rooftop photovoltaic systems in multiapartment buildings: Case studies for Austria and Germany. Journal of Renewable Energy, 1-16.
  • Fraunhofer. (2025). Public Electricity Generation 2024, Available online: https://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/press-media/press-releases/2025/public-electricity-generation-2024-renewable-energies-cover-more-than-60-percent-of-german-electricity-consumption-for-the-first-time.html#:~:text=As%20in%202023%2C%20photovoltaic%20expansion,by%20the%20 end%20of%202024. (Accessed on 26 February 2024).
  • Frentzou, M. G. (2024). Turkey’s path towards energy transition (Master's thesis). University of Piraeus, Department of International & European Studies, MSc in Energy: Strategy, Law, and Economics.
  • Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bzialian, M. D., Wagner, N., & Gorini, R. (2019). The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energy Strategy Reviews, 24, 38-50.
  • Hafner, M., & Raimondi, P. P. (2022). Energy and the economy in Europe. In The Palgrave Handbook of International Energy Economics (pp. 731-761). Springer: International Publishing.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2011). Renewable energy technologies: Solar energy perspectives. Paris: Cedex.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2023). World energy employment 2023. Paris: Cedex.
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2024). Available online: https://www.iea.org/countries/turkiye/energy-mix (Accessed on 26 February 2024).
  • Intersolar Europe. (2022). Solar energy in Germany takes center stage. Retrieved from https://www.intersolar.de/news/solar-energy-in-germany-takes-center-stage (Accessed on May 23, 2023).
  • Jones, D., Graham, E., & Turnbridge, P. (2020). Wind and solar now generate one-tenth of global electricity: Global half-year electricity analysis. Ember. London.
  • Kat, B. (2023). Clean energy transition in the Turkish power sector: A techno-economic analysis with a high-resolution power expansion model. Utilities Policy, 82, 1-14.
  • Kraschewski, T., Brauner, T., Heumann, M., & Breitner, M. H. (2023). Disentangle the price dispersion of residential solar photovoltaic systems: Evidence from Germany. Energy Economics, 121, 1-8.
  • Lazard. (2021). Levelized cost of energy. Retrieved from https://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/ (Accessed on November 5, 2022)
  • Nakamura, T., Maruyama, A., Masuda, S., & Lloyd, S. (2024). The impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on Germany’s energy choice attitudes among residents in German states with nuclear power plants in commission or decommissioned. Sustainability 2024, 16(1999). 1-31.
  • Official Gazette. (2007). Enerji Verimliliği Kanunu, Kanun No. 5627. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/05/20070502-2.htm (Accessed on August 28, 2023)
  • Official Gazette. (2016). Yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarından elektrik enerjisi üreten tesislerde kullanılan yerli aksamın desteklenmesi hakkında yönetmelik, Sayı: 29752. Retrieved from https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2016/06/20160624-1.htm (Accessed on May 14, 2024)
  • PwC. (2024). Solar energy industry in the world and in Türkiye. Retrieved from https://www.pwc.com.tr/solar-energy-industry-in-the-world-and-in-turkiye (Accessed on November 15, 2024)
  • Qadir, S. A., Al-Motairi, H., Tahir, F., & Al-Fagih, L. (2021). Incentives and strategies for financing the renewable energy transition: A review. Energy Reports, 7, 3590–3606.
  • Renn, O., & Marshall, J. P. (2016). Coal, nuclear and renewable energy policies in Germany: From the 1950s to the “Energiewende”. Energy Policy, 99, 224-232.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2021). YEKA Model. Retrieved from https://enerji.gov.eng/eigm-renewable-energy-production-yekamodel (Accessed on August 23, 2023)
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2024). Electricity. Retrieved from https://enerji.gov.tr/infobank-energy-electricity (Accessed on March 21, 2024)
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources. (2024). Solar. Retrieved from https://enerji.gov.tr/bilgi-merkezi-enerji-gunes-en (Accessed on October 28, 2024)
  • Sayigh, A. (2012). Comprehensive renewable energy. Elsevier Ltd. Amsterdam.
  • Schischke, A., Papenfuß, P., Brem, M., Kurz, P., & Rathgeber, A. (2023). Sustainable energy transition and its demand for scarce resources: Insights into the German Energiewende through a new risk assessment framework. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 176, 1-15.
  • Solar3GW. (2024). Türkiye güneş enerjisi sektöründe istihdam. Retrieved from https://www.solar3gw.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Solar3GW-Istihdam-Raporu_Final_120624-sikistirilmis-3.pdf (Accessed on October 17, 2024)
  • Statista. (2024). Number of renewable energy sector employees in Türkiye in 2002. Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/893602/renewable-energy-employment-numbers-turkey/#statisticContainer (Accessed on October 17, 2024)
  • S&P Global. (2020). What is energy transition? S&P Global. Retrieved from https://www.spglobal.com/en/research-insights/market-insights/what-is-energy-transition (Accessed on August 20, 2024)
  • Şencan, D. (2022). Yenilenebilir enerjide Türkiye’nin dünyadaki rolü ve uygulanan teşviklerin değerlendirilmesi. Ömer Halis Özdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(3), 693-709.
  • Telli, A., Erat, S. & Demir, B. (2021). Comparison of energy transition of Turkey and Germany: energy policy, strengths/weaknesses and targets. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 23, 413–427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-020-01950-8.
  • Tsagas, I. (2019). Mega projects, mega problems. PV Magazine. Retrieved from https://www.pv-magazine.com/2019/03/29/mega-projects-mega-problems/ (Accessed on August 24, 2023)
  • The World Bank Group & Solargis. (2019). Global Solar Atlas. Retrieved from http://global.solaratlas.info (Accessed on August 21, 2023)
  • TSKB. (2024). Aylık Enerji Bülteni, Available online: https://www.tskb.com.tr/uploads/file/enerji-bulteni-agustos-20240905.pdf (accessed on 22 February 2024)
  • Wirth, H. (2021). Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany. Fraunhofer ISE. Freiburg.
  • Wirth, H. (2024). Recent facts about photovoltaics in Germany. Fraunhofer ISE. Freiburg.
  • World Economic Forum. (2023). Fostering effective energy transition 2023 edition insight report. Geneva.
  • Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Elektrik Enerjisi Üretimi Amaçlı Kullanımına İlişkin Kanun (5346 Kanun No.) (2005). Retrieved from https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5346.pdf (Accessed on August 30, 2024)
  • Zackariat, M., Hartz K., Huneke, F. (2025). The energy transition in Germany: state of play 2024, review of key developments and outlook for 2025. Berlin: Agora Energiewende.
  • Zielinski, M., Fletcher, J., Ewen, M., Fulghum, N., & Turnbridge, P. (2022). Global electricity review. Ember. London.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ferat Kaya 0000-0003-3704-7251

Early Pub Date April 17, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date January 3, 2025
Acceptance Date March 11, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaya, F. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, 25(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1612024
AMA Kaya F. Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. April 2025;25(1):20-32. doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1612024
Chicago Kaya, Ferat. “Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 25, no. 1 (April 2025): 20-32. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1612024.
EndNote Kaya F (April 1, 2025) Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 25 1 20–32.
IEEE F. Kaya, “Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany”, Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 20–32, 2025, doi: 10.25294/auiibfd.1612024.
ISNAD Kaya, Ferat. “Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi 25/1 (April 2025), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.25294/auiibfd.1612024.
JAMA Kaya F. Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2025;25:20–32.
MLA Kaya, Ferat. “Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany”. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi, vol. 25, no. 1, 2025, pp. 20-32, doi:10.25294/auiibfd.1612024.
Vancouver Kaya F. Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Solar Energy Use in the Context of Energy Policies: The Cases of Türkiye and Germany. Akdeniz İİBF Dergisi. 2025;25(1):20-32.
Dizinler

143751437114372      14373