Abstract
Bu makale, Milano Fermanı (313) sonrasında Hristiyanlığın törensel boyutunun nasıl değiştiğini ve bu değişimlerin Bizans İmparatorluğu’nun politik ve dini yapısına olan etkilerini incelemektedir. Milano Fermanı, Hristiyanlığın serbest din olarak kabul edilmesini sağlayarak, ayin düzeninde hızlı bir biçimlenmeye yol açmıştır. Constantin Dönemi'nde, Hristiyanlık kilise litürji ve ayinlerdeki yerini güçlendirirken, imparatorluk törenleri de kiliseye kaymıştır. Roma imparatorluk geleneğine uygun olarak, Geç Roma – Erken Bizans Dönemi’nde ordu, imparatorların tahta çıkmasında belirleyici bir güç olmuş ve bu yüzden taç törenleri askeri nitelik taşımıştır. 5. yüzyıldan itibaren kilisenin etkisinin artmasıyla birlikte, taç törenlerinde imparatorun ilahi gücün desteğiyle yönetime geçmesi ön plana çıkmıştır. Bu değişimle, Bizans'ın politik yapısındaki değişikliklerle taç törenleri Hipodrom’da yapılmaya başlanmıştır. Iustinianus Dönemi'nde Ayasofya’nın ihtişamlı bir kilise olarak inşa edilmesi, imparatorluk tören ve ayinlerinin kilise üzerinden yürütülmesini sağlamış ve imparatorluk iradesinin dini güçle pekişmesini desteklemiştir. İmparatorun taç töreninin dini liderlerin önderliğinde gerçekleştirilmesi, halk nezdinde hem dini hem de siyasi otoritenin güçlü görünmesine hizmet etmiştir. Araştırma, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda imparatorluk sarayı ve kilise arasındaki bağlantının, ayinlerin imparatorluk iradesiyle uyum içinde yürütülmesine nasıl olanak tanıdığını ve bu güç dengesinin nasıl sağlandığını ele almaktadır. Ayrıca, taç törenlerinin ordu ve kilise arasındaki güç dinamiklerini nasıl yansıttığı değerlendirmektedir. Sonuç olarak, Bizans İmparatorluğu’nda kilisenin siyasi anlamda güçlenmesiyle birlikte, imparatorluk törenlerinin kiliselerde düzenlenmesi, kathedraların ilahi gücü simgeleyen ve imparatorlar tarafından da kullanılan bir güç unsuru haline gelmesine neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada Bizans İmparatorluğu'nda ordu ve kilisenin imparatorluk üzerindeki sembolik gücü ve etkileri tören ve dini mimari ilişkisi üzerinden genel bir değerlendirmeyle açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.
References
- Alfoldi, A. (1948). The conversion of Constantine and pagan Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Angelov, D. (2006). Imperial ideology and political thought in Byzantium, 1204–1330. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Baldovin, J. F. (1987). The urban character of Christian worship: The origins, development, and meaning of stational liturgy. Roma: Institutum Studiorum Orientalium.
- Barker, J. W. (1966). Justinian and the later Roman Empire. London: The University of Wisconsin Press.
- Becker, A. (2016). Dieu et le couronnement des empereurs protobyzantins. In M.-F. Baslez ve Ch.-G.
- Schwentzel (Ed.), Les dieux et le pouvoir. Aux origines de la théocratie (s. 35-50). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.
- Bezdek, S. (2013). Bischofsstab und zepter, kathedra und herrscherthron. Ein vergleich ausgewählter geistlicher und weltlicher zeichen der herrschaft. (Doktora tezi) Viyana Üni. veri tabanından erişildi (https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail/o:1295370)
- Callewaert, C. (1934). Caeremoniale in Missa privata et solemni aliisque frequentioribus functionibus liturgicis servandum. Bruges: Beyaert Publication.
- Constantinus VII Porphyrogennetos. (1829). De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae: Christum amantis et in eodem Christo aeterno regis imperatoris filii Leonis sapientissimi et perpetua memoria celebrandi imperatoris syntagma et imperatoria industria vere dignum opus. (Ed. J. J. Reiske). Bonnae: Impensis Ed. Weberi.
- Eusebius of Caesarea. (2013). The life of Constantine: Vita Constantini. Cambridge: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
- Fasolt, C. (2002). Council and hierarchy: the political thought of William Durant the Younger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fortescue, A. (1917). The ceremonies of the Roman rite described. London: Burns Oates and Washbourne. Funk, F. X. (1891). Die apostolischen Konstitutionen. Rottenburg: Rottenburg A.N.
- Garland, L. (1999). Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium AD 527-1204. London: Routledge.
- Gehle, F. (1866). De S. Bernwardi, episcopi hildesheimensis, vita et rebus gestis. Bonnae: Alma Universitate Litterarum Fridericia.
- Green, M. J. (1992). Dictionary of Celtic myth and legend. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Greenall, J. (2016). Acting virtuously: ceremonial displays of imperial virtue in Byzantium. Thompson Rivers University.
- Gussone, N. (1978). Thron und inthronisation des papstes von den Anfängen bis zum 12. Jahrhundert. Bonn.
- Jenkins, R. J. (1987). Byzantium: The imperial centuries, AD 610-1071. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
- Kalavrezou, I. (1991a). Coronation. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Cilt 1). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kaldellis, A. (2015). The Byzantine republic: people and power in New Rome. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Klein, H. A. (2006). Sacred relics and imperial ceremonies at the Great Palace of Constantinople. (F. A. Bauer, Dü.) Byzas, 5, 79-99.
- MacGregor, M. (1976). Early Celtic art in North Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
- Marinis, V. (2023). Litürjik alanı tanımlama. P. Stephenson (Ed.), Bizans dünyası içinde (s. 390-412). İstanbul: Alfa.
- Mathews, T. F. (1982). "Private" liturgy in Byzantine architecture: Toward a re-appraisal. Cahiers Archéologiques, 30, 125-138.
- Megaw, R., ve Megaw, V. (1989). Celtic art: From its beginnings to the Book of Kells. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Oconnel, L. J. (1943). The book of ceremonies. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company.
- Odahl, C. (2010). Constantine and the christian empire. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
- Pavlos. (2015). Ekphrasis of Hagia Sophia. (Çev. G. Downey). New York: Academic Press.
- Peschlow, U. (1977). Die Irenenkirche in Istanbul: untersuchungen zur architektur (Istanbuler Mitteilungen. Beihefte). Berlin: Verlag Wasmuth & Zohlen.
- Pleket, H. W. (1965). An aspect of the emperor cult: imperial mysteries. The Harvard Theological Review, 58 (4), 331-347.
- Pick, B. (1909). The Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co.
- Price, S. R. F. (1984). Rituals and power: The Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press.
- Price, S. R. (2004). Ritüel ve iktidar: Küçük Asya’da Roma imparatorluk kültü. (T. Esin, Çev.) Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
- Rose, J. R. (2017). Descending from the throne: Byzantine bishops, ritual and spaces of authority. California: University of California Riverside.
- Ross, A. (1967). Pagan Celtic Britain: Studies in iconography and tradition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Skylitzes, J. (2011). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057. (J. Wortley, Çev.) New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Smyrlis, K. (2017). Priesthood and empire: ecclesiastical wealth and privilege under the early Palaiologoi. (C. Gastgeber, E. Mitsiou, J. Preiser-Kapeller, ve V. Zervan, Ed.) içinde The patriarchate of Constantinople in context and comparison (s. 95-104). Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
- Stead, I. M. (1985). The Battersea Shield. London: British Museum Publications.
- Taft, R. F. (1980). The liturgy of the Great Church: an initial synthesis of structure and interpretation on the eve of Iconoclasm. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 34-35, 45-75.
- Taft, R. F. ve Kazhdan, A. P. (1991a). Liturgy. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Cilt 2). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Verpeaux, J. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos traité des offices. Paris: Du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
- Walker, A. (2012). The emperor and the world: exotic elements and the imaging of Middle Byzantine imperial power, ninth to thirteenth centuries C.E. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wybrew, H. (2013). The Orthodox liturgy: the development of the eucharistic liturgy in the Byzantine rite. Great Britain: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK).
The Ceremonial Power of Governance and Religious Symbolism in the Military - Church Equation of the Byzantine Empire
Abstract
This article examines how the ceremonial dimension of Christianity changed following the Edict of Milan (313) and the impact of these transformations on the political and religious structures of the Byzantine Empire. By recognizing Christianity as a legally accepted religion, the Edict of Milan triggered a rapid restructuring of ritual practices. During the Constantinian period, Christianity strengthened its position within church liturgy and ceremonies, while imperial rituals began to gravitate towards the church. In accordance with Roman imperial traditions, the army played a decisive role in the ascension of emperors during the Late Roman and Early Byzantine periods, rendering coronation ceremonies distinctly military in nature. However, starting from the 5th century, as the influence of the church grew, the notion of the emperor assuming power with divine support gained prominence in coronation ceremonies. This shi' also brought changes to the political structure of Byzantium, with coronation ceremonies being relocated to the Hippodrome. During the reign of Justinian, the construction of Hagia Sophia as a magni(cent church facilitated the integration of imperial ceremonies and rituals within the church, reinforcing the alignment of imperial authority with divine power. The coronation of the emperor under the leadership of religious (gures served to enhance the perception of both religious and political authority among the populace. The study explores how the connection between the imperial palace and the church in the Byzantine Empire enabled the harmonization of rituals with imperial authority and maintained the balance of power. Furthermore, it evaluates how coronation ceremonies reflected the dynamics of power between the military and the church. Ultimately, with the increasing political influence of the church in the Byzantine Empire, the organization of imperial ceremonies in churches transformed cathedrals into symbols of divine power, wielded as instruments of authority by emperors. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the symbolic power and influence of the military and the church over the Byzantine Empire, through the relationship between ceremonial practices and religious architecture.
References
- Alfoldi, A. (1948). The conversion of Constantine and pagan Rome. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
- Angelov, D. (2006). Imperial ideology and political thought in Byzantium, 1204–1330. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Baldovin, J. F. (1987). The urban character of Christian worship: The origins, development, and meaning of stational liturgy. Roma: Institutum Studiorum Orientalium.
- Barker, J. W. (1966). Justinian and the later Roman Empire. London: The University of Wisconsin Press.
- Becker, A. (2016). Dieu et le couronnement des empereurs protobyzantins. In M.-F. Baslez ve Ch.-G.
- Schwentzel (Ed.), Les dieux et le pouvoir. Aux origines de la théocratie (s. 35-50). Rennes: Presses universitaires de Rennes.
- Bezdek, S. (2013). Bischofsstab und zepter, kathedra und herrscherthron. Ein vergleich ausgewählter geistlicher und weltlicher zeichen der herrschaft. (Doktora tezi) Viyana Üni. veri tabanından erişildi (https://phaidra.univie.ac.at/detail/o:1295370)
- Callewaert, C. (1934). Caeremoniale in Missa privata et solemni aliisque frequentioribus functionibus liturgicis servandum. Bruges: Beyaert Publication.
- Constantinus VII Porphyrogennetos. (1829). De Ceremoniis Aulae Byzantinae: Christum amantis et in eodem Christo aeterno regis imperatoris filii Leonis sapientissimi et perpetua memoria celebrandi imperatoris syntagma et imperatoria industria vere dignum opus. (Ed. J. J. Reiske). Bonnae: Impensis Ed. Weberi.
- Eusebius of Caesarea. (2013). The life of Constantine: Vita Constantini. Cambridge: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
- Fasolt, C. (2002). Council and hierarchy: the political thought of William Durant the Younger. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fortescue, A. (1917). The ceremonies of the Roman rite described. London: Burns Oates and Washbourne. Funk, F. X. (1891). Die apostolischen Konstitutionen. Rottenburg: Rottenburg A.N.
- Garland, L. (1999). Byzantine empresses: women and power in Byzantium AD 527-1204. London: Routledge.
- Gehle, F. (1866). De S. Bernwardi, episcopi hildesheimensis, vita et rebus gestis. Bonnae: Alma Universitate Litterarum Fridericia.
- Green, M. J. (1992). Dictionary of Celtic myth and legend. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Greenall, J. (2016). Acting virtuously: ceremonial displays of imperial virtue in Byzantium. Thompson Rivers University.
- Gussone, N. (1978). Thron und inthronisation des papstes von den Anfängen bis zum 12. Jahrhundert. Bonn.
- Jenkins, R. J. (1987). Byzantium: The imperial centuries, AD 610-1071. Canada: University of Toronto Press.
- Kalavrezou, I. (1991a). Coronation. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Cilt 1). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Kaldellis, A. (2015). The Byzantine republic: people and power in New Rome. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
- Klein, H. A. (2006). Sacred relics and imperial ceremonies at the Great Palace of Constantinople. (F. A. Bauer, Dü.) Byzas, 5, 79-99.
- MacGregor, M. (1976). Early Celtic art in North Britain. Leicester: Leicester University Press.
- Marinis, V. (2023). Litürjik alanı tanımlama. P. Stephenson (Ed.), Bizans dünyası içinde (s. 390-412). İstanbul: Alfa.
- Mathews, T. F. (1982). "Private" liturgy in Byzantine architecture: Toward a re-appraisal. Cahiers Archéologiques, 30, 125-138.
- Megaw, R., ve Megaw, V. (1989). Celtic art: From its beginnings to the Book of Kells. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Oconnel, L. J. (1943). The book of ceremonies. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company.
- Odahl, C. (2010). Constantine and the christian empire. London: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
- Pavlos. (2015). Ekphrasis of Hagia Sophia. (Çev. G. Downey). New York: Academic Press.
- Peschlow, U. (1977). Die Irenenkirche in Istanbul: untersuchungen zur architektur (Istanbuler Mitteilungen. Beihefte). Berlin: Verlag Wasmuth & Zohlen.
- Pleket, H. W. (1965). An aspect of the emperor cult: imperial mysteries. The Harvard Theological Review, 58 (4), 331-347.
- Pick, B. (1909). The Apocryphal Acts of Paul, Peter, John, Andrew and Thomas. Chicago: Open Court Publishing Co.
- Price, S. R. F. (1984). Rituals and power: The Roman imperial cult in Asia Minor. Cambridge University Press.
- Price, S. R. (2004). Ritüel ve iktidar: Küçük Asya’da Roma imparatorluk kültü. (T. Esin, Çev.) Ankara: İmge Kitabevi.
- Rose, J. R. (2017). Descending from the throne: Byzantine bishops, ritual and spaces of authority. California: University of California Riverside.
- Ross, A. (1967). Pagan Celtic Britain: Studies in iconography and tradition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Skylitzes, J. (2011). A synopsis of Byzantine history, 811-1057. (J. Wortley, Çev.) New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Smyrlis, K. (2017). Priesthood and empire: ecclesiastical wealth and privilege under the early Palaiologoi. (C. Gastgeber, E. Mitsiou, J. Preiser-Kapeller, ve V. Zervan, Ed.) içinde The patriarchate of Constantinople in context and comparison (s. 95-104). Wien: Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften.
- Stead, I. M. (1985). The Battersea Shield. London: British Museum Publications.
- Taft, R. F. (1980). The liturgy of the Great Church: an initial synthesis of structure and interpretation on the eve of Iconoclasm. Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 34-35, 45-75.
- Taft, R. F. ve Kazhdan, A. P. (1991a). Liturgy. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium (Cilt 2). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Verpeaux, J. (1966). Pseudo-Kodinos traité des offices. Paris: Du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
- Walker, A. (2012). The emperor and the world: exotic elements and the imaging of Middle Byzantine imperial power, ninth to thirteenth centuries C.E. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wybrew, H. (2013). The Orthodox liturgy: the development of the eucharistic liturgy in the Byzantine rite. Great Britain: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK).
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | History of The Byzantine |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 28, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | October 26, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 3, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 25 Issue: 2 |
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