Research Article
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Modifiye Ketojenik Diyet Uygulayan Glioblastomalı Hastaların Kan Parametrelerinin Retrospektif Olarak İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Volume: 75 Issue: 1, 16 - 21, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659

Abstract

Amaç: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) bütün beyin tümörleri içinde sık rastlanan primer malign beyin tümörlerindendir. Çoğu tümörde gözlendiği
üzere GBM’de de Warburg etkisi vardır. GBM tedavisinde kemoterapi, radyoterapi, cerrahi gibi yaklaşımlarda bulunulmaktadır. Ne yazık ki bu tedavi
seçenekleri beklenildiği derecede etkili olmamaktadır. Bu sebeple GBM tedavisi için yeni arayışlar içerisine girilmiştir. Modifiye ketojenik diyet
(MKD) (düşük glisemik indeksli diyet) de bu yeni yaklaşımlardan biridir. Bu diyetteki temel amaç yağ tüketiminin artırılması, karbonhidrat alımının
azaltılmasıdır. Bu sayede standart kemoterapi ve radyoterapinin yanında Warburg etkisinin ara basamaklarına da etki edilerek, kanser gelişiminin
yavaşlatılması veya durdurulması amaçlanmaktadır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Ankara Üniversitesi İbn-i Sina Hastanesi Beyin ve Sinir Cerrahisi Anabilim Dalı’nda takip edilen GBM hastalarının kendi istekleri
ile uyguladıkları MKD’nin genel sağlık durumlarına etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için rutin kan parametreleri retrospektif olarak
izlenmiştir. Literatürde her ne kadar ılımlı rejeneratif etkisi olduğu belirtilse de özellikle karaciğer ve böbrek fonksiyon testleriyle kan elektrolitlerinin
diyet sırasında değişime uğrayıp uğramadığı merak edilen bir konudur. Projede, kendi istekleri ile MKD uygulayan tedavi altındaki GBM’li hastalarda
bu diyetin rutin kan parametrelerine (Hb, Htc, MCH, MCV, PLT, WBC, RBC, Na, K, ALT, AST, GGT, B12 vitamini, folat, kreatinin, BUN, total kolesterol,
HDL ve LDL) etkisi incelenmiştir. Veriler Microsoft Office Excel programı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Wilcoxon ikili karşılaştırma testiyle
hastaların verileri 0., 1. ve 6. aylar olmak üzere karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma için etik kurul onayı Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Mezuniyet Öncesi
Öğrenci Araştırmaları Etik Değerlendirme Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır. Çalışma retrospektif veri analizi olarak düzenlendiğinden ve herhangi bir girişim
içermediğinden hastalardan onam alınmamıştır.

Bulgular: Sodyum değerlerinde klinik olarak anlamlı olmayan düşüş saptanmıştır. Başlangıçta yüksek olan GGT değerinin normale gelmesi pozitif
bir sonuçtur. Folik asidin ilk ay yükselmesi hasta için olumlu yorumlanmıştır. Total kolesterol ve LDL’deki ilk ayda olan yükselme yağlı beslenmeden
dolayıdır.

Sonuç: Modifiye ketojenik beslenme GBM hastalarının karaciğer, böbrek fonksiyonlarında ve kan parametrelerinde olumsuz etki oluşturmamıştır.

Ethical Statement

Etik Kurul Onayı: Çalışma için etik kurul onayı Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Mezuniyet Öncesi Öğrenci Araştırmaları Etik Değerlendirme Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (tarih: 25.12.2018, karar no: 9559). Hasta Onayı: Çalışma retrospektif veri analizi olarak düzenlendiğinden ve herhangi bir girişim içermediğinden hastalardan onam alınmamıştır. Hakem Değerlendirmesi: Editörler kurulunun içinden ve dışından olan kişiler tarafından değerlendirilmiştir

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • 1. Alexander BM, Cloughesy TF. Adult Glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:2402-2409.
  • 2. Hanif F, Muzaffar K, Perveen K, et al. Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review of its Epidemiology and Pathogenesis through Clinical Presentation and Treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18:3-9.
  • 3. Jacqueline C, Brazier L, Faugère D, et al. Can intestinal microbiota be associated with non-intestinal cancers? Sci Rep. 2017;7:12722.
  • 4. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, hompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science. 2009;324:1029-1033.
  • 5. Otto AM. Warburg effect(s)-a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism. Cancer Metab. 2016;4:5.
  • 6. Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. The Metabolism of Tumors in the Body. J Gen Physiol. 1927;8:519-530.
  • 7. Liberti MV, Locasale JW. The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? Trends Biochem Sci. 2016;41:211-218.
  • 8. Bayley JP, Devilee P. The Warburg effect in 2012. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:62-67.
  • 9. Champ CE, Palmer JD, Volek JS, et al. Targeting metabolism with a ketogenic diet during the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol. 2014;117:125-131.
  • 10. Panhans CM, Gresham G, Amaral LJ, et al. Exploring the Feasibility and Effects of a Ketogenic Diet in Patients With CNS Malignancies: A Retrospective Case Series. ront Neurosci. 2020;14:390.
  • 11. Zhou W, Mukherjee P, Kiebish MA, et al. The calorically restricted ketogenic diet, an effective alternative therapy for malignant brain cancer. Nutr etab (Lond). 2007;4:5.
  • 12. Rieger J, Bähr O, Maurer GD, et al. ERGO: a pilot study of ketogenic diet inrecurrent glioblastoma. Int J Oncol. 2014;44:1843-1852.
  • 13. Schwartz K, Chang HT, Nikolai M, et al. Treatment of glioma patients with ketogenic diets: report of two cases treated with an IRB-approved energyrestricted etogenic diet protocol and review of the literature. Cancer Metab. 2015;3:3.
  • 14. Oudard S, Boitier E, Miccoli L, et al. Gliomas are driven by glycolysis: putative roles of hexokinase, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ultrastructure. icancer Res. 1997;17:1903-1911.
  • 15. Roslin M, Henriksson R, Bergström P, et al. Baseline levels of glucose metabolites, glutamate and glycerol in malignant glioma assessed by stereotactic microdialysis. J Neurooncol. 2003;61:151-160.
  • 16. Veech RL, Chance B, Kashiwaya Y, et al. Ketone bodies, potential therapeutic uses. IUBMB Life. 2001;51:241-247.
  • 17. Seyfried TN, Sanderson TM, El-Abbadi MM, et al. Role of glucose and ketone bodies in the metabolic control of experimental brain cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1375-1382. 18. Semenza GL. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Semin Cancer Biol. 2009;19:12-16. 19. Woolf EC, Scheck AC. The ketogenic diet for the treatment of malignant glioma. J Lipid Res. 2015;56:5-10.

The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study

Year 2022, Volume: 75 Issue: 1, 16 - 21, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659

Abstract

Objectives: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor among all brain tumors. As observed in most
tumors, Warburg effect is also seen in GBM. Approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery are used in the treatment of GBM.
Unfortunately, these treatment options are not as effective as expected. For this reason, new searches for GBM treatment are being sought. Modified
ketogenic diet (MKD) (low glycemic index diet) is one of these novel approaches. The primary purpose of this diet is to increase fat consumption and
reduce carbohydrate intake. In this way, in addition to standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy, it is intended to hinder or cease the development
of cancer by affecting the intermediate steps of the Warburg effect.
Materials and Methods: It was aimed to evaluate the effects of MKD on the general health status of GBM patients who were on this diet voluntarily
and were followed in the Clinic of Neurosurgery of İbn-i Sina Hospital, Ankara University. For this, their blood parameters were retrospectively
analyzed. Although it is reported to be moderate and regenerative in the literature, it is a question of whether especially liver & kidney functions
and blood electrolytes undergo any changes during diet. In this retrospective study, the effect of MKD on routine blood parameters (Hb, Htc, MCH,
MCV, PLT, WBC, RBC, Na, K, ALT, AST, GGT, vitamin B12, folate, creatinine, BUN, total cholesterol, HDL and LDL) was investigated in patients with GBM
under treatment, who voluntarily followed MKD. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel. The Wilcoxon paired comparison test was used
to compare patient data in 0., 1. and 6. months. Ethics committee approval and institutional permission were obtained for the study. The patients’
written consent could not be taken due to the retrospective design of the study and the anonymity of data.
Results: A clinically insignificant decrease in sodium levels were detected. Normalization of the initially high GGT values was considered as a
favorable outcome. Folic acid elevation in the first month was interpreted positively for the patient. The increase in total cholesterol and LDL in the
first month was expected because of the high fat content of the diet.
Conclusion: Modified ketogenic nutrition did not have a negative effect on liver, kidney functions and blood parameters in patients with GBM.

Ethical Statement

Çalışma için etik kurul onayı Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, Mezuniyet Öncesi Öğrenci Araştırmaları Etik Değerlendirme Kurulu’ndan alınmıştır (tarih: 25.12.2018, karar no: 9559).

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. Alexander BM, Cloughesy TF. Adult Glioblastoma. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:2402-2409.
  • 2. Hanif F, Muzaffar K, Perveen K, et al. Glioblastoma Multiforme: A Review of its Epidemiology and Pathogenesis through Clinical Presentation and Treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2017;18:3-9.
  • 3. Jacqueline C, Brazier L, Faugère D, et al. Can intestinal microbiota be associated with non-intestinal cancers? Sci Rep. 2017;7:12722.
  • 4. Vander Heiden MG, Cantley LC, hompson CB. Understanding the Warburg effect: the metabolic requirements of cell proliferation. Science. 2009;324:1029-1033.
  • 5. Otto AM. Warburg effect(s)-a biographical sketch of Otto Warburg and his impacts on tumor metabolism. Cancer Metab. 2016;4:5.
  • 6. Warburg O, Wind F, Negelein E. The Metabolism of Tumors in the Body. J Gen Physiol. 1927;8:519-530.
  • 7. Liberti MV, Locasale JW. The Warburg Effect: How Does it Benefit Cancer Cells? Trends Biochem Sci. 2016;41:211-218.
  • 8. Bayley JP, Devilee P. The Warburg effect in 2012. Curr Opin Oncol. 2012;24:62-67.
  • 9. Champ CE, Palmer JD, Volek JS, et al. Targeting metabolism with a ketogenic diet during the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol. 2014;117:125-131.
  • 10. Panhans CM, Gresham G, Amaral LJ, et al. Exploring the Feasibility and Effects of a Ketogenic Diet in Patients With CNS Malignancies: A Retrospective Case Series. ront Neurosci. 2020;14:390.
  • 11. Zhou W, Mukherjee P, Kiebish MA, et al. The calorically restricted ketogenic diet, an effective alternative therapy for malignant brain cancer. Nutr etab (Lond). 2007;4:5.
  • 12. Rieger J, Bähr O, Maurer GD, et al. ERGO: a pilot study of ketogenic diet inrecurrent glioblastoma. Int J Oncol. 2014;44:1843-1852.
  • 13. Schwartz K, Chang HT, Nikolai M, et al. Treatment of glioma patients with ketogenic diets: report of two cases treated with an IRB-approved energyrestricted etogenic diet protocol and review of the literature. Cancer Metab. 2015;3:3.
  • 14. Oudard S, Boitier E, Miccoli L, et al. Gliomas are driven by glycolysis: putative roles of hexokinase, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial ultrastructure. icancer Res. 1997;17:1903-1911.
  • 15. Roslin M, Henriksson R, Bergström P, et al. Baseline levels of glucose metabolites, glutamate and glycerol in malignant glioma assessed by stereotactic microdialysis. J Neurooncol. 2003;61:151-160.
  • 16. Veech RL, Chance B, Kashiwaya Y, et al. Ketone bodies, potential therapeutic uses. IUBMB Life. 2001;51:241-247.
  • 17. Seyfried TN, Sanderson TM, El-Abbadi MM, et al. Role of glucose and ketone bodies in the metabolic control of experimental brain cancer. Br J Cancer. 2003;89:1375-1382. 18. Semenza GL. Regulation of cancer cell metabolism by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Semin Cancer Biol. 2009;19:12-16. 19. Woolf EC, Scheck AC. The ketogenic diet for the treatment of malignant glioma. J Lipid Res. 2015;56:5-10.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medical Biochemistry and Metabolomics (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Aslıhan Gürbüz 0000-0002-5089-3965

Project Number -
Publication Date June 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 75 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gürbüz, A. (2022). The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 75(1), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659
AMA Gürbüz A. The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. June 2022;75(1):16-21. doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659
Chicago Gürbüz, Aslıhan. “The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients With Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 75, no. 1 (June 2022): 16-21. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659.
EndNote Gürbüz A (June 1, 2022) The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 75 1 16–21.
IEEE A. Gürbüz, “The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 75, no. 1, pp. 16–21, 2022, doi: 10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659.
ISNAD Gürbüz, Aslıhan. “The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients With Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 75/1 (June 2022), 16-21. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659.
JAMA Gürbüz A. The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2022;75:16–21.
MLA Gürbüz, Aslıhan. “The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients With Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 75, no. 1, 2022, pp. 16-21, doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.97659.
Vancouver Gürbüz A. The Effects of Modified Ketogenic Diet on Blood Parameters of Patients with Glioblastoma: A Retrospective Study. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2022;75(1):16-21.