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Minör Fiziksel Anomalilerin Klinik ve Eşik Altı Psikotik Belirtilerle İlişkisi

Year 2020, Volume: 73 Issue: 3, 216 - 223, 27.10.2020

Adnan Kuşman

Abstract

Amaç: Minör fiziksel anomaliler (MFA) nörogelişimde bozulmanın işaretleyicileridir. Şizofrenide sağlıklı kontrollere göre daha sık görülmektedirler ve bu bulgu hastalığın nörogelişimsel modelini desteklemektedir. Ancak MFA’ların psikotik belirtilerle ilişkisi konusunda literatür tutarsızdır. Öte yandan, güncel kanıtlar sağlıklı kişilerde eşik altı psikotik belirtilerin (EAPB) yaygın biçimde görülebildiğini göstermekte ve bu durum psikotik deneyimin sürekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Öyleyse, sağlıklı kişilerde EAPB’nin şiddeti-şizofrenide olduğundan daha hafif derecede olsa da MFA şiddetiyle ilişkili olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı MFA’ların şizofreni spektrum bozuklukları olgularında psikotik belirtilerle, sağlıklı kimselerde ise EAPB ile ilişkisini araştırmaktır.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Şizofreni spektrum bozuklukları olgularından oluşan olgu grubu (OG) (n=55), sağlıklı kimselerden derlenen bir kontrol grubuyla (KG) (n=61) kapsamlı bir MFA taramasına tabi tutulmuştur. Klinik grupta pozitif ve negatif belirtilerin şiddetiyle, kontrol grubunda ise EAPB’nin şiddetiyle MFA’ların sayı ve lokalizasyonları arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Ölçüm yapılan çoğu topoğrafik bölgede MFA puanları KG’ye göre OG’de daha yüksektir. OG’de psikotik atak sayısı ve genel hastalık şiddeti MFA puanlarıyla koreledir. Kraniyo-fasiyal anomalileri pozitif belirtilerle ve özellikle kulak anomalileri dezorganizasyon boyutuyla ilişkili bulunmuştur. Benzer olarak KG’de EAPB’nin pozitif boyutuyla kraniyo-fasiyal MFA’ların arasında ilişki bulunmuştur. Negatif belirtiler ve EAPB’nin negatif boyutuyla MFA’ların arasında bir ilişki bulunmamıştır.

Sonuç: Çalışmamız sağlıklı popülasyonda eşik altı psikotik yaşantılarla kraniyo-fasiyal anomaliler arasında bir ilişki olabileceğine dair ilk bildirimdir. Sonuçlar psikozun sürekliliği bağlamında, özellikle kraniyo-fasiyal MFA’larla pozitif belirtiler ve dezorganizasyon boyutu arasında bir ilişki olduğuna işaret etmekte olup, bu bulgu psikozun nörogelişimsel etiyolojisine ilişkin ipuçları sağlayabilir.

Keywords

Minor Fiziksel Anomaliler Nörogelişim Psikotik Belirtiler Eşik Altı Psikotik Belirtiler

Ethical Statement

Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mezuniyet Öncesi Öğrenci Araştırmaları Etik Değerlendirme Kurulu tarafından incelenmiş ve etik bakımdan onaylanmıştır (23.12.2016 tarih ve 7519 sayılı karar).

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. Buckley PF. The clinical stigmata of aberrant neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186:79-86.
  • 2. Green MF, Bracha HS, Satz P, et al. Preliminary evidence for an association between minor physical anomalies and second trimester neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1994;53:119-127.
  • 3. Smith DW. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformations: Genetic, Embryologic and Clinical Aspects. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1976.
  • 4. Lane A, Kinsella A, Murphy P, et al. The anthropometric assessment of dysmorphic features in schizophrenia as an index of its developmental origins. Psychol Med. 1997;27:1155-1164.
  • 5. Mcgrath JJ, van Os J, Hoyos C, et al. Minor physical anomalies in psychoses: associations with clinical and putative aetiological variables. Schizophr Res. 1995;15:17-18.
  • 6. McGrath JJ, Féron FP, Burne THJ, et al. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia: A review of recent developments. Ann Med. 2003;35:86- 93.
  • 7. O’Callaghan E, Buckley P, Madigan C, et al. The relationship of minor physical anomalies and other putative indices of developmental disturbance in schizophrenia to abnormalities of cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:516-524.
  • 8. Davies EJ. Developmental aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders: possible implications for treatment strategies. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2007;13:384-391.
  • 9. Trixler M, Tényi T, Csábi G, et al. Informative morphogenetic variants in patients with schizophrenia and alcohol-dependent patients: Beyond the waldrop scale. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:691-693.
  • 10. Compton MT, Walker EF. Physical manifestations of neurodevelopmental disruption: Are minor physical anomalies part of the syndrome of schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 2008;35:425-436.
  • 11. Gualtieri CT, Adams A, Shen CD, et al. Minor physical anomalies in alcoholic and schizophrenic adults and hyperactive and autistic children. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:640-643.
  • 12. Lohr JB, Flynn K. Minor Physical Anomalies in Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:551-556.
  • 13. Schiffman J, Ekstrom M, LaBrie J, et al. Minor Physical Anomalies and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Prospective Investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:238-243.
  • 14. John JP, Arunachalam V, Ratnam B, et al. Expanding the schizophrenia phenotype: a composite evaluation of neurodevelopmental markers. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49:78-86.
  • 15. Weinberg SM, Jenkins EA, Marazita ML, et al. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2007;89:72-85.
  • 17. Compton MT, Bollini AM, McKenzie Mack LT, et al. Neurological soft signs and minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, their first-degree biological relatives, and non-psychiatric controls. Schizophr Res. 2007;94:64-73.
  • 18. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: Cognitive, neurological and other clinical correlates. J Psychiatr Res. 2000;34:45-56.
  • 19. Franco JG, Valero J, Labad-Alquezar A. Minor physical abnormalities and clinical features in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Rev Neurol. 2012;54:468-474.
  • 20. Sivkov ST, Akabaliev VH. Discriminating Value of Total Minor Physical Anomaly Score on the Waldrop Physical Anomaly Scale Between Schizophrenia Patients and Normal Control Subjects. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30:361-366.
  • 21. Xu T, Chan RCK, Compton MT. Minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia, unaffected first-degree relatives, and healthy controls: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24129.
  • 22. Tarrant CJ, Jones PB. Precursors to Schizophrenia: Do Biological Markers Have Specificity? Can J Psychiatry. 1999;44:335-349.
  • 23. Hata K, Iida J, Iwasaka H, et al. Minor physical anomalies in childhood and adolescent onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;57:17-21.
  • 24. Dean K, Fearon P, Morgan K, et al. Grey matter correlates ofminor physical anomalies in the _SOP first-episode psychosis study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:221-228.
  • 25. Waddington JL, Lane A, Scully P, et al. Early cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia: A lifetime trajectory model from neurodevelopmental basis to “neuroprogressive” process. J Psychiatr Res. 1999;33:477-489.
  • 26. Waddington JL, Lane A, Larkin C, et al. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: Clinical clues from cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, and the roots of a lifetime trajectory of disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:31-39.
  • 27. van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, et al. A systematic review and metaanalysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis pronenesspersistence- impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychol Med. 2008;39:179-195.
  • 28. Waldrop MF, Pedersen FA, Bell RQ. Minor physical anomalies and behavior in preschool children. Child Dev. 1968;39:391-400.
  • 29. Gorlin RJ, Cohen MM, Levin LS. Syndromes of the head and neck. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.
  • 30. Leppig KA, Werler MM, Cann CI, et al. Predictive value of minor anomalies. I. Association with major malformations. J Pediatr. 1987;110:531-537.
  • 31. Smith DW. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1970.
  • 32. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, Mcneil TF. Minor Physical Anomalies in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Siblings. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1695- 1702.
  • 33. Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155-163.
  • 34. Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology: Revised. ECDEU Assess Man; 1976.
  • 35. Erkoç Ş, Arkonaç O, Ataklı C, et al. Pozitif semptomları değerlendirme ölçeğinin güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Düşünen Adam. 1991;4:20-24.
  • 36. Andreasen. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Univ Iowa. 1984;a.
  • 37. Andreasen. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). UnivIowa. 1984;b.
  • 38. Erkoç Ş, Arkonaç O AC ve ark. Negatif semptomlan değerlendirme ölçeğinin güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Düşünen Adam. 1991;4:16-19.
  • 39. Raine A. The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM- III-R criteria. Schizophr Bull. 1991;17:555-564.
  • 40. Şener A, Bora E, Tekin I, et al. Şizotipal Kişilik Ölçeğinin Üniversite Öğrencilerindeki Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Klin Psikofarmakol Bul. 2006;16:84-92.
  • 41. Eckblad M, Chapman LJ. Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:215-225.
  • 42. Atbaşoğlu EC, Kalaycioğlu C, Nalçacı E, et al. Büyüsel Düşünce Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Formunun Üniversite Öğrencilerindeki Geçerlik ve Güvenilirliği. Türkiye Psikiyatr Derg. 2003;14:31-41.
  • 43. Baskak B, Munir K, Ozguven HD, et al. Total exposure duration and proximity of cessation of cannabis use predict severity of sub-clinical psychotic symptoms among former users. Psychiatry Res. 2012;198:316-318.
  • 44. Garzitto M, Picardi A, Fornasari L, et al. Normative data of the Magical Ideation Scale from childhood to adulthood in an Italian cohort. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;69:78-87.
  • 45. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1995;57:289-300.
  • 46. Aksoy-Poyraz C, Poyraz BÇ, Turan Ş, et al. Minor physical anomalies and neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia and their siblings. Psychiatry Res. 2011;190:85-90.
  • 47. Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Taylor EH, et al. Schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder: The biological roots of mental illness as revealed by the landmark study of identical twins. New York: Basic Books; 1994.
  • 48. Kelly BD, McNeil TF, Lane A, et al. Is craniofacial dysmorpholgy correlated with structural brain anomalies in schizophrenia? Schizophr Res. 2005;80:349-355.
  • 49. DeLisi LE, Hoff AL, Kushner M, et al. Increased prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 1993;50:193-199.
  • 50. Swayze VW, Andreasen NC, Ehrhardt JC, et al. Developmental Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum in Schizophrenia. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:805-808.
  • 51. Kumar P, Burton B. Congenital Malformations: Evidence-Based Evaluation and Management. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill; 2008.
  • 52. Praharaj SK, Sarkar S, Sinha VK. External ear abnormalities in existing scales for minor physical anomalies: are they enough? Psychiatry Res. 2012;198:324-326.
  • 53. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or The Group of Schizophrenias. New York İnternational Univ Press; 1911.
  • 54. Ott SL, Roberts S, Rock D, et al. Positive and negative thought disorder and psychopathology in childhood among subjects with adulthood schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;58:231-239.
  • 55. Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Oja H, et al. Thought disorder index of Finnish adoptees and communication deviance of their adoptive parents. Psychol Med. 2000;30:127-136.
  • 56. Crow TJ. Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends Neurosci. 1997;20:339-343.

The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies with Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms

Year 2020, Volume: 73 Issue: 3, 216 - 223, 27.10.2020

Adnan Kuşman

Abstract

Objectives: Minor physical anomalies (MPA) are markers of neurodevelopmental disturbance. Supporting the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, MPA’s were consistently found to be elevated; however, their relationship with psychotic symptoms are inconsistent. Recent evidences suggest that subclinical psychotic symptoms (SPS) are widely prevalent in the general population – constituting a psychosis continuum. In this regard, SPS in healthy individuals may also be associated with disturbance in neurodevelopment albeit to a lesser extent than schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship of MPA’s with psychotic as well as SPS.

Materials and Methods: Subjects with schizophrenia and related disorders as the patients’ group (PG) (n=55) were compared to a group of healthy control subjects (CG) (n=61) with a comprehensive MPA assessment. We also examined the relationship of psychotic symptoms in the PG and SPS in the CG with MPA count and location.

Results: In most topographical locations, MPA amount was significantly elevated in the PG than the CG. MPA’s were correlated with the number of psychotic episodes as well as overall severity of illness in the PG. Cranio-facial anomalies were associated with positive symptoms, and particularly ear anomalies were significantly associated with symptoms of disorganization. Similarly, in the CG, positive-SPS was associated with MPA’s in the cranio-facial area. Negative psychotic symptoms and negative-SPS were not associated with MPAs.

Conclusion: We report the first evidence that SPS in healthy individuals may be associated with cranio-facial MPAs which may be informative on the neurodevelopmental model of psychosis. Our results also suggest an association between cranio-facial MPAs and positive disorganization symptom domains in the psychosis continuum.

Keywords

Minor Physical Anomalies Neurodevelopment Psychotic Symptoms Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms

Ethical Statement

Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mezuniyet Öncesi Öğrenci Araştırmaları Etik Değerlendirme Kurulu tarafından incelenmiş ve etik bakımdan onaylanmıştır (23.12.2016 tarih ve 7519 sayılı karar).

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. Buckley PF. The clinical stigmata of aberrant neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1998;186:79-86.
  • 2. Green MF, Bracha HS, Satz P, et al. Preliminary evidence for an association between minor physical anomalies and second trimester neurodevelopment in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 1994;53:119-127.
  • 3. Smith DW. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformations: Genetic, Embryologic and Clinical Aspects. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1976.
  • 4. Lane A, Kinsella A, Murphy P, et al. The anthropometric assessment of dysmorphic features in schizophrenia as an index of its developmental origins. Psychol Med. 1997;27:1155-1164.
  • 5. Mcgrath JJ, van Os J, Hoyos C, et al. Minor physical anomalies in psychoses: associations with clinical and putative aetiological variables. Schizophr Res. 1995;15:17-18.
  • 6. McGrath JJ, Féron FP, Burne THJ, et al. The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia: A review of recent developments. Ann Med. 2003;35:86- 93.
  • 7. O’Callaghan E, Buckley P, Madigan C, et al. The relationship of minor physical anomalies and other putative indices of developmental disturbance in schizophrenia to abnormalities of cerebral structure on magnetic resonance imaging. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38:516-524.
  • 8. Davies EJ. Developmental aspects of schizophrenia and related disorders: possible implications for treatment strategies. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2007;13:384-391.
  • 9. Trixler M, Tényi T, Csábi G, et al. Informative morphogenetic variants in patients with schizophrenia and alcohol-dependent patients: Beyond the waldrop scale. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:691-693.
  • 10. Compton MT, Walker EF. Physical manifestations of neurodevelopmental disruption: Are minor physical anomalies part of the syndrome of schizophrenia? Schizophr Bull. 2008;35:425-436.
  • 11. Gualtieri CT, Adams A, Shen CD, et al. Minor physical anomalies in alcoholic and schizophrenic adults and hyperactive and autistic children. Am J Psychiatry. 1982;139:640-643.
  • 12. Lohr JB, Flynn K. Minor Physical Anomalies in Schizophrenia and Mood Disorders. Schizophr Bull. 1993;19:551-556.
  • 13. Schiffman J, Ekstrom M, LaBrie J, et al. Minor Physical Anomalies and Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Prospective Investigation. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159:238-243.
  • 14. John JP, Arunachalam V, Ratnam B, et al. Expanding the schizophrenia phenotype: a composite evaluation of neurodevelopmental markers. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49:78-86.
  • 15. Weinberg SM, Jenkins EA, Marazita ML, et al. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2007;89:72-85.
  • 17. Compton MT, Bollini AM, McKenzie Mack LT, et al. Neurological soft signs and minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia and related disorders, their first-degree biological relatives, and non-psychiatric controls. Schizophr Res. 2007;94:64-73.
  • 18. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, McNeil TF. Minor physical anomalies in schizophrenia: Cognitive, neurological and other clinical correlates. J Psychiatr Res. 2000;34:45-56.
  • 19. Franco JG, Valero J, Labad-Alquezar A. Minor physical abnormalities and clinical features in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Rev Neurol. 2012;54:468-474.
  • 20. Sivkov ST, Akabaliev VH. Discriminating Value of Total Minor Physical Anomaly Score on the Waldrop Physical Anomaly Scale Between Schizophrenia Patients and Normal Control Subjects. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30:361-366.
  • 21. Xu T, Chan RCK, Compton MT. Minor physical anomalies in patients with schizophrenia, unaffected first-degree relatives, and healthy controls: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24129.
  • 22. Tarrant CJ, Jones PB. Precursors to Schizophrenia: Do Biological Markers Have Specificity? Can J Psychiatry. 1999;44:335-349.
  • 23. Hata K, Iida J, Iwasaka H, et al. Minor physical anomalies in childhood and adolescent onset schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2003;57:17-21.
  • 24. Dean K, Fearon P, Morgan K, et al. Grey matter correlates ofminor physical anomalies in the _SOP first-episode psychosis study. Br J Psychiatry. 2006;189:221-228.
  • 25. Waddington JL, Lane A, Scully P, et al. Early cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in schizophrenia: A lifetime trajectory model from neurodevelopmental basis to “neuroprogressive” process. J Psychiatr Res. 1999;33:477-489.
  • 26. Waddington JL, Lane A, Larkin C, et al. The neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia: Clinical clues from cerebro-craniofacial dysmorphogenesis, and the roots of a lifetime trajectory of disease. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;46:31-39.
  • 27. van Os J, Linscott RJ, Myin-Germeys I, et al. A systematic review and metaanalysis of the psychosis continuum: evidence for a psychosis pronenesspersistence- impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychol Med. 2008;39:179-195.
  • 28. Waldrop MF, Pedersen FA, Bell RQ. Minor physical anomalies and behavior in preschool children. Child Dev. 1968;39:391-400.
  • 29. Gorlin RJ, Cohen MM, Levin LS. Syndromes of the head and neck. New York: Oxford University Press; 1990.
  • 30. Leppig KA, Werler MM, Cann CI, et al. Predictive value of minor anomalies. I. Association with major malformations. J Pediatr. 1987;110:531-537.
  • 31. Smith DW. Recognizable Patterns of Human Malformation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1970.
  • 32. Ismail B, Cantor-Graae E, Mcneil TF. Minor Physical Anomalies in Schizophrenic Patients and Their Siblings. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155:1695- 1702.
  • 33. Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15:155-163.
  • 34. Guy W. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology: Revised. ECDEU Assess Man; 1976.
  • 35. Erkoç Ş, Arkonaç O, Ataklı C, et al. Pozitif semptomları değerlendirme ölçeğinin güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Düşünen Adam. 1991;4:20-24.
  • 36. Andreasen. Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Univ Iowa. 1984;a.
  • 37. Andreasen. The Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). UnivIowa. 1984;b.
  • 38. Erkoç Ş, Arkonaç O AC ve ark. Negatif semptomlan değerlendirme ölçeğinin güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği. Düşünen Adam. 1991;4:16-19.
  • 39. Raine A. The SPQ: a scale for the assessment of schizotypal personality based on DSM- III-R criteria. Schizophr Bull. 1991;17:555-564.
  • 40. Şener A, Bora E, Tekin I, et al. Şizotipal Kişilik Ölçeğinin Üniversite Öğrencilerindeki Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Klin Psikofarmakol Bul. 2006;16:84-92.
  • 41. Eckblad M, Chapman LJ. Magical ideation as an indicator of schizotypy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:215-225.
  • 42. Atbaşoğlu EC, Kalaycioğlu C, Nalçacı E, et al. Büyüsel Düşünce Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Formunun Üniversite Öğrencilerindeki Geçerlik ve Güvenilirliği. Türkiye Psikiyatr Derg. 2003;14:31-41.
  • 43. Baskak B, Munir K, Ozguven HD, et al. Total exposure duration and proximity of cessation of cannabis use predict severity of sub-clinical psychotic symptoms among former users. Psychiatry Res. 2012;198:316-318.
  • 44. Garzitto M, Picardi A, Fornasari L, et al. Normative data of the Magical Ideation Scale from childhood to adulthood in an Italian cohort. Compr Psychiatry. 2016;69:78-87.
  • 45. Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A Practical and Powerful Approach to Multiple Testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1995;57:289-300.
  • 46. Aksoy-Poyraz C, Poyraz BÇ, Turan Ş, et al. Minor physical anomalies and neurological soft signs in patients with schizophrenia and their siblings. Psychiatry Res. 2011;190:85-90.
  • 47. Torrey EF, Bowler AE, Taylor EH, et al. Schizophrenia and manic-depressive disorder: The biological roots of mental illness as revealed by the landmark study of identical twins. New York: Basic Books; 1994.
  • 48. Kelly BD, McNeil TF, Lane A, et al. Is craniofacial dysmorpholgy correlated with structural brain anomalies in schizophrenia? Schizophr Res. 2005;80:349-355.
  • 49. DeLisi LE, Hoff AL, Kushner M, et al. Increased prevalence of cavum septum pellucidum in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging. 1993;50:193-199.
  • 50. Swayze VW, Andreasen NC, Ehrhardt JC, et al. Developmental Abnormalities of the Corpus Callosum in Schizophrenia. Arch Neurol. 1990;47:805-808.
  • 51. Kumar P, Burton B. Congenital Malformations: Evidence-Based Evaluation and Management. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill; 2008.
  • 52. Praharaj SK, Sarkar S, Sinha VK. External ear abnormalities in existing scales for minor physical anomalies: are they enough? Psychiatry Res. 2012;198:324-326.
  • 53. Bleuler E. Dementia Praecox or The Group of Schizophrenias. New York İnternational Univ Press; 1911.
  • 54. Ott SL, Roberts S, Rock D, et al. Positive and negative thought disorder and psychopathology in childhood among subjects with adulthood schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2002;58:231-239.
  • 55. Wahlberg KE, Wynne LC, Oja H, et al. Thought disorder index of Finnish adoptees and communication deviance of their adoptive parents. Psychol Med. 2000;30:127-136.
  • 56. Crow TJ. Schizophrenia as failure of hemispheric dominance for language. Trends Neurosci. 1997;20:339-343.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Adnan Kuşman 0000-0002-0540-4712

Project Number -
Publication Date October 27, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 73 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kuşman, A. (2020). The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies with Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 73(3), 216-223. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.79553
AMA Kuşman A. The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies with Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. October 2020;73(3):216-223. doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.79553
Chicago Kuşman, Adnan. “The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies With Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 73, no. 3 (October 2020): 216-23. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.79553.
EndNote Kuşman A (October 1, 2020) The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies with Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 73 3 216–223.
IEEE A. Kuşman, “The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies with Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 73, no. 3, pp. 216–223, 2020, doi: 10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.79553.
ISNAD Kuşman, Adnan. “The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies With Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 73/3 (October 2020), 216-223. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.79553.
JAMA Kuşman A. The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies with Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2020;73:216–223.
MLA Kuşman, Adnan. “The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies With Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 73, no. 3, 2020, pp. 216-23, doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2020.79553.
Vancouver Kuşman A. The Association of Minor Physical Anomalies with Clinical and Subclinical Psychotic Symptoms. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2020;73(3):216-23.
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