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BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR

Year 2025, Issue: 64, 377 - 397, 30.06.2025

Seher Bulut

Abstract

For years, US policy in the Middle East has prioritized securing energy resources in the region, countering regional threats and ensuring the security of key allies such as Israel. The October 7 Gaza War posed significant challenges to the United States' efforts to balance its two key interests: countering regional threats and ensuring the security of key allies. The policies implemented by the U.S. during the war reflect a case of its enduring reliance on regional allies to re-stabilize the regional balance of power. Assessing US policy during the October 7 Gaza War, this study examines the functionality of the burden-shifting strategy in this process, an element of the theory of offensive realism. The findings provide new insights into the nature of U.S. strategy in the Middle East, emphasizing the interplay between military, diplomatic, and regional considerations in a rapidly changing geopolitical landscape.

Keywords

US Offensive Realism buck-passing direct balancing October 7 Gaza War

References

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  • LAYNE, Christopher(2009). “America’s Middle East Grand Strategy after Iraq: The Moment for Offshore Balancing”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1.
  • POSEN, B. R. (2014). Restraint: A new foundation for U.S. grand strategy. Cornell University Press. Prifti, B. US Foreign Policy in the Middle East,The Case for Continuity,Springer,2017.
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  • WALT, S. M. (2018). U.S. grand strategy after the Cold War. International Security, 42(4), 30-66.
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  • DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. (2024, May 9). Pentagon Press Secretary Air Force Maj. Gen. Pat Ryder holds a press briefing, Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/ Transcript/Article/4013765/pentagon-press-secretary-maj-gen-pat-ryder-holds-press-briefing/. DENT, E., & RUMLEY, G. (2024, September 4). How the U.S. used arms sales to shift Saudi behavior. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved from https://washingtoninstitute. org/policy-analysis/how-us-used-arms-sales-shift-saudi-behavior.
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  • LIEBERMANN, O., BERTRAND, N., & LENDON, B. (2023, October 14). US sending second carrier strike group, fighter jets to region as Israel prepares to expand Gaza operations.
  • CNN. Retrieved November 10, 2024, from https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/14/middleeast/us-aircraft- carrier-eisenhower-israel-gaza-intl-hnk-ml/index.html.
  • MEARSHEIMER, J. J., & WALT, S. M. (2016). The case for offshore balancing: A superior U.S. grand strategy. Foreign Affairs, 95(4), 70-83.
  • MCGURK, B. (2023, February 15). Brett McGurk sets out the ‘Biden doctrine’ for the Middle East. Atlantic Council. Retrieved from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/transcript/ brett-mcgurk-sets-out-the-biden-doctrine-for-the-middle-east/.
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  • MILLER, M. (2024, October 7). Department press briefing – October 7, 2024. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 11, 2024, from https://www.state.gov/briefings/department- press-briefing-october-7-2024/.
  • MILLER, Z., & MADHANI, A. (2024, May 7). Biden warns Netanyahu against major Rafah offensive as divide between the 2 leaders grows. AP News. Retrieved November 10, 2024, from https://apnews.com/article/biden-netanyahu-gaza-rafah-d85423ad066fe41ac5783db5bd9ecffd
  • NETANYAHU, B. (2023, December 25). Benjamin Netanyahu: Our three prerequisites for peace. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2025, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/benjamin- netanyahu-our-three-prerequisites-for-peace-gaza-israel-bff895bd.
  • Office of the Historian - U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Camp David Accords and the Arab-Israeli peace process. Retrieved May 6, 2024, from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/ camp-david.
  • Office of the Historian - U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). The Oslo Accords and the Arab-Israeli peace process. Retrieved June 2, 2024, from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/ oslo.
  • ROBINSON, K. (2023, July 12). What is U.S. policy on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved July 12, 2023, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ what-us-policy-israeli-palestinian-conflict.
  • SCHNEIDER, T., & MAGID, J. (2024, January 4). Gallant’s post-war Gaza plan: Palestinians to run civil affairs with global task force. The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 2, 2025, from https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-post-war-gaza-plan-palestinians-to-run-civil-affairswith- global-task-force/.
  • SHAPLAND, G., & MEKELBERG, Y. (2024, September 26). Israeli–Palestinian peacemaking. Chatham House. Retrieved November 21, 2024, from https://www.chathamhouse. org/2019/01/israeli-palestinian-peacemaking.
  • TELLER, N. (2024, September 10). The Axis of Resistance may crumble on its own - Opinion. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-819392.
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  • YASEEN, M., GHAYOOR, S., SHAKIR, M. UL H., & ZAFAR, I. (2024). US foreign policy: Towards Middle East (2018-2023). Indus Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 474–493.
  • YNET. (2023, October 17). US takes charge of war, that will come at a cost. Ynet News. Retrieved from https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bjptlk3bp.
  • YOSEF, E., TANNO, S., & BROWN, B. (2024, June 2). Two far-right Israeli ministers threaten to topple the government if it accepts Biden peace plan. CNN. Retrieved September 8, 2024, from https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/02/middleeast/israeli-ministers-biden-ceasefire- plan-intl/index.html.
  • YOUSSEF, N. A., & LUBOLD, G. (2024, May 8). U.S. stalls weapons shipment to Israel in bid to stop Rafah offensive. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/ politics/national-security/u-s-paused-weapons-shipment-to-israel-over-a-possible-rafah-offensive- 1074521b.
  • ZANOTTI, J. (2024, July 9). Israel: Major issues and U.S. relations. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 5, 2024, from https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44245.
  • ZILBER, N. (2023, August 13). Normalization deal between Israel and the UAE signals a shift in the region. Foreign Policy. Retrieved August 13, 2023, from https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/08/13/israel-uae-normalization-west-bank-annexation/

ABD’NİN ORTADOĞU POLİTİKASINDA SORUMLULUĞU DEVRETME VE DOĞRUDAN DENGELEME STRATEJİLERİ: 7 EKİM GAZZE SAVAŞI SONRASI ÇIKARIMLAR

Year 2025, Issue: 64, 377 - 397, 30.06.2025

Seher Bulut

Abstract

ABD'nin Orta Doğu politikası uzun yıllardır bölgedeki enerji kaynaklarını güvence altına almaya, bölgesel tehditlere karşı koymaya ve İsrail gibi kilit müttefiklerinin güvenliğini sağlamaya öncelik vermiştir. 7 Ekim Gazze Savaşı, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin iki önemli çıkarı olan bölgesel tehditlere karşı koyma ve İsrail gibi kilit müttefiklerinin güvenliğini sağlama çıkarları arasında denge kurma çabalarında önemli zorluklar ortaya çıkardı. ABD'nin savaş sırasında uyguladığı politikalar, bölgedeki çıkarlarını gerçekleştirmek için bölgesel müttefiklere olan sürekli bağımlılığının bir örneğini yansıttı. ABD'nin 7 Ekim Gazze Savaşı sırasında ortaya koyduğu politikaları değerlendiren bu çalışma, saldırgan realizm teorisinin bir unsuru olan yük aktarımı ve doğrudan dengeleme stratejilerinin bu süreçteki işlevselliğini irdelemektedir. Bulgular, ABD'nin Orta Doğu'daki stratejisinin doğasına dair yeni içgörüler sunmakta ve hızla değişen jeopolitik manzarada askeri, diplomatik ve bölgesel dinamikler arasındaki etkileşimi ön plana çıkarmaktadır.

Keywords

ABD saldırgan realizm sorumluluğu devretme doğrudan dengeleme stratejisi 7 Ekim Gazze Savaşı

References

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  • LAYNE, Christopher(2009). “America’s Middle East Grand Strategy after Iraq: The Moment for Offshore Balancing”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 35, No. 1.
  • POSEN, B. R. (2014). Restraint: A new foundation for U.S. grand strategy. Cornell University Press. Prifti, B. US Foreign Policy in the Middle East,The Case for Continuity,Springer,2017.
  • RIZZI, Alberto(2024). The infinite connection: How to make the India-Middle East-Europe economic corridor happen,ECFR, https://ecfr.eu/publication/the-infinite-connection-how-to-make- the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-happen/, 23 April, erişim 06.02.2025.
  • WALT, S. M. (2018). U.S. grand strategy after the Cold War. International Security, 42(4), 30-66.
  • AL JAZEERA. (2022, January 29). US cancels $130m military aid for Egypt over rights concerns. Al Jazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/29/us-halts-egypt-military- aid-over-rights-after-huge-arms-sale.
  • ATLANTIC COUNCIL. (2023, February 15). Brett McGurk sets out the ‘Biden doctrine’ for the Middle East. Retrieved from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/transcript/brett-mcgurk- sets-out-the-biden-doctrine-for-the-middle-east/.
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  • DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. (2024, May 9). Pentagon Press Secretary Air Force Maj. Gen. Pat Ryder holds a press briefing, Retrieved from https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/ Transcript/Article/4013765/pentagon-press-secretary-maj-gen-pat-ryder-holds-press-briefing/. DENT, E., & RUMLEY, G. (2024, September 4). How the U.S. used arms sales to shift Saudi behavior. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved from https://washingtoninstitute. org/policy-analysis/how-us-used-arms-sales-shift-saudi-behavior.
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  • GORDON, M. R., & YOUSSEF, N. A. (2024, October 9). How Oct. 7 upended America’s global military strategy. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved December 12, 2024, from https:// www.wsj.com/politics/national-security/how-oct-7-upended-americas-global-military-strategy- 9e288f96.
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  • I24NEWS. (2024, May 9). Netanyahu on U.S. arms shipment pause: “If we have to stand alone, we will stand alone.” Retrieved November 11, 2024, from https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/ israel-at-war/artc-netnayahu-on-u-s-arms-shipment-pause-if-we-have-to-stand-alone-we-willstand- alone.
  • KATULIS, B. (2024). The Biden administration’s Middle East policy at a time of war: An assessment of US policy six months into the Israel-Hamas war. Middle East Eye. Retrieved November 14, 2024, from https://www.mei.edu/publications/biden-administrations-middle-east-policy- time-war-assessment-us-policy-six-months.
  • LIEBERMANN, O., BERTRAND, N., & LENDON, B. (2023, October 14). US sending second carrier strike group, fighter jets to region as Israel prepares to expand Gaza operations.
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  • MEARSHEIMER, J. J., & WALT, S. M. (2016). The case for offshore balancing: A superior U.S. grand strategy. Foreign Affairs, 95(4), 70-83.
  • MCGURK, B. (2023, February 15). Brett McGurk sets out the ‘Biden doctrine’ for the Middle East. Atlantic Council. Retrieved from https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/commentary/transcript/ brett-mcgurk-sets-out-the-biden-doctrine-for-the-middle-east/.
  • Middle East Eye. (2017, December 19). The 43 times US has used veto power against UN resolutions on Israel. Middle East Eye. Retrieved from https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/43-times- us-has-used-veto-power-against-un-resolutions-israel.
  • MILLER, M. (2024, October 7). Department press briefing – October 7, 2024. U.S. Department of State. Retrieved October 11, 2024, from https://www.state.gov/briefings/department- press-briefing-october-7-2024/.
  • MILLER, Z., & MADHANI, A. (2024, May 7). Biden warns Netanyahu against major Rafah offensive as divide between the 2 leaders grows. AP News. Retrieved November 10, 2024, from https://apnews.com/article/biden-netanyahu-gaza-rafah-d85423ad066fe41ac5783db5bd9ecffd
  • NETANYAHU, B. (2023, December 25). Benjamin Netanyahu: Our three prerequisites for peace. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved January 5, 2025, from https://www.wsj.com/articles/benjamin- netanyahu-our-three-prerequisites-for-peace-gaza-israel-bff895bd.
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  • Office of the Historian - U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). The Oslo Accords and the Arab-Israeli peace process. Retrieved June 2, 2024, from https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/ oslo.
  • ROBINSON, K. (2023, July 12). What is U.S. policy on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict? Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved July 12, 2023, from https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/ what-us-policy-israeli-palestinian-conflict.
  • SCHNEIDER, T., & MAGID, J. (2024, January 4). Gallant’s post-war Gaza plan: Palestinians to run civil affairs with global task force. The Times of Israel. Retrieved January 2, 2025, from https://www.timesofisrael.com/gallants-post-war-gaza-plan-palestinians-to-run-civil-affairswith- global-task-force/.
  • SHAPLAND, G., & MEKELBERG, Y. (2024, September 26). Israeli–Palestinian peacemaking. Chatham House. Retrieved November 21, 2024, from https://www.chathamhouse. org/2019/01/israeli-palestinian-peacemaking.
  • TELLER, N. (2024, September 10). The Axis of Resistance may crumble on its own - Opinion. The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved from https://www.jpost.com/opinion/article-819392.
  • THE WHITE HOUSE. (2023, October 10). Remarks by President Biden on the terrorist attacks in Israel. The White House. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches- remarks/2023/10/10/remarks-by-president-biden-on-the-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-2/.
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  • YASEEN, M., GHAYOOR, S., SHAKIR, M. UL H., & ZAFAR, I. (2024). US foreign policy: Towards Middle East (2018-2023). Indus Journal of Social Sciences, 2(2), 474–493.
  • YNET. (2023, October 17). US takes charge of war, that will come at a cost. Ynet News. Retrieved from https://www.ynetnews.com/article/bjptlk3bp.
  • YOSEF, E., TANNO, S., & BROWN, B. (2024, June 2). Two far-right Israeli ministers threaten to topple the government if it accepts Biden peace plan. CNN. Retrieved September 8, 2024, from https://edition.cnn.com/2024/06/02/middleeast/israeli-ministers-biden-ceasefire- plan-intl/index.html.
  • YOUSSEF, N. A., & LUBOLD, G. (2024, May 8). U.S. stalls weapons shipment to Israel in bid to stop Rafah offensive. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/ politics/national-security/u-s-paused-weapons-shipment-to-israel-over-a-possible-rafah-offensive- 1074521b.
  • ZANOTTI, J. (2024, July 9). Israel: Major issues and U.S. relations. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved May 5, 2024, from https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44245.
  • ZILBER, N. (2023, August 13). Normalization deal between Israel and the UAE signals a shift in the region. Foreign Policy. Retrieved August 13, 2023, from https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/08/13/israel-uae-normalization-west-bank-annexation/
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Seher Bulut 0000-0001-5962-2013

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date April 28, 2025
Acceptance Date May 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 64

Cite

APA Bulut, S. (2025). BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR. Avrasya Etüdleri(64), 377-397.
AMA Bulut S. BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR. Avrasya Etüdleri. June 2025;(64):377-397.
Chicago Bulut, Seher. “BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR”. Avrasya Etüdleri, no. 64 (June 2025): 377-97.
EndNote Bulut S (June 1, 2025) BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR. Avrasya Etüdleri 64 377–397.
IEEE S. Bulut, “BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR”, Avrasya Etüdleri, no. 64, pp. 377–397, June 2025.
ISNAD Bulut, Seher. “BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR”. Avrasya Etüdleri 64 (June 2025), 377-397.
JAMA Bulut S. BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2025;:377–397.
MLA Bulut, Seher. “BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR”. Avrasya Etüdleri, no. 64, 2025, pp. 377-9.
Vancouver Bulut S. BUCK-PASSING AND DIRECT BALANCING STRATEGIES IN U.S. MIDDLE EAST POLICY: INSIGHTS FOLLOWING THE OCTOBER 7 GAZA WAR. Avrasya Etüdleri. 2025(64):377-9.
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