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Sukuk ve Kamu Borç Yönetimi: Genel Değerlendirme Ve Geleceği

Year 2025, Issue: 53, 665 - 696, 30.04.2025

Abstract

Ülkeler değişen finansal koşullar ve iklim koşulları gibi faktörlerin neticesinde son yıllarda yenilikçi borçlanma araçları geliştirmekte ve ihraç etmektedir. Söz konusu yenilikçi araçlardan birisi ise hiç şüphesiz sukuktur. Sukuk, 1970’li yıllarda İslami bir finansal araç geliştirme yönünde gösterilen çabaların ardından ilk olarak özel sektör kuruluşu olan Shell DMS tarafından Malezya’da 1990 yılında ihraç edilmiştir. Devletler tarafından ilk ihraçlar ise 2001 yılında Bahreyn’den ve 2002 yılında Malezya’dan gelmiştir. İlk devlet sukuku (sovereign sukuk) ihraçlarının ardından 2000’li yıllarda Birleşik Krallık ve Lüksemburg gibi Müslüman olmayan ülkeler yanında Türkiye, Kuveyt ve Suudi Arabistan gibi birçok Müslüman ülke tarafından devlet sukuku ihracı gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ülkeden ülkeye farklılaşmakla birlikte söz konusu ülkelerin sukuk ihraç etmekle ulaşmaya çalıştıkları amaçlara bakıldığında genellikle; a) yeni bir yatırımcı sınıfının çekilmesi (yatırımcı tabanının çeşitlendirilmesi), b) daha yüksek düzeyde finansal katılımın teşvik edilmesi ve c) kamu borçlanma maliyetlerinin düşürülmesi amaçlarının öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle oluşturulan bu çalışmada, sukukun ülkelerin kamu borç yönetimine sağladığı faydalar ve kamu borç yönetimi hedeflerine ulaşılmasını desteklemedeki rolü incelemekte, bu rolün gerçekleştirilmesinin önündeki engellere değinilmekte ve sukukun borç yönetimine katkısını iyileştirmek için gerekli olan çeşitli önlemler değerlendirilmektedir. Betimsel bir yöntemle ele alınan bu çalışmada, sukuk ve kamu borç yönetimine ilişkin literatür taranmış, ülke örnekleri incelenmiş ve tablo ve grafiklerle çalışma bulguları desteklenmiştir.
Kamu borç yönetimine göre, ülkeler finansman sağlamak amacıyla bir enstrüman ihraç ettiğinde söz konusu enstrümanın çeşitli hedefleri gerçekleştirme düzeyini incelemektedir. Bu bakımdan kamu borç yönetiminin hedefleri genel olarak a) minimum maliyet ve uygun bir risk düzeyi ile borçlanılması, b) finansman ihtiyacının karşılanması, c) finansal piyasaların geliştirilmesi ve piyasalara erişimin sürdürülmesi, d) borçlanma araçlarının ve yatırımcı tabanının çeşitlendirilmesi, e) dengeli vade yapısının sürdürülmesi ve f) hane halkı tasarruflarının arttırılmasıdır.
Sukuk, kamu borç yönetiminin birçok amacını yerine getirmekte ve bu anlamda ülkelerin kamu borç yönetimi işlevlerini desteklemektedir. Bu açıdan, bu çalışmanın sonucuna göre sukuk, birtakım kamu borç yönetimi hedeflerine ulaşmayı kolaylaştırmaktadır. Söz konusu hedeflerden ilki a) finansman ihtiyacının karşılanmasıdır. Buna göre ülkelerin finansman ihtiyaçlarının karşılanabilmesi için özellikle global finansal kriz ve Avrupa borç krizinde başvurdukları finansal araçlardan birisi sukuktur. Nitekim devlet sukuku ihraçları AAOIFI’nın eleştirisine rağmen söz konusu krizlerin ardından artmıştır İkinci bir hedef b) finansal piyasaların geliştirilmesi ve piyasaya erişimin sürdürülmesidir. Sukuk ülkelerin yerel sermaye piyasalarını geliştirmek ve çeşitlendirmek için başvurdukları bir araçtır. Diğer yandan sukukun İslami yatırımcı tabanına sahip olması, geleneksel piyasalarda oluşan kredi sıkışıklığı ve kriz gibi dönemlerde piyasaya erişimin (İslami finans piyasası) sürdürülmesini sağlamaktadır. Üçüncü hedef c) borçlanma araçlarının ve yatırımcı tabanının çeşitlendirilmesidir. Sukukun en temel özelliği, farklı bir yatırımcı segmentine sahip olmasıdır. Bu açıdan sukuka bir yandan geleneksel tahvilden farklı bölgelerden ve diğer yandan da yine geleneksel tahvilden farklı yatırımcı segmentinden talep gelmektedir. Dördüncü hedef d) dengeli vade yapısının sürdürülmesidir. Sukuk farklı vadelerde ihraç edilebilmekte olup dengeli vade yapısına ulaşılmasını destekleyebilmektedir. Burada vurgulanması gereken nokta sukukun dengeli vade yapısına ulaşılmasını sağlamada geleneksel yöntemlerden ayrıca bir üstünlüğünün olmamasıdır. Son olarak beşinci hedef e) hane halkı tasarruflarının artırılmasıdır. Sukuk, İslami yatırımcı tabanının geleneksel faizli araçlara yatırım yapmamasından dolayı hane halkı tasarruflarını arttırabilmekte ve piyasaya kazandırabilmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Etik Kurul İzni gerekmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

-Yoktur

Thanks

-Yoktur

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Sukuk and Public Debt Management: General Assessment and the Way Forward

Year 2025, Issue: 53, 665 - 696, 30.04.2025

Abstract

In recent years, countries have started to develop and issue innovative debt instruments, with the development of financial technologies contributing to this trend. One such innovative debt instrument is sukuk. Sovereign (public) sukuk issuance began in 2001 and has since continued to grow steadily. Sovereign sukuk are issued by countries with a majority Muslim population, as well as by countries with significant Muslim populations, where the majority of the population is non-Muslim. As a result of these developments, sovereign sukuk issuance exceeded $100 billion. At present, countries issue sukuk for the general purposes of debt management, such as attracting a new class of investors (diversifying and expanding the investor base), promoting high levels of financial inclusion, and reducing public borrowing costs. In this context, the study examines the role of sukuk in supporting countries' public debt management objectives and explores ways to enhance its effectiveness. According to the findings of the study, it has been determined that sukuk is effective in achieving the basic goals of debt management, such as meeting the financing needs, developing financial markets, and maintaining market access, diversifying debt instruments and investor base, maintaining a balanced maturity structure and increasing household savings. However, there are several challenges that hinder the effectiveness of sukuk in achieving public debt management goals, including high issuance costs and a lack of standardization in the sukuk market. It is considered that overcoming these challenges will enable sukuk to play a more effective role in public debt management.

Ethical Statement

Ethics Committee Permission is not required.

Supporting Institution

-No

Thanks

-No

References

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There are 81 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Islamic Studies (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Ulusoy 0000-0001-8407-2770

Mehmet Ela 0000-0001-7341-6312

Early Pub Date April 29, 2025
Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date May 24, 2024
Acceptance Date April 28, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 53

Cite

APA Ulusoy, A., & Ela, M. (2025). Sukuk and Public Debt Management: General Assessment and the Way Forward. Bilimname(53), 665-696.