Phytochemical analysis of Silybum marianum flowers: Quantitative analysis of natural compounds and molecular docking application

Yunus Başar; Ramazan Erenler

doi:10.38059/biodiversity.1450643

Research Article

Silybum marianum çiçeklerinin fitokimyasal analizi: Doğal bileşiklerin kantitatif analizi ve moleküler yerleştirme uygulaması

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 20 - 31, 30.06.2024

Yunus Başar , Ramazan Erenler

https://doi.org/10.38059/biodiversity.1450643

Cited By: 5

Abstract

Bitkilerdeki sekonder metabolitler, Bitkilerin biyolojik aktivitesinin tanımlanması, ölçülmesi ve belirlenmesi, bitkilerin farmakoloji, gıda ve kozmetik gibi farklı alanlarda kullanılmasına olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu ikincil metabolitleri tanımlamak ve ölçmek için GC-MS/MS (esansiyel yağ, yağ asidi) ve LC-MS/MS (fenolik bileşikler) gibi farklı kromatografik yöntemler kullanılır. Silybum marianum Asteraceae familyasının bir üyesidir ve doğal olarak yetişir. Halk arasında Devedikeni, Meryem Dikeni, Sütlü Kengel gibi isimlerle tanınır. Bu çalışmada, S. marianum heksan ekstraktı GC-MS/MS ile, metanol-kloroform (1:1 v/v) ekstraktı ise LC-MS/MS ile analiz edildi. Palmitik asit metil ester (%17.96), linoleik asit metil ester (%14.20), seskisinol (%10.22) bileşikleri GC-MS/MS ile belirlendi. Ayrıca LC-MS/MS analizi, klorojenik asit (250.171 µg/g ekstrakt), salisilik asit (234.95 µg/g ekstrakt), izokersitrin (210.65 µg/g ekstrakt) ve rutinin (102.05 µg/g ekstrakt) miktarlarının belirlenmesiyle sonuçlandı. Analiz sonuçlarına göre ana bileşenler olarak sırasıyla yağ asidi olarak palmitik asit ve fenolik bileşik olarak klorojenik asit belirlendi. Üreaz enzimi ile etkileşimlerini belirlemek için moleküler doking uygulandı. Palmitik asit ve klorojenik asitin üreaz ile etkileşimi, sırasıyla -103,16 ve -113,21 olarak belirlendi. Bağlanma enerjisi ise sırasıyla -3.70 ve -6.50 kcal/mol olarak hesaplandı. Sonuçlara göre klorojenik asit bir üreaz enzim inhibitörü olabilir.

Keywords

Deve dikeni, GC-MS/MS, MolDock, Silybum marianum, LC-MS/MS, üreaz

References

AbouZid S (2012). Silymarin, Natural Flavonolignans from Milk Thistle.
Agarwal R, Agarwal C, Ichikawa H, Singh RP, Aggarwal BB (2006). Anticancer potential of silymarin: from bench to bed side. Anticancer Research 26: 4457-4498.
Aksit H, Çelik SM, Sen Ö, Erenler R, Demirtas I, Telci I, Elmastas M (2014). Complete isolation and characterization of polar portion of Mentha dumetorum water extract. Records of Natural Products 8: 277-280.
Amtul Z, Rasheed M, Choudhary MI, Rosanna S, Khan KM, Atta ur R (2004). Kinetics of novel competitive inhibitors of urease enzymes by a focused library of oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles and triazoles. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 319: 1053-1063.
Başar Y, Yenigün S, İpek Y, Behçet L, Gül F, Özen T, Demirtaş İ (2023). DNA protection, molecular docking, enzyme inhibition and enzyme kinetic studies of 1, 5, 9-epideoxyloganic acid isolated from Nepeta aristata with bio-guided fractionation. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 24:1-14.
Başar Y, Yenigün S, Gül F, Özen T, Demirtaş İ, Alma MH, Temel S (2024a). Phytochemical profiling, molecular docking and ADMET prediction of crude extract of Atriplex nitens Schkuhr for the screening of antioxidant and urease inhibitory. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology.
Başar Y, Demirtaş İ, Yenigün S, İpek Y, Özen T, Behçet L (2024b). Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MM/PBSA approaches and bioactivity studies of nepetanudoside B isolated from endemic Nepeta aristata. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 1-14. Epub 20240130.
Bayir B, Gündüz H, Usta T, Şahin E, Özdemir Z, Kayır Ö, Sen Ö, Akşit H, Elmastaş M, Erenler R (2014). Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Marrubium vulgare L. Leaves. Journal of New Results in Science 6: 44-50.
Baytop T (1999). Türkiye'de bitkiler ile tedavi: geçmişte ve bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
Beğen Akyıldırım H, Eminağaoğlu Ö (2022). Türkiye Rosaceae familyasına yeni cinsler (Aria, Hedlundia, Torminalis) ile taksonomik katkılar. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 5:36-49.
Cakmak O, Erenler R, Tutar A, Celik N (2006). Synthesis of new anthracene derivatives. Journal of Organic Chemistry 71: 1795-1801.
Corchete P (2008). Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn: the Source of Silymarin. p. 123-148.
Costa MA, Xia Z-Q, Davin LB, Lewis NG (1999). Toward engineering the metabolic pathways of cancer-preventing lignans in cereal grains and other crops. In: Phytochemicals in Human Health Protection, Nutrition, and Plant Defense. Springer. p. 67-87.
Çelik I, Demirtas I, Akkurt M, Erenler R, Güven K, Çakmak O (2003). Crystal structure of cis,cis,cis-1,2-epoxy-3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy tetralin. Crystal Research and Technology 38: 193-196.
Demiray E, Yılmaz Ö (2007). Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunda üreaz enziminin rolü ve önemi. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi 37: 112-117.
Demirezer L, Ersöz T, Saraçoğlu İ, Şener B (2007). Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler FFD Monografları. Nobel Yayınevi.
Demirtas I, Erenler R, Elmastas M, Goktasoglu A (2013). Studies on the antioxidant potential of flavones of Allium vineale isolated from its water-soluble fraction. Food Chemistry 136: 34-40.
El-Mallah M, El-Shami S, Hassanein M (2003). Detailed studies on some lipids of Silybum marianum (L.) seed oil. Grasas y Aceites 54 (4):397-402.
Elmastas M, Ozturk L, Gokce I, Erenler R, Aboul‐Enein HY (2004). Determination of antioxidant activity of marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.). Analytical Letters 37:1859-1869.
Elmastas M, Erenler R, Isnac B, Aksit H, Sen O, Genc N, Demirtas I (2016). Isolation and identification of a new neo-clerodane diterpenoid from Teucrium chamaedrys L. Natural Product Research 30: 299-304.
Erenler R, Cakmak O (2004). Synthesis of hexabromo, hydroxy, epoxy, methoxy and nitroxy derivatives of tetralins and naphthalenes. Journal of Chemical Research 566-569.
Erenler R, Biellmann JF (2005). Facile conversion of pyridine propargylic alcohols to enones: Stereochemistry of protonation of allenol. Tetrahedron Letters 46: 5683-5685.
Erenler R, Biellmann JF (2007). Synthesis of pentafluorophenyl- and pyridinyl-3 allenes. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 54: 103-108.
Erenler R, Uno M, Goud TV, Biellmanna JF (2009). Preparation of some heterocyclic enones and ynones by isomerisation of the propargylic alcohols. Journal of Chemical Research 459-464.
Erenler R (2011). Facile and efficient synthesis of ethyl 3-oxo-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-((pyridin- 4-yl)methylene) propanoate. Asian Journal of Chemistry 23: 3763-3764.
Erenler R, Yilmaz S, Aksit H, Sen O, Genc N, Elmastas M, Demirtas I (2014). Antioxidant activities of chemical constituents isolated from Echinops orientalis Trauv. Records of Natural Products 8:32-36.
Erenler R, Telci I, Ulutas M, Demirtas I, Gül F, Elmastaş M, Kayir O (2015). Chemical Constituents, Quantitative Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Journal of Food Biochemistry.
Erenler R, Sen O, Aksit H, Demirtas I, Yaglioglu AS, Elmastas M, Telci İ (2016). Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Origanum majorana and investigation of antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96: 822-836. Epub 20150408.
Erenler R, Meral B, Sen O, Elmastas M, Aydin A, Eminagaoglu O, Topcu G (2017). Bioassay-guided isolation, identification of compounds from Origanum rotundifolium and investigation of their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. Pharmaceutical Biology 55: 1646-1653.
Erenler R, Atalar MN, Yıldız İ, Geçer EN, Yıldırım A, Demirtas İ, Alma MH (2023). Quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds by LC-MS/MS from Inula graveolens. Bütünleyici ve Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi 4: 3-10.
Gullón B, Lú-Chau TA, Moreira MT, Lema JM, Eibes G (2017). Rutin: A review on extraction, identification and purification methods, biological activities and approaches to enhance its bioavailability. Trends in Food Science & Technology 67: 220-235.
Hasanloo T, Bahmanei M, Sepehrifar R, Kalantari F (2008). Determination of Tocopherols and Fatty Acids in Seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth. Journal of Medicinal Plants 7: 69-76.
İpek Y, Başar Y, Yenigün S, Behçet L, Özen T, Demirtas I (2024). In vitro bioactivities and in silico enzyme interactions of abietatrien-3β-ol by bio-guided isolation from Nepeta italica subsp. italica. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.
Lu J, Maezawa I, Weerasekara S, Erenler R, Nguyen TDT, Nguyen J, Swisher LZ, Li J, Jin LW, Ranjan A, Srivastava SK, Hua DH (2014). Syntheses, neural protective activities, and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β of substituted quinolines. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 24: 3392-3397.
Naveed M, Hejazi V, Abbas M, Kamboh AA, Khan GJ, Shumzaid M, Ahmad F, Babazadeh D, FangFang X, Modarresi-Ghazani F, Wehua L, XiaoHui Z (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 97: 67-74.
Önal M, Eminağaoğlu Ö (2022). Dutlu dağı (Oltu, Erzurum) ve çevresinin florası. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 5: 98-130.
Palaşoğlu B, Eminağaoğlu Ö (2022). Beşpare köyleri (Artvin-Türkiye) halk ilaçları. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 5: 1-16.
Randjelovic P, Veljković S, Stojiljković N, Sokolovic D, Ilić I, Laketić D, Randjelović D, Randjelović N (2015). The Beneficial Biological Properties of Salicylic Acid. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 32: 259-265.
Sahin Yaglioglu A, Akdulum B, Erenler R, Demirtas I, Telci I, Tekin S (2013). Antiproliferative activity of pentadeca-(8E, 13Z) dien-11-yn-2-one and (E)-1,8-pentadecadiene from Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. roots. Medicinal Chemistry Research 22: 2946-2953.
Topçu G, Erenler R, Çakmak O, Johansson CB, Çelik C, Chai H-B, Pezzuto JM (1999). Diterpenes from the berries of Juniperus excelsa. Phytochemistry 50: 1195-1199.
Valentová K, Vrba J, Bancířová M, Ulrichová J, Křen V (2014). Isoquercitrin: pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism. Food and Chemical Toxicology 68: 267-282.
Yenigün S, Başar Y, İpek Y, Behçet L, Özen T, Demirtaş İ (2023). Determination of antioxidant, DNA protection, enzyme inhibition potential and molecular docking studies of a biomarker ursolic acid in Nepeta species. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 42(11):5799-5816.

Phytochemical analysis of Silybum marianum flowers: Quantitative analysis of natural compounds and molecular docking application

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 20 - 31, 30.06.2024

Yunus Başar , Ramazan Erenler

https://doi.org/10.38059/biodiversity.1450643

Cited By: 5

Abstract

Secondary metabolites in plants, identifying, quantifying, and determining the biological activity of plants enables the use of plants in different fields such as pharmacology, food, and cosmetics. Different chromatographic methods such as GC-MS/MS (volatile compounds, fatty acid) and LC-MS/MS (phenolic compounds) are used to identify and quantify these secondary metabolites. Silybum marianum is a member of the Asteraceae family and grows naturally. It is known among the public by names such as Thistle, Virgin Mary Thorn, and Milky Kengel. In this study, S. marianum hexane extract was analyzed by GC-MS/MS, and the methanol-chloroform (1:1 v/v) extract was analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Palmitic acid methyl ester (17.96%), linoleic acid methyl ester (14.20%), and sesquicineole (10.22%) were determined by GC-MS/MS. Moreover, LC-MS/MS analysis resulted in the quantification of chlorogenic acid (250.171 µg/g extract), salicylic acid (234.95 µg/g extract), isoquercitrin (210.65 µg/g extract), and rutin (102.05 µg/g extract). According to the analysis results, palmitic acid and chlorogenic acid were detected as the main components of fatty acid and phenolic compound respectively. Molecular docking was applied to determine their interaction with the urease enzyme. Palmitic acid and chlorogenic acid interaction with urease were calculated as a MolDock score of -104.63, and -113.21, with binding energies of -3.70, and -6.50 kcal/mol respectively. According to the results, chlorogenic acid may be a urease enzyme inhibitor.

Keywords

GC-MS/MS, LC-MS/MS, milk thistle, MolDock, Silybum marianum, urease

References

AbouZid S (2012). Silymarin, Natural Flavonolignans from Milk Thistle.
Agarwal R, Agarwal C, Ichikawa H, Singh RP, Aggarwal BB (2006). Anticancer potential of silymarin: from bench to bed side. Anticancer Research 26: 4457-4498.
Aksit H, Çelik SM, Sen Ö, Erenler R, Demirtas I, Telci I, Elmastas M (2014). Complete isolation and characterization of polar portion of Mentha dumetorum water extract. Records of Natural Products 8: 277-280.
Amtul Z, Rasheed M, Choudhary MI, Rosanna S, Khan KM, Atta ur R (2004). Kinetics of novel competitive inhibitors of urease enzymes by a focused library of oxadiazoles/thiadiazoles and triazoles. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 319: 1053-1063.
Başar Y, Yenigün S, İpek Y, Behçet L, Gül F, Özen T, Demirtaş İ (2023). DNA protection, molecular docking, enzyme inhibition and enzyme kinetic studies of 1, 5, 9-epideoxyloganic acid isolated from Nepeta aristata with bio-guided fractionation. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 24:1-14.
Başar Y, Yenigün S, Gül F, Özen T, Demirtaş İ, Alma MH, Temel S (2024a). Phytochemical profiling, molecular docking and ADMET prediction of crude extract of Atriplex nitens Schkuhr for the screening of antioxidant and urease inhibitory. International Journal of Chemistry and Technology.
Başar Y, Demirtaş İ, Yenigün S, İpek Y, Özen T, Behçet L (2024b). Molecular docking, molecular dynamics, MM/PBSA approaches and bioactivity studies of nepetanudoside B isolated from endemic Nepeta aristata. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 1-14. Epub 20240130.
Bayir B, Gündüz H, Usta T, Şahin E, Özdemir Z, Kayır Ö, Sen Ö, Akşit H, Elmastaş M, Erenler R (2014). Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Marrubium vulgare L. Leaves. Journal of New Results in Science 6: 44-50.
Baytop T (1999). Türkiye'de bitkiler ile tedavi: geçmişte ve bugün. Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
Beğen Akyıldırım H, Eminağaoğlu Ö (2022). Türkiye Rosaceae familyasına yeni cinsler (Aria, Hedlundia, Torminalis) ile taksonomik katkılar. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 5:36-49.
Cakmak O, Erenler R, Tutar A, Celik N (2006). Synthesis of new anthracene derivatives. Journal of Organic Chemistry 71: 1795-1801.
Corchete P (2008). Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn: the Source of Silymarin. p. 123-148.
Costa MA, Xia Z-Q, Davin LB, Lewis NG (1999). Toward engineering the metabolic pathways of cancer-preventing lignans in cereal grains and other crops. In: Phytochemicals in Human Health Protection, Nutrition, and Plant Defense. Springer. p. 67-87.
Çelik I, Demirtas I, Akkurt M, Erenler R, Güven K, Çakmak O (2003). Crystal structure of cis,cis,cis-1,2-epoxy-3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxy tetralin. Crystal Research and Technology 38: 193-196.
Demiray E, Yılmaz Ö (2007). Helicobacter pylori infeksiyonunda üreaz enziminin rolü ve önemi. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi 37: 112-117.
Demirezer L, Ersöz T, Saraçoğlu İ, Şener B (2007). Tedavide Kullanılan Bitkiler FFD Monografları. Nobel Yayınevi.
Demirtas I, Erenler R, Elmastas M, Goktasoglu A (2013). Studies on the antioxidant potential of flavones of Allium vineale isolated from its water-soluble fraction. Food Chemistry 136: 34-40.
El-Mallah M, El-Shami S, Hassanein M (2003). Detailed studies on some lipids of Silybum marianum (L.) seed oil. Grasas y Aceites 54 (4):397-402.
Elmastas M, Ozturk L, Gokce I, Erenler R, Aboul‐Enein HY (2004). Determination of antioxidant activity of marshmallow flower (Althaea officinalis L.). Analytical Letters 37:1859-1869.
Elmastas M, Erenler R, Isnac B, Aksit H, Sen O, Genc N, Demirtas I (2016). Isolation and identification of a new neo-clerodane diterpenoid from Teucrium chamaedrys L. Natural Product Research 30: 299-304.
Erenler R, Cakmak O (2004). Synthesis of hexabromo, hydroxy, epoxy, methoxy and nitroxy derivatives of tetralins and naphthalenes. Journal of Chemical Research 566-569.
Erenler R, Biellmann JF (2005). Facile conversion of pyridine propargylic alcohols to enones: Stereochemistry of protonation of allenol. Tetrahedron Letters 46: 5683-5685.
Erenler R, Biellmann JF (2007). Synthesis of pentafluorophenyl- and pyridinyl-3 allenes. Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society 54: 103-108.
Erenler R, Uno M, Goud TV, Biellmanna JF (2009). Preparation of some heterocyclic enones and ynones by isomerisation of the propargylic alcohols. Journal of Chemical Research 459-464.
Erenler R (2011). Facile and efficient synthesis of ethyl 3-oxo-3-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-((pyridin- 4-yl)methylene) propanoate. Asian Journal of Chemistry 23: 3763-3764.
Erenler R, Yilmaz S, Aksit H, Sen O, Genc N, Elmastas M, Demirtas I (2014). Antioxidant activities of chemical constituents isolated from Echinops orientalis Trauv. Records of Natural Products 8:32-36.
Erenler R, Telci I, Ulutas M, Demirtas I, Gül F, Elmastaş M, Kayir O (2015). Chemical Constituents, Quantitative Analysis and Antioxidant Activities of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Journal of Food Biochemistry.
Erenler R, Sen O, Aksit H, Demirtas I, Yaglioglu AS, Elmastas M, Telci İ (2016). Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from Origanum majorana and investigation of antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96: 822-836. Epub 20150408.
Erenler R, Meral B, Sen O, Elmastas M, Aydin A, Eminagaoglu O, Topcu G (2017). Bioassay-guided isolation, identification of compounds from Origanum rotundifolium and investigation of their antiproliferative and antioxidant activities. Pharmaceutical Biology 55: 1646-1653.
Erenler R, Atalar MN, Yıldız İ, Geçer EN, Yıldırım A, Demirtas İ, Alma MH (2023). Quantitative analysis of bioactive compounds by LC-MS/MS from Inula graveolens. Bütünleyici ve Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi 4: 3-10.
Gullón B, Lú-Chau TA, Moreira MT, Lema JM, Eibes G (2017). Rutin: A review on extraction, identification and purification methods, biological activities and approaches to enhance its bioavailability. Trends in Food Science & Technology 67: 220-235.
Hasanloo T, Bahmanei M, Sepehrifar R, Kalantari F (2008). Determination of Tocopherols and Fatty Acids in Seeds of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaerth. Journal of Medicinal Plants 7: 69-76.
İpek Y, Başar Y, Yenigün S, Behçet L, Özen T, Demirtas I (2024). In vitro bioactivities and in silico enzyme interactions of abietatrien-3β-ol by bio-guided isolation from Nepeta italica subsp. italica. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics.
Lu J, Maezawa I, Weerasekara S, Erenler R, Nguyen TDT, Nguyen J, Swisher LZ, Li J, Jin LW, Ranjan A, Srivastava SK, Hua DH (2014). Syntheses, neural protective activities, and inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase-3β of substituted quinolines. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 24: 3392-3397.
Naveed M, Hejazi V, Abbas M, Kamboh AA, Khan GJ, Shumzaid M, Ahmad F, Babazadeh D, FangFang X, Modarresi-Ghazani F, Wehua L, XiaoHui Z (2018). Chlorogenic acid (CGA): A pharmacological review and call for further research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy 97: 67-74.
Önal M, Eminağaoğlu Ö (2022). Dutlu dağı (Oltu, Erzurum) ve çevresinin florası. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 5: 98-130.
Palaşoğlu B, Eminağaoğlu Ö (2022). Beşpare köyleri (Artvin-Türkiye) halk ilaçları. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity 5: 1-16.
Randjelovic P, Veljković S, Stojiljković N, Sokolovic D, Ilić I, Laketić D, Randjelović D, Randjelović N (2015). The Beneficial Biological Properties of Salicylic Acid. Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 32: 259-265.
Sahin Yaglioglu A, Akdulum B, Erenler R, Demirtas I, Telci I, Tekin S (2013). Antiproliferative activity of pentadeca-(8E, 13Z) dien-11-yn-2-one and (E)-1,8-pentadecadiene from Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. roots. Medicinal Chemistry Research 22: 2946-2953.
Topçu G, Erenler R, Çakmak O, Johansson CB, Çelik C, Chai H-B, Pezzuto JM (1999). Diterpenes from the berries of Juniperus excelsa. Phytochemistry 50: 1195-1199.
Valentová K, Vrba J, Bancířová M, Ulrichová J, Křen V (2014). Isoquercitrin: pharmacology, toxicology, and metabolism. Food and Chemical Toxicology 68: 267-282.
Yenigün S, Başar Y, İpek Y, Behçet L, Özen T, Demirtaş İ (2023). Determination of antioxidant, DNA protection, enzyme inhibition potential and molecular docking studies of a biomarker ursolic acid in Nepeta species. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 42(11):5799-5816.

There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Plant Biochemistry, Natural Products and Bioactive Compounds
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Yunus Başar 0000-0002-7785-3242 Ramazan Erenler 0000-0002-0505-3190
Early Pub Date	June 30, 2024
Publication Date	June 30, 2024
Submission Date	March 10, 2024
Acceptance Date	March 28, 2024
Published in Issue	Year 2024 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA	Başar, Y., & Erenler, R. (2024). Phytochemical analysis of Silybum marianum flowers: Quantitative analysis of natural compounds and molecular docking application. Turkish Journal of Biodiversity, 7(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.38059/biodiversity.1450643