Disease Parameters and Identification of Chickpea Root Rot Disease Associated with Rhizoctonia Species
Abstract
Chickpea is a legume rich in protein and is very important for nutritional balance and vegetarian diets. However, it experiences significant yield losses due to fungal-based pathogens, and more than 25 fungal disease agents worldwide affect chickpeas. This situation requires a comprehensive understanding of the regional etiology and epidemiology of chickpea diseases. This study aimed to understand the regional epidemiology and etiology of this disease agent in order to develop strategies to combat soil-borne Rhizoctonia spp. For this reason, a survey study was carried out in 14 districts of Yozgat to determine the Rhizoctonia spp. that cause chickpea root rot disease. Isolation studies were carried out from 690 plants from a total of 138 chickpea fields throughout Yozgat. As a result of survey studies, disease incidence throughout Yozgat varied between approximately 7% and 35%. On the other hand, disease severity varied between approximately 13% and 38%. The obtained Rhizoctonia spp. were identified by molecular methods as well as morphological characteristics. A total of 137 Rhizoctonia spp. were collected in isolation studies, and 67 of these isolates were identified as R.solani and 70 as R. bataticola. As a result of pathogenicity studies, it was revealed that the virulence levels of R.solani and R. bataticola pathogens are quite similar to each other. The study recommends conducting regular survey studies to determine the incidence of Rhizoctonia root rot in chickpea cultivation. Thus, timely measures will be taken for sustainable and disease monitoring in chickpea production areas.
References
- Aghakhani, M. and Dubey, S. C. (2009). Determination of genetic diversity among Indian isolates of Rhizoctonia bataticola causing dry root rot of chickpea. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 96(4): 607-619.
- Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology (5th edition). London: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Aras, S., and Endes, A. (2023). Effect of Fusarium oxysporum infection on strawberry under calcium, iron, and zinc deficiency conditions. Zemdirbyste 110:1, 71-78.
- Atmaca, S., Yanar, Y., Endes, A., Aktaş, B. (2025). Screening of Lentil Fields for Presence of Fusarium Wilt and Root Rot in Türkiye under Terrestrial Climate. Journal of Vısualızed Experıments 218: 1-25.
- Basbagci, G., Unal, F., Uysal, A., Dolar, F. S. (2019). Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 causing root rot on chickpea in Turkey. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17(2): e1007.
- Basbagci, G., and Dolar, F. S. (2020). Determination of the reactions of some chickpea cultivars against Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups threatening chickpea. Plant Protection Bulletin 60(3): 57-64
- Basbagci, G. and Dolar, F. S. (2022). Morphological, molecular and pathogenic characterization of Rhizoctonia bataticola isolates causing dry root rot of chickpea in Turkey. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 55(6): 720-735.
- Bayram, F. R., Boyraz, N., Kesenci, K. (2022). Determination of Disease Severity and Anastomosis Groups of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates from Chickpea Plant in Konya Province. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 36(3): 414-420.
- Bora, T. and Karaca, İ. (1970). Bitki Hastalıkları Surveyi, Kültür bitkilerinde hastalığın ve zararın ölçülmesi, Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No: 167, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova.
- Carling, D. E. and Sumner, D. R. (1992). Rhizoctonia. Methods for research on soilborne phytopathogenic fungi, 157-165.
- Dubey, S. C., Tripathi, A., Upadhyay, B. K., Deka, U. K. (2014). Diversity of Rhizoctonia solani associated with pulse crops in different agro-ecological regions of India. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30: 1699-1715.
- Endes, A. and Atmaca, S. (2022). Nohutlarda Ascochyta rabiei’nin Bazı Ticari Fungisitlere Dayanıklılık Durumunun Belirlenmesi. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda bilimleri dergisi (Online)37(2): 241-249.
- Endes, A. and Kayım, M. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with dieback and gummosis on plum trees in Turkey. In Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75(2): 295-302.
- Endes, A. (2023). Yozgat Kırşehir ve Kırıkkale İllerinde Nohut Kök Çürüklük ve Solgunluk Hastalığının Oluşumu ve Dağılımı. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda bilimleri dergisi (Online) 38(2): 284-298.
- Endes, A. (2024a). The Effect of Phytophthora citrophthora Infection of Strawberry Physiology and Histology in the Presence of Calcium, Iron, and Zinc Deficiencies. Applied Fruit Science 66(5): 1767-1775.
- Endes, A. (2024b). Characterization and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated with Gummosis, Dieback, Trunk and Branch Cankers of Almond Trees in Türkiye. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 30(4): 698-711.
- Endes, A., Yones, A. M., Atmaca, S., Tahir, M., Kayım, M. (2024). Resistance of Ascochyta rabiei isolates from chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) to fungicides. Heliyon 10: 15
- Faostat. (2023). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC, Accessed 22 June 2023.
- Haware, M. P., Jimenez-Diaz, R. M., Amin, K. S., Halila, H. (1990). Integrated management of wilt and root-rots of chickpea. pp.129-137. In: H.A. van Rheenen and M.C. Saxena (eds.), chickpea in the Nineties: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Chickpea Improvement. Dec 1989, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India.
- Jendoubi, W., Bouhadida, M., Boukteb, A., Béji, M., Kharrat, M. (2017). Fusarium Wilt Affecting Chickpea Crop. Agriculture, 7, 23; doi:10.3390/agriculture7030023
- Jiménez-Díaz, R. M., Castillo, P., del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M., Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortés, J. A. (2015). Fusarium wilt of chickpeas: Biology, ecology and management. Crop Protection 73: 16-27.
- Khan, M. S. A., Ramsey, M. D., Corbiere, R., Infantino, A., Porta-Puglia, A., Bouznad, Z., Scott, E. S. (1999). Ascochyta blight of chickpea in Australia: identification, pathogenicity and mating type. Plant Pathology 48(2): 230-234.
- Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortés, J. A., Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (2004). Integrated management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea with sowing date, host resistance, and biological control. Phytopathology 94: 946 – 960
- Manjunatha, S. V., Naik, M. K., Khan, M. F. R., Goswami, R. S. (2013). Evaluation of bio-control agents for management of dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Crop protection, 45: 147-150.
- Mazur, S., Nawrocki, J., Kucmierz, J. (2002) Fungal diseases of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivated in the south region of Poland. Plant Protection Science 38: 332-335.
- Nene, Y.L., Reddy, M.V., Haware, M.P., Ghanekar, A.M., Amin, K.S., Pande, S., Sharma, M. (2012). Field Diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases and their Control. Information Bulletin No. 28.
- Townsend, G.R. and Heuberger, J.W. (1943). Methods for estimating losses caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Dis. Rep. 27(17): 340-343.
- Yimer, S. M., Ahmed, S., Fininsa, C., Tadesse, N., Hamwieh, A., Cook, D. R. (2018). Distribution and factors influencing chickpea wilt and root rot epidemics in Ethiopia. Crop Protection 106: 150-155.
Rhizoctonia Türleri ile İlişkili Nohut Kök Çürüklük Hastalık Etmenlerinin Tanılanması ve Hastalık Parametreleri
Abstract
Nohut protein açısından zengin baklagillerden birisi olup, beslenme dengesi ve vejetaryen diyetler için çok önemlidir. Ancak, Fungal kökenli patojenler nedeniyle önemli verim kayıpları yaşanmaktadır ve dünya çapında yaklaşık 25’den fazla fungal hastalık etmeni nohutu etkilemektedir. Bu durum, nohut hastalıklarının bölgesel etiyolojisinin ve epidemiyolojisinin kapsamlı bir şekilde anlaşılmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışma, toprak kaynaklı Rhizoctonia spp. ile mücadele stratejileri geliştirmek için bu hastalık etmeninin bölgesel epidemiyolojisini ve etiyolojisini anlamayı amaçlamıştır. Bu sebeple, nohut kök çürüklük hastalığına neden olan Rhizoctonia türlerini belirlemek için Yozgat’ın 14 ilçesinde survey çalışması yürütülmüştür. Yozgat genelinde toplam 138 nohut tarlasından toplanan 690 adet bitkide izolasyon çalışması yapılmıştır. Survey çalışmaları sonucunda Yozgat genelinde hastalık yaygınlığı yaklaşık %7 ile %35 arasında belirlenmiştir. Diğer taraftan, hastalık şiddeti ise yaklaşık %13 ile %38 arasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Elde edilen Rhizoctonia izolatları morfolojik özelliklerinin yanı sıra moleküler yöntemler vasıtasıyla tanılanmıştır. İzolasyon çalışmalarında toplam 137 Rhizoctonia izolatı toplanmış ve bu izolatlardan 67’si R. solani, 70’i R. bataticola olarak belirlenmiştir. Patojenisite çalışmaları sonucunda R. solani ve R. bataticola patojenlerinin virülenslik düzeylerinin bir birine oldukça benzer olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışma, nohut yetiştiriciliğinde Rhizoctonia kök çürüklüğünün yaygınlığını belirlemek için düzenli survey çalışmalarının yapılmasını önermektedir. Böylece, nohut üretim alanlarında sürdürülebilirlik ve hastalık izleme için zamanında önlem alınması sağlanacaktır.
References
- Aghakhani, M. and Dubey, S. C. (2009). Determination of genetic diversity among Indian isolates of Rhizoctonia bataticola causing dry root rot of chickpea. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 96(4): 607-619.
- Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology (5th edition). London: Elsevier Academic Press.
- Aras, S., and Endes, A. (2023). Effect of Fusarium oxysporum infection on strawberry under calcium, iron, and zinc deficiency conditions. Zemdirbyste 110:1, 71-78.
- Atmaca, S., Yanar, Y., Endes, A., Aktaş, B. (2025). Screening of Lentil Fields for Presence of Fusarium Wilt and Root Rot in Türkiye under Terrestrial Climate. Journal of Vısualızed Experıments 218: 1-25.
- Basbagci, G., Unal, F., Uysal, A., Dolar, F. S. (2019). Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 causing root rot on chickpea in Turkey. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17(2): e1007.
- Basbagci, G., and Dolar, F. S. (2020). Determination of the reactions of some chickpea cultivars against Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups threatening chickpea. Plant Protection Bulletin 60(3): 57-64
- Basbagci, G. and Dolar, F. S. (2022). Morphological, molecular and pathogenic characterization of Rhizoctonia bataticola isolates causing dry root rot of chickpea in Turkey. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 55(6): 720-735.
- Bayram, F. R., Boyraz, N., Kesenci, K. (2022). Determination of Disease Severity and Anastomosis Groups of Rhizoctonia solani Isolates from Chickpea Plant in Konya Province. Selcuk Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences 36(3): 414-420.
- Bora, T. and Karaca, İ. (1970). Bitki Hastalıkları Surveyi, Kültür bitkilerinde hastalığın ve zararın ölçülmesi, Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yardımcı Ders Kitabı, Yayın No: 167, Ege Üniversitesi Matbaası, Bornova.
- Carling, D. E. and Sumner, D. R. (1992). Rhizoctonia. Methods for research on soilborne phytopathogenic fungi, 157-165.
- Dubey, S. C., Tripathi, A., Upadhyay, B. K., Deka, U. K. (2014). Diversity of Rhizoctonia solani associated with pulse crops in different agro-ecological regions of India. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 30: 1699-1715.
- Endes, A. and Atmaca, S. (2022). Nohutlarda Ascochyta rabiei’nin Bazı Ticari Fungisitlere Dayanıklılık Durumunun Belirlenmesi. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda bilimleri dergisi (Online)37(2): 241-249.
- Endes, A. and Kayım, M. (2022). Morphological and molecular characterization of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with dieback and gummosis on plum trees in Turkey. In Proceedings of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 75(2): 295-302.
- Endes, A. (2023). Yozgat Kırşehir ve Kırıkkale İllerinde Nohut Kök Çürüklük ve Solgunluk Hastalığının Oluşumu ve Dağılımı. Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda bilimleri dergisi (Online) 38(2): 284-298.
- Endes, A. (2024a). The Effect of Phytophthora citrophthora Infection of Strawberry Physiology and Histology in the Presence of Calcium, Iron, and Zinc Deficiencies. Applied Fruit Science 66(5): 1767-1775.
- Endes, A. (2024b). Characterization and Pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae Species Associated with Gummosis, Dieback, Trunk and Branch Cankers of Almond Trees in Türkiye. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 30(4): 698-711.
- Endes, A., Yones, A. M., Atmaca, S., Tahir, M., Kayım, M. (2024). Resistance of Ascochyta rabiei isolates from chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.) to fungicides. Heliyon 10: 15
- Faostat. (2023). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC, Accessed 22 June 2023.
- Haware, M. P., Jimenez-Diaz, R. M., Amin, K. S., Halila, H. (1990). Integrated management of wilt and root-rots of chickpea. pp.129-137. In: H.A. van Rheenen and M.C. Saxena (eds.), chickpea in the Nineties: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Chickpea Improvement. Dec 1989, ICRISAT Center, Patancheru, India.
- Jendoubi, W., Bouhadida, M., Boukteb, A., Béji, M., Kharrat, M. (2017). Fusarium Wilt Affecting Chickpea Crop. Agriculture, 7, 23; doi:10.3390/agriculture7030023
- Jiménez-Díaz, R. M., Castillo, P., del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M., Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortés, J. A. (2015). Fusarium wilt of chickpeas: Biology, ecology and management. Crop Protection 73: 16-27.
- Khan, M. S. A., Ramsey, M. D., Corbiere, R., Infantino, A., Porta-Puglia, A., Bouznad, Z., Scott, E. S. (1999). Ascochyta blight of chickpea in Australia: identification, pathogenicity and mating type. Plant Pathology 48(2): 230-234.
- Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortés, J. A., Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (2004). Integrated management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea with sowing date, host resistance, and biological control. Phytopathology 94: 946 – 960
- Manjunatha, S. V., Naik, M. K., Khan, M. F. R., Goswami, R. S. (2013). Evaluation of bio-control agents for management of dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Crop protection, 45: 147-150.
- Mazur, S., Nawrocki, J., Kucmierz, J. (2002) Fungal diseases of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivated in the south region of Poland. Plant Protection Science 38: 332-335.
- Nene, Y.L., Reddy, M.V., Haware, M.P., Ghanekar, A.M., Amin, K.S., Pande, S., Sharma, M. (2012). Field Diagnosis of Chickpea Diseases and their Control. Information Bulletin No. 28.
- Townsend, G.R. and Heuberger, J.W. (1943). Methods for estimating losses caused by diseases in fungicide experiments. Plant Dis. Rep. 27(17): 340-343.
- Yimer, S. M., Ahmed, S., Fininsa, C., Tadesse, N., Hamwieh, A., Cook, D. R. (2018). Distribution and factors influencing chickpea wilt and root rot epidemics in Ethiopia. Crop Protection 106: 150-155.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Agricultural Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 2, 2025 |
| Submission Date | June 26, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | July 2, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 |