Development of Hemp Based Stethoscope Diaphragm Material with Antibacterial and Acoustic Performance
Abstract
In this study, the use of hemp fabric-based composite materials as a natural and sustainable alternative to synthetic fibers in stethoscope diaphragm production was investigated. Boric acid and nano TiO₂ additives were incorporated into the diaphragms to impart antibacterial properties. Antibacterial tests revealed that the boric acid-added sample was effective against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, whereas the nano TiO₂-added sample did not exhibit significant antibacterial activity. The frequency response of the diaphragm was analyzed using a Bode diagram, and it was found to be comparable to commercial diaphragm materials. The diaphragm enhanced sound transmission within the 100 Hz - 1 kHz range, facilitating better perception of lung sounds, while providing a stable and clear response within the 20-150 Hz range, where heart sounds are detected. Additionally, attenuation at frequencies above 5 kHz contributed to reducing ambient noise, improving the efficiency of stethoscope use in clinical settings. The biodegradability, environmental friendliness, and antibacterial properties of hemp fabric-based diaphragms demonstrate their potential as sustainable material alternatives in medical device manufacturing. This study highlights the potential of natural and eco-friendly materials for medical applications and contributes to the development of antibacterial and recyclable alternatives.
References
- Antony S, Cherouat A, Montay G. 2018. Experimental, analytical and numerical analysis to investigate the tensile behaviour of hemp fibre yarns. Compos Struct 202: 482-490.
- Bayram A, Geyik Değerli N. 2024. Kenevir kumaşindan sifir atik yaklaşimi ile özgün giysi tasarimi. Turk J Fashion Des Manag 6: 121-140.
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- Hou K, Xia S, Bejerano E, Wu J, Jiang Xç 2023. ARSteth: Enabling home self-screening with ar-assisted ıntelligent stethoscopes. In: The 22nd International Conference, pp: 205-218.
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- Nishino T, Hirao K, Kotera M, Nakamae K, Inagaki H. 2003. Kenaf reinforced biodegradable composite. Compos Sci Technol 63: 1281-1286.
- Nowak LJ, Nowak KM. 2019. An experimental study on the role and function of the diaphragm in modern acoustic stethoscopes. Appl Acoust 155: 24-31.
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Abstract
Bu çalışmada, stetoskop diyafram malzemesi olarak sentetik lifler yerine doğal ve sürdürülebilir bir alternatif olan kenevir kumaş bazlı kompozit malzemelerin kullanımı incelenmiştir. Diyaframlara antibakteriyel özellik kazandırmak amacıyla borik asit ve nano TiO₂ katkıları eklenmiş, antibakteriyel testler sonucunda borik asit katkılı numunenin Escherichia coli ve Staphylococcus aureus bakterilerine karşı etkili olduğu, ancak nano TiO₂ katkılı numunenin bu çalışmada anlamlı bir antibakteriyel aktivite göstermediği belirlenmiştir. Diyaframın frekans yanıtı Bode diyagramı ile incelenmiş ve ticari malzemelerle karşılaştırılabilir düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diyafram, 100 Hz - 1 kHz aralığında ses iletimini güçlendirerek akciğer seslerinin daha iyi algılanmasını sağlarken, kalp seslerinin duyulacağı 20-150 Hz aralığında net bir stabil yanıt sunmaktadır. Ayrıca, 5 kHz üzerindeki frekanslarda ise çevresel gürültüyü baskılayarak stetoskop kullanımının klinik ortamlarda daha verimli olmasına katkıda bulunmuştur. Kenevir kumaş bazlı diyaframların biyolojik olarak parçalanabilir, çevre dostu ve antibakteriyel özelliklere sahip olması, tıbbi cihaz üretiminde sürdürülebilir malzeme alternatifleri sunabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu çalışma, doğal ve çevre dostu malzemelerin tıbbi uygulamalarda kullanım potansiyeline dikkat çekerek, antibakteriyel ve geri dönüştürülebilir alternatiflerin geliştirilmesine katkı sağlamaktadır.
Ethical Statement
Bu araştırmada hayvanlar ve insanlar üzerinde herhangi bir çalışma yapılmadığı için etik kurul onayı alınmamıştır.
References
- Antony S, Cherouat A, Montay G. 2018. Experimental, analytical and numerical analysis to investigate the tensile behaviour of hemp fibre yarns. Compos Struct 202: 482-490.
- Bayram A, Geyik Değerli N. 2024. Kenevir kumaşindan sifir atik yaklaşimi ile özgün giysi tasarimi. Turk J Fashion Des Manag 6: 121-140.
- Brandt LJ. 2023. Use of the stethoscope to diagnose gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders. Am J Gastroenterol 118: 1113-1116.
- Crini G, Lichtfouse E, Chanet G, Morin-Crini N. 2020. Applications of hemp in textiles, paper industry, insulation and building materials, horticulture, animal nutrition, food and beverages, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and hygiene, medicine, agrochemistry, energy production and environment: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18: 1451-1476.
- Duffy VG, (Ed.). 2015. Digital human modeling. applications in health, safety, ergonomics and risk management: Ergonomics and health. springer ınternational publishing, Cham, pp: 922.
- Dwi AZ, Syamsudin H. 2021. Manufacturing of E-Glass/Epoxy composite LSU-03 Propeller Using Hand Lay-up Method. Avia 2.
- Elkington M, Bloom D, Ward C, Chatzimichali A, Potter K. 2015a. Hand layup: understanding the manual process. Adv Manuf Polym Compos Sci 1: 138-151.
- Elkington M, Ward C, Chatzimichali A, Potter K. 2015b. Studying effects of preshearing on hand layup. Adv Manuf Polym Compos Sci 1: 80-93.
- Hou K, Xia S, Bejerano E, Wu J, Jiang Xç 2023. ARSteth: Enabling home self-screening with ar-assisted ıntelligent stethoscopes. In: The 22nd International Conference, pp: 205-218.
- Khan BA, Warner P, Wang H. 2014. Antibacterial properties of hemp and other natural fibre plants: A review. BioRes 9: 3642-3659.
- Malabadi RB, Kolkar KP, Chalannavar RK. 2023. Industrial Cannabis sativa: Role of hemp (fiber type) in textile industries. World J Bio Pharm Health Sci 16: 1-14.
- Meers PD, Chow CK. 1990. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions of boric acid against bacteria and fungi commonly found in urine. J Clin Pathol 43: 484-487.
- Mishra S, Tripathy SS, Misra M, Mohanty AK, Nayak SK. 2002. Novel eco-friendly biocomposites: biofiber reinforced biodegradable polyester amide composites—Fabrication and properties evaluation. J Reinf Plast Compos 21: 55-70.
- Misnon MI, Islam MM, Epaarachchi JA, Lau KT, 2015. Analyses of woven hemp fabric characteristics for composite reinforcement. Mater Des 66: 82-92.
- Mohanty AK, Vivekanandhan S, Pin JM, Misra M. 2018. Composites from renewable and sustainable resources: Challenges and innovations. Science 362: 536-542.
- Nishino T, Hirao K, Kotera M, Nakamae K, Inagaki H. 2003. Kenaf reinforced biodegradable composite. Compos Sci Technol 63: 1281-1286.
- Nowak LJ, Nowak KM. 2019. An experimental study on the role and function of the diaphragm in modern acoustic stethoscopes. Appl Acoust 155: 24-31.
- Palabıyık İ, Körlü A, Özçelik Kayseri G. 2024. Kenevir içeren denim giysilerin terbiyesinde çevre dostu bir yöntem: ozon ile yıkama. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Dergisi 39: 881-895.
- Promhuad K, Srisa A, San H, Laorenza Y, Wongphan P, Sodsai J, Tansin K, Phromphen P, Chartvivatpornchai N, Ngoenchai P, Harnkarnsujarit N. 2022. Applications of hemp polymers and extracts in food, textile and packaging: A review. Polymers 14.
- Scheibe M, Urbaniak M, Bledzki A. 2023. Application of natural (plant) fibers particularly hemp fiber as reinforcement in hybrid polymer composites - Part I. Origin of hemp and ıts coming into prominence, cultivation statistics, and Legal Regulations. J Nat Fibers 20.
- Serov DA, Gritsaeva AV, Yanbaev FM, Simakin AV, Gudkov SV. 2024. Review of antimicrobial properties of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Int J Mol Sci 25.
- Vieira A, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Leonor IB, Reis RL, Espiña B, Dos Santos MB. 2023. Innovative antibacterial, photocatalytic, titanium dioxide microstructured surfaces based on bacterial adhesion enhancement. ACS Appl Bio Mater 6: 754-764.
- Yurtalan N, Geyikçi F, Uğuz G. 2024. Effect of boric acid addition on antibacterial dye production. J Turk Chem Soc Sect B Chem Eng 7: 175-182.
- Zamboulis A, Xanthopoulou E, Chrysafi I, Lorenzo C, Bikiaris DN. 2023. Poly(ethylene succinate)/hemp fiber composites: Fully biobased materials with improved thermal and biodegradation properties. Sustain Chem Environ 4: 100045.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Wearable Materials, Materials Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 15, 2025 |
| Submission Date | February 11, 2025 |
| Acceptance Date | April 9, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 3 |
