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HBsAg Pozitif Kan Donörlerinde Hepatit Delta Varlığının Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 31 - 37, 02.05.2025

Nesrin Gareayaghi , Doğukan Özbey , Mustafa Altındiş

https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1668347

Abstract

Amaç: Hepatit Delta virüsü (HDV), insanlara parenteral yolla bulaşan, Hepatit B virüsü (HBV) varlığında Hepatit B yüzey antijenini (HBsAg) kullanarak karaciğer hücreleri içerisinde çoğalabilen ve enfeksiyona neden olabilen küçük ve defektif bir ribonükleik asit (RNA) virüsüdür. İnsanlarda var olan HBV enfeksiyonu sonrası süperenfeksiyon veya HBV ile aynı anda koenfeksiyon yaparak hastalık oluşmasına katkı sağlayabilir veya HBV’nin oluşturduğu karaciğer hasarını daha da şiddetlendirebilir. Yapılmış olan bu çalışmada HBV varlığı HBsAg saptanması sonucu gösterilmiş kan bağışçılarının kanlarında HDV’nin bir belirteci olan Anti-HDV’nin taranması ve bu iki virüsün birlikteliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. . Elde edilecek bulguların, hem kan transfüzyonu güvenliği açısından hem de HDV’nin toplumdaki yaygınlığının izlenmesi açısından önemli katkılar sağlayacağı öngörülmektedir.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Kan Merkezi’ne kan bağışı yapmış 70542 bağışçı arasından HBsAg pozitifliği saptanmış olan 88 bağışçının kan örneği dahil edilmiştir. yarışmacı ELISA prensipli ticari test kiti ile Anti-HDV taraması yapılmıştır. Anti-HDV S/Co değeri şüpheli çıkan kişilerde ise doğrulama amaçlı olarak reverse transkriptaz polimeraz zincir tepkimesi (RT PCR) metoduyla HDV RNA araştırılmıştır.
Bulgular: Uygulanan tarama testi sonucu tüm kan örneklerinde Anti-HDV non-reaktif (negatif) olarak saptanmıştır. Bu test sonrasında sonucu negatif olarak yorumlansa da okuma değeri pozitiflik sınırına yaklaşmış olan değerler şüpheli olarak kabul edilmiş ve HDV RNA testyle doğrulama işlemine tabi tutulmuştur, fakat bu doğrulama testinde de tüm örneklerden negatif sonuç alınmıştır.
Sonuç: Bu çalışmaya dahil edilen örneklerde tüm sonuçlar negatif bulunsa da HDV’nin kanla bulaşabilen bir etken olduğunun göz önüne alınması ve özellikle HBV pozitifliği bulunmuş kişilerde HDV taramasının da yapılmasının ülkemizde endemik bir hastalık olan HDV’nin seroprevalansında önemli bir etkisi olacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Hepatit B Hepatit Delta Kan Bankacılığı Viral Hepatit

References

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  • 2. Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, et al. Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(10):1677-1687. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz633
  • 3. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut. 1977;18(12):997-1003. doi:10.1136/gut.18.12.997
  • 4. Lange M, Zaret D, Kushner T. Hepatitis Delta: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2022;18(9):508-520.
  • 5. Nagata S, Kiyohara R, Toh H. Constraint of Base Pairing on HDV Genome Evolution. Viruses. 2021;13(12):2350. doi:10.3390/v13122350
  • 6. Netter HJ, Barrios MH, Littlejohn M, et al. Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) and Delta-Like Agents: Insights Into Their Origin. Front Microbiol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.652962
  • 7. Blanchet M, Angelo L, Tétreault Y, et al. HepG2BD: A Novel and Versatile Cell Line with Inducible HDV Replication and Constitutive HBV Expression. Viruses. 2024;16(4):532. doi:10.3390/v16040532
  • 8. Montoya-Guzman M, Martinez J, Castro-Arroyave D, et al. Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection in Indigenous Communities in Colombia. Microorganisms. 2023;11(7):1739. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071739
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  • 14. Shakil AO, Hadziyannis S, Hoofnagle JH, et al. Geographic Distribution and Genetic Variability of Hepatitis Delta Virus Genotype I. Virology. 1997;234(1):160-167. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8644
  • 15. Ivaniushina V, Radjef N, Alexeeva M, et al. Hepatitis delta virus genotypes I and II cocirculate in an endemic area of Yakutia, Russia. J Gen Virol. 2001;82(11):2709-2718. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2709
  • 16. Sakugawa H, Nakasone H, Nakayoshi T, et al. Hepatitis delta virus genotype IIb predominates in an endemic area, Okinawa, Japan. J Med Virol. 1999;58(4):366-372. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199908)58:4<366::aid-jmv8>3.0.co;2-x
  • 17. Lee CM, Changchien CS, Chung JC, et al. Characterization of a new genotype II hepatitis delta virus from Taiwan. J Med Virol. 1996;49(2):145-154. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199606)49:2<145::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-D
  • 18. Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Soares MCP, Bensabath G, et al. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus genotypes in outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis in the western Brazilian Amazon region. J Gen Virol. 2009;90(Pt 11):2638-2643. doi:10.1099/vir.0.013615-0
  • 19. Quintero A, Uzcátegui N, Loureiro CL, et al. Hepatitis delta virus genotypes I and III circulate associated with hepatitis B virus genotype F in Venezuela. J Med Virol. 2001;64(3):356-359. doi:10.1002/jmv.1058
  • 20. Casey JL. Hepatitis delta virus. Genetics and pathogenesis. Clin Lab Med. 1996;16(2):451-464.
  • 21. Casey JL, Brown TL, Colan EJ, et al. A genotype of hepatitis D virus that occurs in northern South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(19):9016-9020. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.19.9016
  • 22. Le Gal F, Brichler S, Drugan T, et al. Genetic diversity and worldwide distribution of the deltavirus genus: A study of 2,152 clinical strains. Hepatology. 2017;66(6):1826-1841. doi:10.1002/hep.29574
  • 23. Makuwa M, Caron M, Souquière S, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis B and delta viruses in pregnant women in Gabon. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(2):754-756. doi:10.1128/JCM.02142-07
  • 24. Makuwa M, Mintsa-Ndong A, Souquière S, et al. Prevalence and molecular diversity of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus in urban and rural populations in northern Gabon. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(7):2265-2268. doi:10.1128/JCM.02012-08
  • 25. Le Gal F, Gault E, Ripault MP, et al. Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(9):1447-1450. doi:10.3201/eid1209.060112
  • 26. Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V, et al. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus. J Virol. 2004;78(5):2537-2544. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.5.2537-2544.2004
  • 27. Tozun N, Ozdogan O, Cakaloglu Y, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and risk factors in Turkey: a fieldwork TURHEP study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(11):1020-1026. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.028
  • 28. Ziver Sarp T, Dinç HÖ, Özbey D, et al. Hepatit Delta Virüsü Enfeksiyonu Seroprevalansının Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Celal Bayar Univ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021;8(3):495-502. doi:10.34087/cbusbed.901563
  • 29. Hepatitis D. Accessed April 7, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-d
  • 30. Asselah T. What is the Path Forward to Treat Hepatitis Delta Virus?: Old Treatments and New Options. Clin Liver Dis. 2023;27(4):985-995. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2023.05.012
  • 31. Hepatitis B. Accessed April 7, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
  • 32. Goyal A, Murray JM. The Impact of Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy on Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Epidemiology. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110143. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110143
  • 33. Tharwani A, Hamid S. Elimination of HDV: Epidemiologic implications and public health perspectives. Liver Int. 2023;43(S1):101-107. doi:10.1111/liv.15579
  • 34. Pan Z, Chen S, Xu L, et al. Diagnostic Efficacy of Serological Antibody Detection Tests for Hepatitis Delta Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses. 2023;15(12). doi:10.3390/v15122345
  • 35. Attaran MS, Sharifi Z, Hosseini SM, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis D coinfection in asymptomatic blood donors in Iran. APMIS. 2014;122(3):243-247. doi:10.1111/apm.12137
  • 36. Deng X, Liu D, Delcourt MP, et al. No Hepatitis Delta Virus Seropositivity among Blood Donors with Overt and Occult Hepatitis B Infection in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. Viruses. 2023;15(7). doi:10.3390/v15071509
  • 37. Chang L, Yan Y, Ji H, et al. Low seroprevalence of hepatitis delta virus co-infection in hepatitis B virus-infected blood donors in China: A multicenter study. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:992817. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.992817
  • 38. Juhl D, Chudy M, Görg S, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Hepatitis D virus (HDV) in blood donors in Northern Germany. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(3):102721. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102721
  • 39. Servant-Delmas A, Le Gal F, Gallian P, et al. Increasing prevalence of HDV/HBV infection over 15 years in France. J Clin Virol. 2014;59(2):126-128. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.016
  • 40. Toy M, Güler B, Somay K, et al. Hepatitis delta virus infection in Turkey: A meta-analysis of prevalence. IJID Regions. 2024;10:228-234. doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.02.003
  • 41. John BV, Amoli MM, Evon DM, et al. Hepatitis delta testing trends in a US national cohort: An analysis of patient and provider-level predictive factors. Hepatol Commun. 2024;8(5). doi:10.1097/HC9.0000000000000401
  • 42. Basimane-Bisimwa P, Koyaweda GW, Ngaïganam E, et al. Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection in the Central African Republic. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0291155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291155
  • 43. Wang Y, Shen G, Lu R, et al. The prevalence of HDV among HBsAg-positive populations with and without HIV-1 in China. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;140:70-77. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.12.014
  • 44. Olsen K, Mahgoub S, Al-Shakhshir S, et al. Recent treatment advances and practical management of hepatitis D virus. Clin Med (Lond). 2023;23(4):403-408. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2022-0556
  • 45. Dziri S, Rodriguez C, Gerber A, et al. Variable In Vivo Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) RNA Editing Rates According to the HDV Genotype. Viruses. 2021;13(8). doi:10.3390/v13081572
  • 46. Demirel A, Uraz S, Deniz Z, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection in Europe: Is it vanishing? J Viral Hepat. 2024;31(2):120-128. doi:10.1111/jvh.13899
  • 47. Uraz S, Deniz Z, Zerdali EY, et al. The changing epidemiology of delta hepatitis in Türkiye over three decades: A systematic review. J Viral Hepat. 2023;30(7):588-596. doi:10.1111/jvh.13834

Evaluation of Hepatitis Delta Presence in HBsAg Pozitive Blood Donors

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 31 - 37, 02.05.2025

Nesrin Gareayaghi , Doğukan Özbey , Mustafa Altındiş

https://doi.org/10.34084/bshr.1668347

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Objective: Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is a small and defective ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that can infect humans through parenteral transmission. It replicates within liver cells using the Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the presence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). In individuals with existing HBV infection, HDV can either cause coinfection simultaneously with HBV or superinfection after an established HBV infection, potentially exacerbating liver damage caused by HBV. This study aims to screen blood donors who tested positive for HBsAg—a marker of HBV infection—for Anti-HDV, a serological marker of HDV, and to investigate the coexistence of these two viruses. The findings are expected to contribute significantly to both transfusion safety and surveillance of HDV prevalence in the general population.
Methods: Blood samples from 88 donors—among 70,542 who donated blood at Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital Blood Center and tested positive for HBsAg—were included in the study. Anti-HDV screening was performed using a commercially available ELISA-based test kit. In cases where the Anti-HDV S/Co values were close to the positivity threshold and deemed suspicious, HDV RNA was further investigated using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for confirmation.
Results: Anti-HDV was found to be non-reactive (negative) in all samples based on the screening test. Although all results were interpreted as negative, those with S/Co values near the cutoff were considered suspicious and subjected to confirmation testing with HDV RNA, which also yielded negative results in all samples.
Conclusion: Although all samples in this study tested negative, the fact that HDV can be transmitted via blood highlights the importance of screening for HDV, particularly in individuals with HBV positivity. Such screening could significantly contribute to understanding the seroprevalence of HDV, which remains endemic in our country.

Keywords

Hepatitis B Hepatitis Delta Blood Banking Viral Hepatitis

References

  • 1. Gish RG, Wong RJ, Di Tanna GL, et al. Association of hepatitis delta virus with liver morbidity and mortality: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2024;79(5):1129-1140. doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000642
  • 2. Miao Z, Zhang S, Ou X, et al. Estimating the Global Prevalence, Disease Progression, and Clinical Outcome of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(10):1677-1687. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz633
  • 3. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Arico S, et al. Immunofluorescence detection of new antigen-antibody system (delta/anti-delta) associated to hepatitis B virus in liver and in serum of HBsAg carriers. Gut. 1977;18(12):997-1003. doi:10.1136/gut.18.12.997
  • 4. Lange M, Zaret D, Kushner T. Hepatitis Delta: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2022;18(9):508-520.
  • 5. Nagata S, Kiyohara R, Toh H. Constraint of Base Pairing on HDV Genome Evolution. Viruses. 2021;13(12):2350. doi:10.3390/v13122350
  • 6. Netter HJ, Barrios MH, Littlejohn M, et al. Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) and Delta-Like Agents: Insights Into Their Origin. Front Microbiol. 2021;12. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2021.652962
  • 7. Blanchet M, Angelo L, Tétreault Y, et al. HepG2BD: A Novel and Versatile Cell Line with Inducible HDV Replication and Constitutive HBV Expression. Viruses. 2024;16(4):532. doi:10.3390/v16040532
  • 8. Montoya-Guzman M, Martinez J, Castro-Arroyave D, et al. Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection in Indigenous Communities in Colombia. Microorganisms. 2023;11(7):1739. doi:10.3390/microorganisms11071739
  • 9. Pearlman B. Hepatitis Delta Infection: A Clinical Review. Semin Liver Dis. 2023;43(03):293-304. doi:10.1055/a-2133-8614
  • 10. Stockdale AJ, Kreuels B, Henrion MYR, et al. The global prevalence of hepatitis D virus infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2020;73(3):523-532. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.008
  • 11. Karimzadeh H, Usman Z, Frishman D, et al. Genetic diversity of hepatitis D virus genotype‐1 in Europe allows classification into subtypes. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(7):900-910. doi:10.1111/jvh.13086
  • 12. Altuğlu I, Özacar T, Sertoz RY, et al. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) genotypes in patients with chronic hepatitis: molecular epidemiology of HDV in Turkey. Int J Infect Dis. 2007;11(1):58-62. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.10.012
  • 13. Bozdayı AM, Aslan N, Bozdayı G, et al. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B, C and D viruses in Turkish patients. Arch Virol. 2004;149(11):2115-2129. doi:10.1007/s00705-004-0363-2
  • 14. Shakil AO, Hadziyannis S, Hoofnagle JH, et al. Geographic Distribution and Genetic Variability of Hepatitis Delta Virus Genotype I. Virology. 1997;234(1):160-167. doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8644
  • 15. Ivaniushina V, Radjef N, Alexeeva M, et al. Hepatitis delta virus genotypes I and II cocirculate in an endemic area of Yakutia, Russia. J Gen Virol. 2001;82(11):2709-2718. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-82-11-2709
  • 16. Sakugawa H, Nakasone H, Nakayoshi T, et al. Hepatitis delta virus genotype IIb predominates in an endemic area, Okinawa, Japan. J Med Virol. 1999;58(4):366-372. doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199908)58:4<366::aid-jmv8>3.0.co;2-x
  • 17. Lee CM, Changchien CS, Chung JC, et al. Characterization of a new genotype II hepatitis delta virus from Taiwan. J Med Virol. 1996;49(2):145-154. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9071(199606)49:2<145::AID-JMV12>3.0.CO;2-D
  • 18. Gomes-Gouvêa MS, Soares MCP, Bensabath G, et al. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus genotypes in outbreaks of fulminant hepatitis in the western Brazilian Amazon region. J Gen Virol. 2009;90(Pt 11):2638-2643. doi:10.1099/vir.0.013615-0
  • 19. Quintero A, Uzcátegui N, Loureiro CL, et al. Hepatitis delta virus genotypes I and III circulate associated with hepatitis B virus genotype F in Venezuela. J Med Virol. 2001;64(3):356-359. doi:10.1002/jmv.1058
  • 20. Casey JL. Hepatitis delta virus. Genetics and pathogenesis. Clin Lab Med. 1996;16(2):451-464.
  • 21. Casey JL, Brown TL, Colan EJ, et al. A genotype of hepatitis D virus that occurs in northern South America. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(19):9016-9020. doi:10.1073/pnas.90.19.9016
  • 22. Le Gal F, Brichler S, Drugan T, et al. Genetic diversity and worldwide distribution of the deltavirus genus: A study of 2,152 clinical strains. Hepatology. 2017;66(6):1826-1841. doi:10.1002/hep.29574
  • 23. Makuwa M, Caron M, Souquière S, et al. Prevalence and genetic diversity of hepatitis B and delta viruses in pregnant women in Gabon. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(2):754-756. doi:10.1128/JCM.02142-07
  • 24. Makuwa M, Mintsa-Ndong A, Souquière S, et al. Prevalence and molecular diversity of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus in urban and rural populations in northern Gabon. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(7):2265-2268. doi:10.1128/JCM.02012-08
  • 25. Le Gal F, Gault E, Ripault MP, et al. Eighth major clade for hepatitis delta virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12(9):1447-1450. doi:10.3201/eid1209.060112
  • 26. Radjef N, Gordien E, Ivaniushina V, et al. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a wide and ancient radiation of African hepatitis delta virus. J Virol. 2004;78(5):2537-2544. doi:10.1128/jvi.78.5.2537-2544.2004
  • 27. Tozun N, Ozdogan O, Cakaloglu Y, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections and risk factors in Turkey: a fieldwork TURHEP study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(11):1020-1026. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.06.028
  • 28. Ziver Sarp T, Dinç HÖ, Özbey D, et al. Hepatit Delta Virüsü Enfeksiyonu Seroprevalansının Retrospektif Olarak Değerlendirilmesi. Celal Bayar Univ Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2021;8(3):495-502. doi:10.34087/cbusbed.901563
  • 29. Hepatitis D. Accessed April 7, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-d
  • 30. Asselah T. What is the Path Forward to Treat Hepatitis Delta Virus?: Old Treatments and New Options. Clin Liver Dis. 2023;27(4):985-995. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2023.05.012
  • 31. Hepatitis B. Accessed April 7, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-b
  • 32. Goyal A, Murray JM. The Impact of Vaccination and Antiviral Therapy on Hepatitis B and Hepatitis D Epidemiology. PLoS One. 2014;9(10):e110143. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110143
  • 33. Tharwani A, Hamid S. Elimination of HDV: Epidemiologic implications and public health perspectives. Liver Int. 2023;43(S1):101-107. doi:10.1111/liv.15579
  • 34. Pan Z, Chen S, Xu L, et al. Diagnostic Efficacy of Serological Antibody Detection Tests for Hepatitis Delta Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses. 2023;15(12). doi:10.3390/v15122345
  • 35. Attaran MS, Sharifi Z, Hosseini SM, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis D coinfection in asymptomatic blood donors in Iran. APMIS. 2014;122(3):243-247. doi:10.1111/apm.12137
  • 36. Deng X, Liu D, Delcourt MP, et al. No Hepatitis Delta Virus Seropositivity among Blood Donors with Overt and Occult Hepatitis B Infection in Dalian, Liaoning Province, China. Viruses. 2023;15(7). doi:10.3390/v15071509
  • 37. Chang L, Yan Y, Ji H, et al. Low seroprevalence of hepatitis delta virus co-infection in hepatitis B virus-infected blood donors in China: A multicenter study. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:992817. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.992817
  • 38. Juhl D, Chudy M, Görg S, et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Hepatitis D virus (HDV) in blood donors in Northern Germany. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020;59(3):102721. doi:10.1016/j.transci.2020.102721
  • 39. Servant-Delmas A, Le Gal F, Gallian P, et al. Increasing prevalence of HDV/HBV infection over 15 years in France. J Clin Virol. 2014;59(2):126-128. doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2013.11.016
  • 40. Toy M, Güler B, Somay K, et al. Hepatitis delta virus infection in Turkey: A meta-analysis of prevalence. IJID Regions. 2024;10:228-234. doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.02.003
  • 41. John BV, Amoli MM, Evon DM, et al. Hepatitis delta testing trends in a US national cohort: An analysis of patient and provider-level predictive factors. Hepatol Commun. 2024;8(5). doi:10.1097/HC9.0000000000000401
  • 42. Basimane-Bisimwa P, Koyaweda GW, Ngaïganam E, et al. Seroprevalence and molecular characterization of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection in the Central African Republic. PLoS One. 2024;19(5):e0291155. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291155
  • 43. Wang Y, Shen G, Lu R, et al. The prevalence of HDV among HBsAg-positive populations with and without HIV-1 in China. Int J Infect Dis. 2024;140:70-77. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2023.12.014
  • 44. Olsen K, Mahgoub S, Al-Shakhshir S, et al. Recent treatment advances and practical management of hepatitis D virus. Clin Med (Lond). 2023;23(4):403-408. doi:10.7861/clinmed.2022-0556
  • 45. Dziri S, Rodriguez C, Gerber A, et al. Variable In Vivo Hepatitis D Virus (HDV) RNA Editing Rates According to the HDV Genotype. Viruses. 2021;13(8). doi:10.3390/v13081572
  • 46. Demirel A, Uraz S, Deniz Z, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis D virus infection in Europe: Is it vanishing? J Viral Hepat. 2024;31(2):120-128. doi:10.1111/jvh.13899
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There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medical Virology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nesrin Gareayaghi 0000-0002-0812-1128

Doğukan Özbey 0000-0002-0596-1551

Mustafa Altındiş 0000-0003-0411-9669

Early Pub Date May 9, 2025
Publication Date May 2, 2025
Submission Date March 30, 2025
Acceptance Date April 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA Gareayaghi N, Özbey D, Altındiş M. HBsAg Pozitif Kan Donörlerinde Hepatit Delta Varlığının Değerlendirilmesi. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. May 2025;9(1):31-37. doi:10.34084/bshr.1668347

Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research