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Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 280 - 289, 30.06.2025

Raif Alan , Arslan Terlemez , Hasan Bakay , Şakir Gıca , Esra Ercan

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804

Abstract

Objective: Depression, anxiety, and stress (DAS) are quite common among dental students. It should be the duty of the educational institution to deal with these mental disorders that are observed during a challenging education. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of DAS among dental students and explore possible factors that may cause these disorders.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among dental students at Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, which offers dental education in Turkey. The form created with Google Forms was distributed to the students with a URL link to collect socio-demographic information and data related to DAS levels.
Results: The majority of dental students exhibited levels of DAS severity ranging from 'severe' to 'extremely severe'. Females exhibited higher levels of anxiety and stress than males, while their resilience was lower. Those with financial support responsibilities towards their families similarly showed significantly higher anxiety and stress levels (p<.05, for both). It was also found that DAS levels increased up to the fourth-grade, peaking at the fourth-grade, and then significantly decreased in the fifth-grade. Dissatisfaction regarding examination and teaching methods was associated with the DAS level of dental students.
Conclusion: It is believed that methodological improvements in education will have a positive contribution to the mental health of dental students. Dealing with related mental disorders is also of critical importance for enhancing the quality of treatments provided to patients and consequently, making progress in the healthcare system.

Keywords

Anxiety dental students depression mental health stress

Ethical Statement

This cross-sectional study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Graduate Education Institute (project no: 2023-YÖNP-0400; app. no: 07/44) and was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. All students participating in the study were informed about the purpose of the study. They participated in the study voluntarily and had the right to withdraw their participation.

References

  • Mao Y, Zhang N, Liu J, Zhu B, He R, Wang X. A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1744-2
  • Pöhlmann K, Jonas I, Ruf S, Harzer W. Stress, burnout and health in the clinical period of dental education. Eur J Dent Educ. 2005;9(2):78-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2004.00359.x
  • Yaacob M, Harun NA, Ramli F, Abdul Razak H, Sajuni NA. Depression, anxiety and stress among dental undergraduate students: Prevalence, stressors and relieving factors. IIUM Med J Malays. 2018;17(2):123-129. https://doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v17i2.946
  • Pedrelli P, Nyer M, Yeung A, Zulauf C, Wilens T. College students: mental health problems and treatment considerations. Acad Psychiatry. 2015;39(5):503-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0205-9
  • Tosevski DL, Milovancevic MP, Gajic SD. Personality and psychopathology of university students. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23(1):48-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328333d625
  • Crumpei I, Dafinoiu I. Secondary traumatic stress in medical students. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012;46:1465-1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.322
  • Schmitter M, Liedl M, Beck J, Rammelsberg P. Chronic stress in medical and dental education. Med Teach. 2008;30(1):97-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590701769571
  • Sarvas E. Guest Editorial: Alumni-informed dental school curriculum development. Quintessence Int. 2022;53(3):197-198. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b2633575
  • Eremsoy CE, Çelimli Ş, Gençöz T. Students under academic stress in a Turkish University: Variables associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Curr Psychol. 2005;24(2):123-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-005-1011-z
  • Firth J, Mamo C, Buttigieg R, Vassallo D, Azzopardi L. Psychological stress amongst Maltese undergraduate medical students. Int J Collab Res Internal Med Public Health. 2012;4(5):840-849.
  • Kogoj TK, Cebašek-Travnik Z, Zaletel-Kragelj L. Role of stress in burnout among students of medicine and dentistry-a study in Ljubljana, Slovenia, Faculty of Medicine. Coll Antropol. 2014;38(3):879-887.
  • Koh KB, Choe E, Song JE, Lee EH. Effect of coping on endocrinoimmune functions in different stress situations. Psychiatry Res. 2006;143(2-3):223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.04.008
  • Faruk MO, Mamun MA, Siddique AB, Griffiths MD. Risk factors for depression and anxiety disorders among Bangladeshi dental students: A cross-sectional survey study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2023;21(3):1501-1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00603-1
  • V Machado A, O Castro C, R Botelho Filho C, D Bruzamolin C, Scariot R, Pizzatto E, C L Gabardo M. Anxiety and sleep quality in dental students at a private Brazilian university. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2020;61(1):27-36. https://doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.2018-0072
  • Sariçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. JCBPR. 2018;7(1):19-30.
  • Gilbody S, Richards D, Brealey S, Hewitt C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): A diagnostic meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(11):1596-1602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0333-y
  • Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):317-325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258-266. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
  • Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
  • Sugiura G, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y. Psychological well-being and perceptions of stress amongst Japanese dental students. Eur J Dent Educ. 2005;9(1):17-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2004.00352.x
  • Wexler M. Mental health and dental education. J Dent Educ. 1978;42(2):74-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.1978.42.2.tb01162.x
  • El Ansari W, Oskrochi R, Haghgoo G. Are students' symptoms and health complaints associated with perceived stress at university? Perspectives from the United Kingdom and Egypt. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(10):9981-10002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111009981
  • Uraz A, Tocak YS, Yozgatligil C, Cetiner S, Bal B. Psychological well-being, health, and stress sources in Turkish dental students. J Dent Educ. 2013;77(10):1345-1355. PMID: 24098039
  • Yıldırım B, Kırarslan Karagoz O, Tekeli Simsek A, Koca C, Cicek MF. Associations between self-reported bruxism, sleep quality, and psychological status among dental students in Turkey. Cranio. 2024;42(1):63-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2021.1909458
  • Alkhazrajy LA, Sabah S, Hassan SM. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among primary health care providers in Baghdad. Int J Health Psychol Res. 2014;2(2):1-20.
  • Eaton NR, Keyes KM, Krueger RF, Balsis S, Skodol AE, Markon KE, Grant BF, Hasin DS. An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: evidence from a national sample. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(1):282-288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024780
  • Divaris K, Mafla AC, Villa-Torres L, Sánchez-Molina M, Gallego-Gómez CL, Vélez-Jaramillo LF, Tamayo-Cardona JA, Pérez-Cepeda D, Vergara-Mercado ML, Simancas-Pallares MÁ, Polychronopoulou A. Psychological distress and its correlates among dental students: a survey of 17 Colombian dental schools. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13:91. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-91
  • Takayama Y, Miura E, Miura K, Ono S, Ohkubo C. Condition of depressive symptoms among Japanese dental students. Odontology. 2011;99(2):179-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-011-0005-6
  • Erdinç G, Tokgöz Kaplan T. Evaluation of depression, anxiety, stress, and postgraduate plans of dentistry students. Selcuk Dent J. 2023;10(2):451-456. https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.1293296
  • George RP, Donald PM, Soe HHK, Tee SC, Toh J, Cheah MJQ. Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate dental students in Malaysia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2022;23(5):532-538.
  • Basudan S, Binanzan N, Alhassan A. Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:179-186. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5910.b961
  • Kuehner C. Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(2):146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30263-2
  • Calo M, Judd B, Peiris C. Grit, resilience and growth-mindset interventions in health professional students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Educ. 2024;58(8):902-919. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.15391
  • Mofatteh M. Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS Public Health. 2020;8(1):36-65. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2021004
  • Mihăilescu AI, Diaconescu LV, Ciobanu AM, Donisan T, Mihailescu C. The impact of anxiety and depression on academic performance in undergraduate medical students. Eur Psychiatry. 2016;33:S284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.761
  • Brenneisen Mayer F, Souza Santos I, Silveira PS, Itaqui Lopes MH, de Souza AR, Campos EP, de Abreu BA, Hoffman Ii I, Magalhães CR, Lima MC, Almeida R, Spinardi M, Tempski P. Factors associated to depression and anxiety in medical students: A multicenter study. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16(1):282. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0791-1
  • McLaughlin KA, Behar E, Borkovec TD. Family history of psychological problems in generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychol. 2008;64(7):905-918. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20497
  • Telang HA, Nerali JT, Telang A, Pishipati VKC. Perceived sources of stress among Malaysian dental students. European J Gen Dent. 2013;2(3):300-307. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-9626.116020
  • Terlemez A, Pakdemir SS, Gıca Ş. Evaluation of burnout levels in dentistry students and its relationship with endodontic preclinical academic achievement. NEU Dent J. 2022;4(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.51122/neudentj.2022.1
  • Kresovich A, MacLean K, Lancaster CM, Torres ED, Temple JR, Mumford EA. Experimental evaluation of a neurophysiological intervention designed to increase student resilience: A pilot study. J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2023;35(1-3):129-146. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2024.2336473

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 280 - 289, 30.06.2025

Raif Alan , Arslan Terlemez , Hasan Bakay , Şakir Gıca , Esra Ercan

https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804

Abstract

References

  • Mao Y, Zhang N, Liu J, Zhu B, He R, Wang X. A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China. BMC Med Educ. 2019;19(1):327. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-019-1744-2
  • Pöhlmann K, Jonas I, Ruf S, Harzer W. Stress, burnout and health in the clinical period of dental education. Eur J Dent Educ. 2005;9(2):78-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2004.00359.x
  • Yaacob M, Harun NA, Ramli F, Abdul Razak H, Sajuni NA. Depression, anxiety and stress among dental undergraduate students: Prevalence, stressors and relieving factors. IIUM Med J Malays. 2018;17(2):123-129. https://doi.org/10.31436/imjm.v17i2.946
  • Pedrelli P, Nyer M, Yeung A, Zulauf C, Wilens T. College students: mental health problems and treatment considerations. Acad Psychiatry. 2015;39(5):503-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0205-9
  • Tosevski DL, Milovancevic MP, Gajic SD. Personality and psychopathology of university students. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2010;23(1):48-52. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e328333d625
  • Crumpei I, Dafinoiu I. Secondary traumatic stress in medical students. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2012;46:1465-1469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.322
  • Schmitter M, Liedl M, Beck J, Rammelsberg P. Chronic stress in medical and dental education. Med Teach. 2008;30(1):97-99. https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590701769571
  • Sarvas E. Guest Editorial: Alumni-informed dental school curriculum development. Quintessence Int. 2022;53(3):197-198. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.b2633575
  • Eremsoy CE, Çelimli Ş, Gençöz T. Students under academic stress in a Turkish University: Variables associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Curr Psychol. 2005;24(2):123-133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-005-1011-z
  • Firth J, Mamo C, Buttigieg R, Vassallo D, Azzopardi L. Psychological stress amongst Maltese undergraduate medical students. Int J Collab Res Internal Med Public Health. 2012;4(5):840-849.
  • Kogoj TK, Cebašek-Travnik Z, Zaletel-Kragelj L. Role of stress in burnout among students of medicine and dentistry-a study in Ljubljana, Slovenia, Faculty of Medicine. Coll Antropol. 2014;38(3):879-887.
  • Koh KB, Choe E, Song JE, Lee EH. Effect of coping on endocrinoimmune functions in different stress situations. Psychiatry Res. 2006;143(2-3):223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2005.04.008
  • Faruk MO, Mamun MA, Siddique AB, Griffiths MD. Risk factors for depression and anxiety disorders among Bangladeshi dental students: A cross-sectional survey study. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2023;21(3):1501-1514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00603-1
  • V Machado A, O Castro C, R Botelho Filho C, D Bruzamolin C, Scariot R, Pizzatto E, C L Gabardo M. Anxiety and sleep quality in dental students at a private Brazilian university. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2020;61(1):27-36. https://doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.2018-0072
  • Sariçam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. JCBPR. 2018;7(1):19-30.
  • Gilbody S, Richards D, Brealey S, Hewitt C. Screening for depression in medical settings with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ): A diagnostic meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(11):1596-1602. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0333-y
  • Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Löwe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(10):1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, Löwe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146(5):317-325. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004
  • Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: Validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64(2):258-266. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200203000-00008
  • Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
  • Sugiura G, Shinada K, Kawaguchi Y. Psychological well-being and perceptions of stress amongst Japanese dental students. Eur J Dent Educ. 2005;9(1):17-25. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2004.00352.x
  • Wexler M. Mental health and dental education. J Dent Educ. 1978;42(2):74-77. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.1978.42.2.tb01162.x
  • El Ansari W, Oskrochi R, Haghgoo G. Are students' symptoms and health complaints associated with perceived stress at university? Perspectives from the United Kingdom and Egypt. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(10):9981-10002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph111009981
  • Uraz A, Tocak YS, Yozgatligil C, Cetiner S, Bal B. Psychological well-being, health, and stress sources in Turkish dental students. J Dent Educ. 2013;77(10):1345-1355. PMID: 24098039
  • Yıldırım B, Kırarslan Karagoz O, Tekeli Simsek A, Koca C, Cicek MF. Associations between self-reported bruxism, sleep quality, and psychological status among dental students in Turkey. Cranio. 2024;42(1):63-68. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2021.1909458
  • Alkhazrajy LA, Sabah S, Hassan SM. Prevalence of depressive symptoms among primary health care providers in Baghdad. Int J Health Psychol Res. 2014;2(2):1-20.
  • Eaton NR, Keyes KM, Krueger RF, Balsis S, Skodol AE, Markon KE, Grant BF, Hasin DS. An invariant dimensional liability model of gender differences in mental disorder prevalence: evidence from a national sample. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(1):282-288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024780
  • Divaris K, Mafla AC, Villa-Torres L, Sánchez-Molina M, Gallego-Gómez CL, Vélez-Jaramillo LF, Tamayo-Cardona JA, Pérez-Cepeda D, Vergara-Mercado ML, Simancas-Pallares MÁ, Polychronopoulou A. Psychological distress and its correlates among dental students: a survey of 17 Colombian dental schools. BMC Med Educ. 2013;13:91. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6920-13-91
  • Takayama Y, Miura E, Miura K, Ono S, Ohkubo C. Condition of depressive symptoms among Japanese dental students. Odontology. 2011;99(2):179-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10266-011-0005-6
  • Erdinç G, Tokgöz Kaplan T. Evaluation of depression, anxiety, stress, and postgraduate plans of dentistry students. Selcuk Dent J. 2023;10(2):451-456. https://doi.org/10.15311/selcukdentj.1293296
  • George RP, Donald PM, Soe HHK, Tee SC, Toh J, Cheah MJQ. Prevalence of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate dental students in Malaysia. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2022;23(5):532-538.
  • Basudan S, Binanzan N, Alhassan A. Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:179-186. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5910.b961
  • Kuehner C. Why is depression more common among women than among men? Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4(2):146-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30263-2
  • Calo M, Judd B, Peiris C. Grit, resilience and growth-mindset interventions in health professional students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Educ. 2024;58(8):902-919. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.15391
  • Mofatteh M. Risk factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression among university undergraduate students. AIMS Public Health. 2020;8(1):36-65. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2021004
  • Mihăilescu AI, Diaconescu LV, Ciobanu AM, Donisan T, Mihailescu C. The impact of anxiety and depression on academic performance in undergraduate medical students. Eur Psychiatry. 2016;33:S284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.761
  • Brenneisen Mayer F, Souza Santos I, Silveira PS, Itaqui Lopes MH, de Souza AR, Campos EP, de Abreu BA, Hoffman Ii I, Magalhães CR, Lima MC, Almeida R, Spinardi M, Tempski P. Factors associated to depression and anxiety in medical students: A multicenter study. BMC Med Educ. 2016;16(1):282. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0791-1
  • McLaughlin KA, Behar E, Borkovec TD. Family history of psychological problems in generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychol. 2008;64(7):905-918. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20497
  • Telang HA, Nerali JT, Telang A, Pishipati VKC. Perceived sources of stress among Malaysian dental students. European J Gen Dent. 2013;2(3):300-307. https://doi.org/10.4103/2278-9626.116020
  • Terlemez A, Pakdemir SS, Gıca Ş. Evaluation of burnout levels in dentistry students and its relationship with endodontic preclinical academic achievement. NEU Dent J. 2022;4(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.51122/neudentj.2022.1
  • Kresovich A, MacLean K, Lancaster CM, Torres ED, Temple JR, Mumford EA. Experimental evaluation of a neurophysiological intervention designed to increase student resilience: A pilot study. J Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2023;35(1-3):129-146. https://doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2024.2336473
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Dentistry (Other), Psychiatry
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Raif Alan 0000-0003-2602-3481

Arslan Terlemez 0000-0002-6092-4817

Hasan Bakay 0000-0002-8864-2942

Şakir Gıca 0000-0001-7387-8840

Esra Ercan 0000-0002-8696-4198

Early Pub Date June 27, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date March 25, 2024
Acceptance Date March 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Alan, R., Terlemez, A., Bakay, H., Gıca, Ş., et al. (2025). Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, 15(2), 280-289. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804
AMA Alan R, Terlemez A, Bakay H, Gıca Ş, Ercan E. Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. June 2025;15(2):280-289. doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804
Chicago Alan, Raif, Arslan Terlemez, Hasan Bakay, Şakir Gıca, and Esra Ercan. “Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 2025): 280-89. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804.
EndNote Alan R, Terlemez A, Bakay H, Gıca Ş, Ercan E (June 1, 2025) Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15 2 280–289.
IEEE R. Alan, A. Terlemez, H. Bakay, Ş. Gıca, and E. Ercan, “Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study”, Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 280–289, 2025, doi: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804.
ISNAD Alan, Raif et al. “Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences 15/2 (June 2025), 280-289. https://doi.org/10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804.
JAMA Alan R, Terlemez A, Bakay H, Gıca Ş, Ercan E. Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2025;15:280–289.
MLA Alan, Raif et al. “Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences, vol. 15, no. 2, 2025, pp. 280-9, doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.1458804.
Vancouver Alan R, Terlemez A, Bakay H, Gıca Ş, Ercan E. Examination of Factors Affecting Mental Distress Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences. 2025;15(2):280-9.
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