Abstract
Depremler, çok fazla sayıda
can kayıplarına, alt yapı zararlarına, ciddi maddi kayıplara neden olan en
yıkıcı doğal afetlerdir. Deprem nedeni ile yıkılmış binaların deprem sonrası
tespiti önemli bir aşamadır çünkü bu tip binalar şehirler için risk
oluşturmaktadır. Son yıllarda dijital fotogrametri ve uzaktan algılama
teknolojileri ile uydu algılayıcıları/kamera sistemlerindeki önemli gelişmeler
yeni ve farklı araştırma konu ve uygulamalarının ortaya çıkmasına neden
olmuştur. 1950'li yıllardan bu yana gelişim gösteren dijital kamera teknolojisi
beraberinde yüksek mekansal çözünürlük ve konumsal doğruluğa sahip
ortofotoların üretimi de olanaklı hale gelmiştir. Bu ortofotolar detay
çıkartımında ve tematik sınıflandırmada başarı ile kullanılmaktadır. Yüksek
mekansal çözünürlüğe bağlı olarak tematik sınıflandırmada geleneksel piksel
tabanlı sınıflandırma yaklaşımı yerine nesne tabanlı yaklaşım önem kazanmış ve
yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu çalışma için Türkiye’nin doğusunda yer alan Van ili-Erciş
ilçesi seçilmiştir. Bölgede, 23 Ekim 2011 tarihinde yerel saat ile 13:41:20’de
(UTC 10:41:20) moment büyüklüğü (Mw) 7.2 olan bir deprem meydana gelmiştir.
Çalışmada veri olarak depremden bir gün sonra Harita Genel Komutanlığı
tarafından hasar tespiti yapmak amacıyla alınan hava fotoğraflarından üretilen
ortofotolar kullanılmıştır. Deprem sonrası görüntüde ilk olarak 2 farklı dokuda
alan seçilmiştir. Hem homojen hem de heterojen alanların sınıflandırılmasında
ilk adım olarak en uygun parametreler seçilerek segmentasyon işlemi
gerçekleştirilmiştir. Segmentasyon aşamasında çoklu çözünürlük algoritmasından
faydalanılmıştır. Yapılan farklı denemeler sonucunda en uygun şekil faktörü ve
renk değerleri göz önüne alınmıştır. Bir sonraki aşamada, nesne tabanlı
sınıflandırmada kullanılan ve ‘kontrollü’ ve ‘kontrolsüz’ olarak adlandırılan
iki farklı sınıflandırma yaklaşımı uygulanmış ve bu yöntemlerin sınıflandırma
doğrulukları karşılaştırılmıştır.
References
- Allen C.R.,,Active faulting in northern Turkey,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, California, U.S.A.,English,1969
- Baatz M., Schape A.,Multi resolution segmentation: an optimization approach for high quality multi scale image segmentation,12-23,J. Strobl, T. Blaschke, G. Griesebner,Wichmann-Verlag,Heidelberg,Proceedings of Twelfth Angewandte Geographische Informations verarbeitung,2000
- Baltsavias E.P., Grun A., Gool L.V.,Automatic extraction of man-made objects from aerial and space images (III),426,A.A. Balkema Publishers,Lisse, Netherlands,2001
- Baran E., Mertol H.C., Gunes B.,Damage in reinforced-concrete buildings during the 2011 Van, Turkey, Earthquakes,466–479,2014,28(3)
- Barka A.,Neotectonics of the Marmara region,55–87,Schindler C., Pfister M.,vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH,Zurich,Active tectonics of northwest Anatolia: The Marmara Poly-Project,1997
- Benz U.C., Hofmann P., Willhauck G., Lingenfelder I., Heynen M.,Multi-resolution object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS- ready information,239-258,2004,58 (3-4)
- Blaschke T.,Object based image analysis for remote sensing,2-16,2010,65 (1)
- Guha-Sapir D, Hoyois Ph., Below R.,Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2012: The Numbers and Trends, Brussels: CRED; 2013,2013,http://cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2012.pdf
- Definiens Developer XD 2.0.4. Reference Book,Definiens AG, München, Germany,2012,http://www.imperial.ac.uk/ media/imperial-college/medicine/facilities/film/Definiens-Developer-Reference-Book-XD-2.0.4.pdf
- Dewey J.W.,Seismicity of northern Anatolia,843–868,1976,66
- Dewey J.F., Hempton M.R., Kidd W.S.F., Saroglu F., Sengor A.M.C.,Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia-a young collision zone,3-36,Coward M.P., Ries A.C.,,Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford,Collision Tectonics,1986
- Erdik M., Yaver K., Demircioglu M., Sesetyan K.,23 October 2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake,651-665,2012,64 (1)
- Jackson J., McKenzie D.,The relationship between plate motions and seismic tremors, and the rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East,45–73,1988,93(1)
- Korkmaz S.,Observations on the Van earthquake and structural failures,2015,29(1)
- Mather P.M,Computer processing of remotely sensed images: an introduction,360,John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,1987
- Myint S.W., Gober P., Brazel A., Grossman-Clarke S., Weng Q.H.,Per-pixel vs. object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery,1145-1161,2011,115 (5)
- McKenzie D.,Active tectonics of the Mediterranean Region,109-185,1972,30(2)
- Navulur K.,Multispectral Image Analysis Using the Object-Oriented Paradigm,184,CRC Press,Florida, U.S.A.,2007
- Sabuncu A., Uca Avci Z.D, Sunar F.,Preliminary results of earthquake-induced building damage detection with object-based image classification,Prague, Chech Republic,2016,12-19 July,ISPRS 2016
- Sabuncu A., Uca Avci Z.D., Sunar F.,Yüksek çözünürlüklü uydu verisi ile nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma uygulamasında mevsimsel koşulların etkisi,Adana, Turkey,2016,5-7 Ekim,6. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS 2016)
- Sengor A.M.C., Gorur N., Saroglu F.,Strike slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study,227-264,Biddle K.T. and Christie-Blick N.,Strike Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation,1985,37
- Toksoz M.N., Shakal A.F., Michael A.J.,Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian fault zone and seismic gaps,1258–1270,1979,117
Application of Object Based Image Classification Using Orthophotos: A Case Study of the Van-Erciş Earthquake
Abstract
Earthquakes
are the most destructive natural disasters, causing massive loss of life,
infrastructure damages and serious financial losses. Earthquake-induced
building damage detection is a very important step after earthquakes since such
buildings pose a risk for cities. The recent advances in digital
photogrammetry/remote sensing technology and satellite sensor/camera systems
have inspired to emerge new and different research areas and applications. With
the development of digital camera technology since 1950's, it has become
possible to produce orthophotos with high spatial resolution and positional
accuracy. These orthophotos are used successfully in the extraction of the
details and the thematic classification. Depending on the high spatial image
resolutions, the use of object-based approach has gained importance and has
become widespread rather than the traditional pixel-based approach in the
thematic classification. The town of Erciş in Van province, situated in the
eastern part of Turkey, was selected for the study. In this region, an
earthquake with moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.2 was occurred at 10:41 UTC (13:41
local time) on October 23th, 2011. In this study, the orthophotos produced from
the aerial photographs taken one day after the earthquake by the General
Command of Mapping for the purpose of damage detection. In the post-earthquake
ortophotos, 2 different types of sites were selected as the study areas. As an
initial step, segmentation process was carried out by selecting the most
suitable parameters for the classification of both homogenous and heterogeneous
areas. In the segmentation phase, the multi-resolution algorithm was utilized.
After doing different trials, the most suitable shape factor and compactness
values were considered. In the next step, two different classification
approaches, namely “supervised” and “unsupervised”, used within the object
based image classification were applied and their classification accuracies
were compared.
References
- Allen C.R.,,Active faulting in northern Turkey,California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, California, U.S.A.,English,1969
- Baatz M., Schape A.,Multi resolution segmentation: an optimization approach for high quality multi scale image segmentation,12-23,J. Strobl, T. Blaschke, G. Griesebner,Wichmann-Verlag,Heidelberg,Proceedings of Twelfth Angewandte Geographische Informations verarbeitung,2000
- Baltsavias E.P., Grun A., Gool L.V.,Automatic extraction of man-made objects from aerial and space images (III),426,A.A. Balkema Publishers,Lisse, Netherlands,2001
- Baran E., Mertol H.C., Gunes B.,Damage in reinforced-concrete buildings during the 2011 Van, Turkey, Earthquakes,466–479,2014,28(3)
- Barka A.,Neotectonics of the Marmara region,55–87,Schindler C., Pfister M.,vdf Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH,Zurich,Active tectonics of northwest Anatolia: The Marmara Poly-Project,1997
- Benz U.C., Hofmann P., Willhauck G., Lingenfelder I., Heynen M.,Multi-resolution object-oriented fuzzy analysis of remote sensing data for GIS- ready information,239-258,2004,58 (3-4)
- Blaschke T.,Object based image analysis for remote sensing,2-16,2010,65 (1)
- Guha-Sapir D, Hoyois Ph., Below R.,Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2012: The Numbers and Trends, Brussels: CRED; 2013,2013,http://cred.be/sites/default/files/ADSR_2012.pdf
- Definiens Developer XD 2.0.4. Reference Book,Definiens AG, München, Germany,2012,http://www.imperial.ac.uk/ media/imperial-college/medicine/facilities/film/Definiens-Developer-Reference-Book-XD-2.0.4.pdf
- Dewey J.W.,Seismicity of northern Anatolia,843–868,1976,66
- Dewey J.F., Hempton M.R., Kidd W.S.F., Saroglu F., Sengor A.M.C.,Shortening of continental lithosphere: the neotectonics of Eastern Anatolia-a young collision zone,3-36,Coward M.P., Ries A.C.,,Blackwell Scientific Publications,Oxford,Collision Tectonics,1986
- Erdik M., Yaver K., Demircioglu M., Sesetyan K.,23 October 2011 Van (Turkey) earthquake,651-665,2012,64 (1)
- Jackson J., McKenzie D.,The relationship between plate motions and seismic tremors, and the rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East,45–73,1988,93(1)
- Korkmaz S.,Observations on the Van earthquake and structural failures,2015,29(1)
- Mather P.M,Computer processing of remotely sensed images: an introduction,360,John Wiley & Sons Ltd.,1987
- Myint S.W., Gober P., Brazel A., Grossman-Clarke S., Weng Q.H.,Per-pixel vs. object-based classification of urban land cover extraction using high spatial resolution imagery,1145-1161,2011,115 (5)
- McKenzie D.,Active tectonics of the Mediterranean Region,109-185,1972,30(2)
- Navulur K.,Multispectral Image Analysis Using the Object-Oriented Paradigm,184,CRC Press,Florida, U.S.A.,2007
- Sabuncu A., Uca Avci Z.D, Sunar F.,Preliminary results of earthquake-induced building damage detection with object-based image classification,Prague, Chech Republic,2016,12-19 July,ISPRS 2016
- Sabuncu A., Uca Avci Z.D., Sunar F.,Yüksek çözünürlüklü uydu verisi ile nesne tabanlı sınıflandırma uygulamasında mevsimsel koşulların etkisi,Adana, Turkey,2016,5-7 Ekim,6. Uzaktan Algılama-CBS sempozyumu (UZAL-CBS 2016)
- Sengor A.M.C., Gorur N., Saroglu F.,Strike slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study,227-264,Biddle K.T. and Christie-Blick N.,Strike Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation,1985,37
- Toksoz M.N., Shakal A.F., Michael A.J.,Space-time migration of earthquakes along the North Anatolian fault zone and seismic gaps,1258–1270,1979,117
Details
| Subjects | Engineering |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | February 2, 2017 |
| Submission Date | December 1, 2016 |
| Acceptance Date | December 29, 2016 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 |
Cite
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