Elemental Analysis and Mapping of Some Natural Waters in Eastern Black Sea Region and Investigation of Their Effects on Environment and Human Health
Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to make
an elemental analysis of the natural spring waters in 7 cities (Artvin, Rize,
Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu, Gümüşhane and Bayburt) in the Eastern Black Sea region
and to determine the elemental distribution of the entire region using
geostatistical analysis with the help of this analysis. In accordance with this
purpose, elemental analyses (Na, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn) were
carried out with the help of ICP-OES device for 40 samples of natural spring
water in Eastern Black Sea Region. The average chemical analysis values for
each element in Eastern Black Sea Region were as 10270, 215, 122, 4749, 1093,
15960, 59, 5, 89, 18, 10 and 90 μg / L, respectively. The results were
generally consistent with the permissible limits of World Health Organization
and the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkish. In addition, a general
harmony was observed as a result of the comparison made with similar studies
carried out at different points in the world. Using geostatistical analysis,
the distribution of each element was determined and mapped in the study area.
By means of these distribution maps, an estimated result could also be obtained
about the chemical distributions of waters in unsampled locations. Finally, the
possible effects of the analyzed elements on human health and which areas being
under risk due to excess elements were discussed in this study.
Keywords
Natural Spring Water Elemental Analysis Geostatistical Analysis Health Risk Eastern Black Sea Region
References
- Ahmad, M. K., Islam, S., Rahman, S., Haque, M. R., & Islam, M. M. (2010). Heavy metals in water, sediment and some fishes of buriganga river, Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res, 4(2), 321–332.
- Alabdula’aly, A. I., & Khan, M. A. (2009). Heavy metals in cooler waters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157(1-4), 23–28. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0511-3
- Armstrong, M. (1998). Basic Linear Geostatistics (Springer). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=-9vp1lVuMCsC&pgis=1
- Baume, O., Skøien, J. O., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Pebesma, E. J., & Melles, S. J. (2011). A geostatistical approach to data harmonization - Application to radioactivity exposure data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 13(3), 409–419. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2010.09.002
- Dabeka, R. W., Conacher, H. B. S., Lawrence, J. F., Newsome, W. H., McKenzie, a, Wagner, H. P., … Pepper, K. (2002). Survey of bottled drinking waters sold in Canada for chlorate, bromide, bromate, lead, cadmium and other trace elements. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19(8), 721–732. http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030210140905
- Dragović, S. D., Janković-Mandić, L. J., Dragović, R. M., Dordević, M. M., & Dokić, M. M. (2012). Spatial distribution of the 226Ra activity concentrations in well and spring waters in Serbia and their relation to geological formations. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 112, 206–211. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.08.013
- Fatima, I., Zaidi, J. H., Arif, M., & Tahir, S. N. A. (2007). Measurement of natural radioactivity in bottled drinking water in Pakistan and consequent dose estimates. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 123(2), 234–240. http://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncl093
- Ihaka, R., & Gentleman, R. (1996). R: A Language for Data Analysis and Graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5(3), 299–314. http://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713
- Isaaks, E. H., & Srivastava, R. M. (1989). Applied Geostatistics (first edn). London, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
- Karamanis, D., Stamoulis, K., & Ioannides, K. G. (2007). Natural radionuclides and heavy metals in bottled water in Greece. Desalination, 213(1-3), 90–97. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.604
- Kobya, Y. (2009). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Doğal Kaynak ve Maden Sularında Radyoaktiflik Tayini. Doktora Tezi, KTÜ, Trabzon.
- Krige, D. G. (1966). Two-dimensional weighted moving average trend surfaces for ore-evaluation. J. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 66, 13–38.
- McGrath, D., Zhang, C., & Carton, O. T. (2004). Geostatistical analyses and hazard assessment on soil lead in Silvermines area, Ireland. Environmental Pollution, 127(2), 239–248. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.07.002
- Pebesma, E. J., & Bivand, R. S. (2005). Classes and methods for spatial data in R. R News, 4(2), 9–13.
- Pebesma, E. J., & Wesseling, C. G. (1998). Gstat: a program for geostatistical modelling, prediction and simulation. Computers & Geosciences, 24(1), 17–31. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00082-4
- Pérez-Rodríguez, R., Marques, M. J., & Bienes, R. (2007). Spatial variability of the soil erodibility parameters and their relation with the soil map at subgroup level. Science of the Total Environment, 378, 166–173. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.044
- Tavares, M. T., Sousa, a. J., & Abreu, M. M. (2008). Ordinary kriging and indicator kriging in the cartography of trace elements contamination in Sao Domingos mining site (Alentejo, Portugal). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 98, 43–56. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.10.002
- Virha, R., Biswas, A. K., Kakaria, V. K., Qureshi, T. A., Borana, K., & Malik, N. (2011). Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in water of Upper Lake of Bhopal. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 86(2), 168–174. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0172-0
- Webster, R., & Oliver, M. A. (2007). Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists (Wiley). John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=WBwSyvIvNY8C&pgis=1
- Xie, Y., Chen, T., Lei, M., Yang, J., Guo, Q., Song, B., & Zhou, X. (2011). Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods: accuracy and uncertainty analysis. Chemosphere, 82(3), 468–476. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.053
- Quantum GIS Geographic Information System, Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project,2014,http://qgis.osgeo.org,Quantum GIS Development Team
- R: A language and environment for statistical computing, reference index version 2.2.1.,2005,http://www.r-project.org,R Development Core Team
- Rosborg I., Nihlgård B., Gerhardsson L., Gernersson M.L., Ohlin R., Olsson T.,oncentrations of inorganic elements in bottled waters on the Swedish market,217–227,2005,27(3)
- Rusconi R., Forte M., Abbate G., Gallini R., Sgorbat G.,Natural radioactivity in bottled mineral waters: A survey in Northern Italy,421–427,2004,260(2)
- Sarma D.D.,Geostatistics with Applications in Earth Sciences,206,Springer,Netherlands,2009
- Doğal Mineralli Sular Hakkında Yönetmelik,Ankara,T.C. Resmi Gazete,http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2004/12/20041201.htm#5,Sağlık Bakanlığı
- Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği,T.C. Resmi Gazete,2004,http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2004/12/20041231.htm#9,Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı
Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Bazı Doğal Kaynak Sularının Elemental Analizi ve Haritalandırılması ile Çevre ve İnsan Sağlığına Etkilerinin Araştırılması
Abstract
Bu çalışmada,
Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki 7 ildeki (Artvin, Rize, Trabzon, Giresun, Ordu,
Gümüşhane ve Bayburt) doğal kaynak sularının elemental analizinin yapılması ve
bu analiz yardımıyla, jeoistatistik analiz kullanılarak bölgenin tamamının
elemental olarak dağılımının belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda,
Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki 40 adet doğal kaynak suyu örneğinde ICP-OES cihazı
yardımı ile elemental analiz (Na, Al, P, Cl, K, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn)
yapılmıştır. Her bir element için Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi’ndeki ortalama
kimyasal analiz değerleri sırasıyla; 10270, 215, 122, 4749, 1093, 15960, 59, 5,
89, 18, 10 ve 90 µg/L olarak bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçların genel olarak
Dünya Sağlık Örgütü ve Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın izin
verilebilir değerleri ile uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca dünya üzerinde
farklı noktalarda gerçekleştirilen benzer çalışmalarla da yapılan karşılaştırma
neticesinde genel bir uyum gözlenmiştir. Jeoistatistik analiz kullanılarak her
bir elementin çalışma alanındaki dağılımı belirlenmiş ve haritalandırılmıştır.
Bu dağılım haritaları vasıtasıyla, numune alınmamış yerlerdeki suların da
kimyasal dağılımları hakkında tahmini bir sonuç elde edilebilmiştir. Son
olarak, bu çalışmada analiz edilen elementlerin insan sağlığı için olası
etkileri ve hangi bölgelerin element fazlalığı dolayısıyla risk altında olduğu
tartışılmıştır.
Keywords
Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi Doğal Kaynak Suları Elemental Analiz Jeoistatistiksel Analiz Sağlık Riski
References
- Ahmad, M. K., Islam, S., Rahman, S., Haque, M. R., & Islam, M. M. (2010). Heavy metals in water, sediment and some fishes of buriganga river, Bangladesh. Int. J. Environ. Res, 4(2), 321–332.
- Alabdula’aly, A. I., & Khan, M. A. (2009). Heavy metals in cooler waters in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 157(1-4), 23–28. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0511-3
- Armstrong, M. (1998). Basic Linear Geostatistics (Springer). Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=-9vp1lVuMCsC&pgis=1
- Baume, O., Skøien, J. O., Heuvelink, G. B. M., Pebesma, E. J., & Melles, S. J. (2011). A geostatistical approach to data harmonization - Application to radioactivity exposure data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 13(3), 409–419. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2010.09.002
- Dabeka, R. W., Conacher, H. B. S., Lawrence, J. F., Newsome, W. H., McKenzie, a, Wagner, H. P., … Pepper, K. (2002). Survey of bottled drinking waters sold in Canada for chlorate, bromide, bromate, lead, cadmium and other trace elements. Food Additives and Contaminants, 19(8), 721–732. http://doi.org/10.1080/02652030210140905
- Dragović, S. D., Janković-Mandić, L. J., Dragović, R. M., Dordević, M. M., & Dokić, M. M. (2012). Spatial distribution of the 226Ra activity concentrations in well and spring waters in Serbia and their relation to geological formations. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 112, 206–211. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.08.013
- Fatima, I., Zaidi, J. H., Arif, M., & Tahir, S. N. A. (2007). Measurement of natural radioactivity in bottled drinking water in Pakistan and consequent dose estimates. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 123(2), 234–240. http://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncl093
- Ihaka, R., & Gentleman, R. (1996). R: A Language for Data Analysis and Graphics. Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, 5(3), 299–314. http://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.1996.10474713
- Isaaks, E. H., & Srivastava, R. M. (1989). Applied Geostatistics (first edn). London, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
- Karamanis, D., Stamoulis, K., & Ioannides, K. G. (2007). Natural radionuclides and heavy metals in bottled water in Greece. Desalination, 213(1-3), 90–97. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.604
- Kobya, Y. (2009). Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Doğal Kaynak ve Maden Sularında Radyoaktiflik Tayini. Doktora Tezi, KTÜ, Trabzon.
- Krige, D. G. (1966). Two-dimensional weighted moving average trend surfaces for ore-evaluation. J. South Afr. Inst. Min. Metall., 66, 13–38.
- McGrath, D., Zhang, C., & Carton, O. T. (2004). Geostatistical analyses and hazard assessment on soil lead in Silvermines area, Ireland. Environmental Pollution, 127(2), 239–248. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2003.07.002
- Pebesma, E. J., & Bivand, R. S. (2005). Classes and methods for spatial data in R. R News, 4(2), 9–13.
- Pebesma, E. J., & Wesseling, C. G. (1998). Gstat: a program for geostatistical modelling, prediction and simulation. Computers & Geosciences, 24(1), 17–31. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00082-4
- Pérez-Rodríguez, R., Marques, M. J., & Bienes, R. (2007). Spatial variability of the soil erodibility parameters and their relation with the soil map at subgroup level. Science of the Total Environment, 378, 166–173. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2007.01.044
- Tavares, M. T., Sousa, a. J., & Abreu, M. M. (2008). Ordinary kriging and indicator kriging in the cartography of trace elements contamination in Sao Domingos mining site (Alentejo, Portugal). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 98, 43–56. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2007.10.002
- Virha, R., Biswas, A. K., Kakaria, V. K., Qureshi, T. A., Borana, K., & Malik, N. (2011). Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters and heavy metals in water of Upper Lake of Bhopal. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 86(2), 168–174. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-010-0172-0
- Webster, R., & Oliver, M. A. (2007). Geostatistics for Environmental Scientists (Wiley). John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?id=WBwSyvIvNY8C&pgis=1
- Xie, Y., Chen, T., Lei, M., Yang, J., Guo, Q., Song, B., & Zhou, X. (2011). Spatial distribution of soil heavy metal pollution estimated by different interpolation methods: accuracy and uncertainty analysis. Chemosphere, 82(3), 468–476. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.09.053
- Quantum GIS Geographic Information System, Open Source Geospatial Foundation Project,2014,http://qgis.osgeo.org,Quantum GIS Development Team
- R: A language and environment for statistical computing, reference index version 2.2.1.,2005,http://www.r-project.org,R Development Core Team
- Rosborg I., Nihlgård B., Gerhardsson L., Gernersson M.L., Ohlin R., Olsson T.,oncentrations of inorganic elements in bottled waters on the Swedish market,217–227,2005,27(3)
- Rusconi R., Forte M., Abbate G., Gallini R., Sgorbat G.,Natural radioactivity in bottled mineral waters: A survey in Northern Italy,421–427,2004,260(2)
- Sarma D.D.,Geostatistics with Applications in Earth Sciences,206,Springer,Netherlands,2009
- Doğal Mineralli Sular Hakkında Yönetmelik,Ankara,T.C. Resmi Gazete,http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2004/12/20041201.htm#5,Sağlık Bakanlığı
- Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği,T.C. Resmi Gazete,2004,http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2004/12/20041231.htm#9,Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı
Details
| Subjects | Engineering |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | February 2, 2017 |
| Submission Date | December 16, 2016 |
| Acceptance Date | January 16, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 1 |
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