Liquefaction Analysis of Soils according to the New Turkish Building Earthquake Code and Improvement against Liquefaction
Abstract
One of the damages caused by earthquakes in engineering structures is soil
liquefaction-induced damages. Because of the many factors that affect the
liquefaction mechanism of soils, the assessment of liquefaction potential is a
rather complex problem. In the earthquake, it is the necessary to
determine the liquefaction sensitivity of soils and take precautions by
estimating possible effects. The stress-based liquefaction analysis, which is
the commonly used to determine the liquefaction susceptibility of the soils,
has been included in the new Turkish Building Earthquake Code (TBEC). In the
usage of this method, the numerous parameters such as the earthquake
characteristics, the soil properties, the in-situ and underground water
conditions, the properties of equipment used during field studies are needed. Due
to the excessive number of parameters and empirical expressions used in the
analysis, significant errors can sometimes cause in the soil investigation
reports in practice. In this study, in order to make practical use of
liquefaction analysis based on standard penetration test defined in TBEC, and
to control quickly the performed analyses, the graphics that give the factor of
safety against liquefaction of sandy soils were prepared for different depths,
groundwater levels, fine contents, and SPT-N values. In addition, cards were
developed to determine design parameters such as the stiffness of the columns
to be used in the column formation method and the column spacing to be used for
the improvement of the liquefiable soils.
Keywords
Liquefaction Analysis Standard Penetration Test Ground Improvement Jet Grouting Graphical Method
References
- Baez J.I., (1995), A design model for the reduction of soil liquefaction by vibro-stone columns, Doktora Tezi, The University of Southern California, USA.
- Boulanger R.W., Idriss I.M., (2014), CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures, Report No. UCD/CGM-14/01, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, University of California at Davis, 138ss.
- Bray J.D., Dashti S., (2010), Liquefaction-induced movements of buildings with shallow foundations, International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Paper No. OSP 2, 24-29 May, San Diego, California.
- Bray J.D., Sancio R.B., Durgunoglu H.T., Onalp A., Youd L., Stewart J.P., Seed R.B., Cetin K.O., Bol E., Baturay M.B., Christensen C., Karadayilar T., (2004), Subsurface characterization at ground failure sites in Adapazari, Turkey, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(7), 673-685.
- Cetin K.O., Seed R.B., Der Kiureghian A., Tokimatsu K., Harder L.F., Kayen R.E., Moss R.E.S., (2004b), Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(12), 1314-1340.
- Cetin K.O., Youd T.L., Seed R.B., Bray J.D., Stewart J.P., Durgunoglu H.T., Lettis W., Yilmaz M.T., (2004a), Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading at Izmit Bay during the Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey earthquake, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(12), 1300-1313.
- Durgunoğlu H.T., (2004), Yüksek modüllü kolonların temel mühendisliğinde kullanımı, Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 431, 39-52.
- Idriss I.M., Boulanger R.W., (2008), Soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Publication, Monograph MNO-12, Oakland, CA, 237ss.
- Idriss I.M., Boulanger R.W., (2010), SPT-based liquefaction triggering procedures, Report No. UCD/CGM-10/02, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, University of California at Davis, 259ss.
- Liao S.S.C., Whitman R.V., (1986), Overburden correction factors for SPT in sand, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(3), 373-377.
- Mollamahmutoglu M., Kayabali K., Beyaz T., Kolay E., (2003), Liquefaction-related building damage in Adapazari during the Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999, Engineering Geology, 67, 297-307.
- Ozener P., Dulger M., Berilgen M., (2015), Numerical study of effectiveness of jet-grout columns in liquefaction mitigation, 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Özsoy B., Durgunoğlu T., (2003), Sıvılaşma etkilerinin yüksek kayma modüllü zemin – çimento karışımı kolonlarla azaltılması, 5. Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Kongresi, Bildiri No: AT-004, 26-30 Mayıs, İstanbul.
- Rayamajhi D., Nguyen T.V., Ashford S.A., Boulanger R.W., Lu J., Elgamal A., Shao L., (2014), Numerical study of shear stress distribution for discrete columns in liquefiable soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(3), 04013034: 1-9.
- Seed H.B., Idriss I.M., (1971), Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 97(9), 1249-1273.
- Sivrikaya O., Toğrol E., (2009), Arazi deneyleri ve geoteknik tasarımda kullanımları, Birsen Yayınevi, İstanbul, 280ss.
- TBDY, (2018), Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 18.03.2018, Sayı: 30364.
- Youd T.L., Idriss I.M., Andrus R.D., Arango I., Castro G., …, Stokoe K.H., (2001), Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(10), 817-833.
Yeni Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliğine Göre Zeminlerin Sıvılaşma Analizi ve Sıvılaşmaya Karşı İyileştirilmesi
Abstract
Depremlerin mühendislik yapıları üzerinde yol açtığı
hasarlardan birisi zemin sıvılaşması kaynaklı hasarlardır. Zeminlerin sıvılaşma
mekanizmasını etkileyen birçok faktör olmasından dolayı, sıvılaşma
potansiyelinin değerlendirilmesi oldukça karmaşık bir problemdir. Deprem
durumunda zeminlerin sıvılaşma hassasiyetinin belirlenmesi ve olası etkilerin
önceden tahmin edilerek gerekli önlemlerin alınması gerekmektedir. Zeminlerin
sıvılaşma potansiyelini belirlemek için yaygın olarak kullanılan gerilme esaslı
sıvılaşma analizi yeni Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliğine (TBDY) de dahil
edilmiştir. Bu yöntemin kullanımında, depremin karakteristikleri, zemin
özellikleri, arazi ve yeraltı su koşulları, arazi çalışmaları sırasında
kullanılan ekipman özellikleri gibi çok sayıda parametreye ihtiyaç
duyulmaktadır. Analizlerde kullanılan parametre sayısının ve ampirik ifadelerin
fazlalığı nedeniyle, uygulamadaki zemin etüt raporlarında zaman zaman önemli
hatalar meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, yeni TBDY’nde tanımlanan
standart penetrasyon deneyine dayalı sıvılaşma analizlerini pratik hale
getirebilmek ve gerçekleştirilmiş analizleri hızlı bir şekilde kontrol
edebilmek amacıyla, farklı derinlikler, yeraltı su seviyeleri, ince dane
oranları ve standart penetrasyon direnci değerleri için kum zeminlerin
sıvılaşmaya karşı güvenlik sayısını veren grafikler hazırlanmıştır. Buna ilave
olarak, sıvılaşabilir zeminlerin iyileştirilmesine yönelik olarak zemin içinde
kolon teşkili yönteminde kullanılacak kolonların rijitliği ve yerleşim sıklığı
gibi tasarım parametrelerinin belirlenmesini sağlayan kartlar geliştirilmiştir.
References
- Baez J.I., (1995), A design model for the reduction of soil liquefaction by vibro-stone columns, Doktora Tezi, The University of Southern California, USA.
- Boulanger R.W., Idriss I.M., (2014), CPT and SPT based liquefaction triggering procedures, Report No. UCD/CGM-14/01, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, University of California at Davis, 138ss.
- Bray J.D., Dashti S., (2010), Liquefaction-induced movements of buildings with shallow foundations, International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics, Paper No. OSP 2, 24-29 May, San Diego, California.
- Bray J.D., Sancio R.B., Durgunoglu H.T., Onalp A., Youd L., Stewart J.P., Seed R.B., Cetin K.O., Bol E., Baturay M.B., Christensen C., Karadayilar T., (2004), Subsurface characterization at ground failure sites in Adapazari, Turkey, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(7), 673-685.
- Cetin K.O., Seed R.B., Der Kiureghian A., Tokimatsu K., Harder L.F., Kayen R.E., Moss R.E.S., (2004b), Standard penetration test-based probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic soil liquefaction potential, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(12), 1314-1340.
- Cetin K.O., Youd T.L., Seed R.B., Bray J.D., Stewart J.P., Durgunoglu H.T., Lettis W., Yilmaz M.T., (2004a), Liquefaction-induced lateral spreading at Izmit Bay during the Kocaeli (Izmit)-Turkey earthquake, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 130(12), 1300-1313.
- Durgunoğlu H.T., (2004), Yüksek modüllü kolonların temel mühendisliğinde kullanımı, Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri, 431, 39-52.
- Idriss I.M., Boulanger R.W., (2008), Soil liquefaction during earthquakes, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Publication, Monograph MNO-12, Oakland, CA, 237ss.
- Idriss I.M., Boulanger R.W., (2010), SPT-based liquefaction triggering procedures, Report No. UCD/CGM-10/02, Center for Geotechnical Modeling, University of California at Davis, 259ss.
- Liao S.S.C., Whitman R.V., (1986), Overburden correction factors for SPT in sand, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 112(3), 373-377.
- Mollamahmutoglu M., Kayabali K., Beyaz T., Kolay E., (2003), Liquefaction-related building damage in Adapazari during the Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999, Engineering Geology, 67, 297-307.
- Ozener P., Dulger M., Berilgen M., (2015), Numerical study of effectiveness of jet-grout columns in liquefaction mitigation, 6th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand.
- Özsoy B., Durgunoğlu T., (2003), Sıvılaşma etkilerinin yüksek kayma modüllü zemin – çimento karışımı kolonlarla azaltılması, 5. Ulusal Deprem Mühendisliği Kongresi, Bildiri No: AT-004, 26-30 Mayıs, İstanbul.
- Rayamajhi D., Nguyen T.V., Ashford S.A., Boulanger R.W., Lu J., Elgamal A., Shao L., (2014), Numerical study of shear stress distribution for discrete columns in liquefiable soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 140(3), 04013034: 1-9.
- Seed H.B., Idriss I.M., (1971), Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division, 97(9), 1249-1273.
- Sivrikaya O., Toğrol E., (2009), Arazi deneyleri ve geoteknik tasarımda kullanımları, Birsen Yayınevi, İstanbul, 280ss.
- TBDY, (2018), Türkiye Bina Deprem Yönetmeliği, Resmi Gazete, Tarih: 18.03.2018, Sayı: 30364.
- Youd T.L., Idriss I.M., Andrus R.D., Arango I., Castro G., …, Stokoe K.H., (2001), Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127(10), 817-833.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 31, 2019 |
| Submission Date | July 19, 2018 |
| Acceptance Date | October 1, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 |
Cite
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