Applicability of the Reinforced Ground Embankments on Sloped Terrain and Their Comparison with Alternative Rockfall Protection System Solutions: Kanlıpelit Case
Abstract
Reinforced ground embankments having high energy absorption capacity, which are being used as rockfall protection systems, are massive structures. Various problems arise in the application of reinforced ground embankments on sloped terrain, where rockfall occurs, because of it is high bottom width. In this study, a solution was improved for the application of reinforced ground embankments walls on sloping lands and was examined by implementing a pilot project. Additionally, it was planned to obtain a flat platform on inclined land with a 6 m high stone retaining wall and filling in order to construct the reinforced ground embankments wall on it. Initially rock fall analyses were performed on 8 cross sections in order to obtain bounce height, velocity and total kinetic energy values prior to constructing the platform. The same analysis was once again performed following the platform construction and the obtained data were compared. This platform has reduced 83% of the rocks’ bounce heights, 62% of kinetic energy and 42% of velocity values. In the second part of the study, the cost of the reinforced ground embankments on the platform was compared with the costs of alternative projects. It was observed that constructing platform was 60.8% less expensive than a 6meter reinforced concrete wall with a 3meter steel barrier and 74.5% cheaper than a 6meter steel barrier. Steel barriers are disadvantageous compared to the reinforced ground embankments walls in various aspect such as reduction in length during rock collisions, construction cost, maintenance costs, import and adaptation to nature. For the reasons above, we have concluded that construction of reinforced ground embankments wall over a constructed platform is a more efficient improvement solution in terms of both safety and cost. The developed solution within the scope of the study was applied in the rockfall protection project in Güney neighborhood, Maçka District of Trabzon Province.
References
- Agliardi F., Crosta G.B., Frattini P., (2009), Integrating rockfall risk assessment and countermeasure design by 3D modeling techniques, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(4), 1059-1073.
- ASTM, (2011), Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions, D3080/D3080M. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United States.
- Brunet G., Giacchetti G., Bertolo P., Peila D., (2009), Protection from high energy rock-fall impacts using Terramesh embankment: design and experiences, Proceedings of the 60th Highway Geology Symposium, Buffalo, New York, ss.107-124.
- Çelik M., Seferoğlu M.T., Seferoğlu A.G., Akpınar M.V., (2016), Rehabilitation Methods, Challenges, Cost Benefit Analysis of Disaster Area Exposed due to Rockfalls in Trabzon Province, Doğal Afet ve Afet Yönetimi Sempozyumu (DAAYS’16), 2-4 Mart, Karabük, Türkiye.
- Deer D.U., Miller R.P., (1966), Engineering Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock: Technical Report AFNL-TR-65-116, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, New Mexico, USA.
- Descoeudres F., (1997), Aspects géomécaniques des instabilités de falaises rocheuses et des chutes de blocs, Publications De La Société Suisse De Mécanique Des Sols et Des Roches 135, 3-11.
- Hutchinson J.N., (1988), Morphological and Geotechnical Parameters of Landsline in Relation to Geology and Hydrogeology, 5th International Symposium on Landslides, 1, 3-35, Lausanne, USA.
- Kaya A., Demirbaş C., Dağ S., (2018), Gündoğan (Ardeşen-Rize) Köyü Yerleşim Alanındaki Yamaç Duraysızlığının Jeoteknik Açıdan İncelenmesi, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 4(2), 221-235.
- Keçeli A., (1990), Sismik Yöntemlerle Müsaade Edilebilir Dinamik Zemin Taşıma Kapasitesi ve Oturmasının Saptanması, Jeofizik, 4(2), 83-92.
- Lambert S., Bourrier F., (2013), Design of Rockfall Protection Embankments: a Review, Engineering Geology, 154, 77-78.
- Masuya H., Amanuma K., Nishikawa Y., Tsuji T., (2009), Basic rockfall simulation with consideration of vegetation and application to protection measure, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(6), 1835-1843.
- Moistures S.A., (1982), Method for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (D 2487-69), 299 Method for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Investigation.
- Peila D., Oggeri C., Castiglia C., (2007), Ground reinforced embankments for rockfall protection: design and evaluation of full scale tests, Landslides Investigations and Mitigation, 4(3), 255-265.
- Peila D., Pelizza S., Sassudelli F., (1998), Evaluation of behaviour of rockfall restraining nets by full scale tests, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 31(1), 1-24.
- Rocscience Inc., (2013), RocFall 5.0.12, https://www.rocscience.com/software/rocfall [Erişim 10 Şubat 2020].
- Ronco C., Oggeri C. and Peila D., (2009), Design of reinforced ground embankments used for rockfall protection, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(4), 1189-1199.
- Turner A.K., Schuster R.L., (2012), Rockfall Characterization and Control, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., USA, 658ss.
- Varnes D.J., (1978), Slope Movement Types and Processes, Spetial Report, In: R.L. Schuster and R.J. Krizek, Eds., Landslides, Analysis and Control, National Academy of Sciences, 176, 11-33.
Eğimli Arazilerde Kaya Tutucu Toprakarme Duvarların Uygulanabilirliği ve Alternatif Kaya Islahı Çözümleriyle Karşılaştırılması: Kanlıpelit Örneği
Abstract
Toprakarme duvarlar kaya düşmesi afetini engellemek için kullanılan yüksek enerji sönümleme özelliğine sahip masif yapılardır. Toprakarme duvarların taban genişlikleri fazla olması nedeniyle kaya düşmesinin yaşandığı eğimli arazilerde uygulanmasında çeşitli sıkıntılar doğmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, eğimli arazilerde toprakarme duvarların uygulanabilmesi için geliştirilmiş çözüm örnek bir proje üzerine incelenmiştir. Buna göre eğimli arazide 6 m yüksekliğinde taş istinat duvarı ve dolgu yapılarak düz bir platform elde edilmesi ve toprakarme duvarın platform üzerine yapılması projelendirilmiştir. Platform yapılmadan önce 8 adet en kesit üzerine kaya düşme analizleri gerçekleştirilerek kayanın sıçrama yüksekliği, hız ve toplam kinetik enerji değerleri elde edilmiş, daha sonra platform imalatı bitirilmiş, aynı analizlerle elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada oluşturulan bu platform kayaların sıçrama yükseklikleri değerlerini %83, kinetik enerji değerlerini %62 ve hız değerlerini %42 oranında azaltmıştır. Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında projelendirilen platform üzeri toprakarme duvarın maliyeti alternatif projelerin maliyetleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Buna göre 6 metre betonarme duvar arkasına dolgu ve üzerine 3 metre yüksekliğinde çelik bariyer yapılmasından %60.8 oranında ve 6 metre yüksekliğinde çelik bariyer yapılmasından ise %74.5 oranında daha az maliyetli olduğu görülmüştür. Yapılan çalışmanın sonunda; Çelik bariyerler, kaya çarpmaları sırasında boyca azalmaları, ilk yapım ve bakım onarım maliyetleri, ithal edilmeleri ve doğaya uyumu gibi çeşitli konularda toprakarme duvarlara göre dezavantajlıdır. Bu nedenle oluşturulan platform üzerinde toprakarme duvar yapılmasının hem güvenlik açısından hem de maliyet açısından üstün bir ıslah yöntemi olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen yöntem Trabzon İli Maçka İlçesi Güney Mahallesinde kaya ıslahı projesinde uygulanmıştır.
References
- Agliardi F., Crosta G.B., Frattini P., (2009), Integrating rockfall risk assessment and countermeasure design by 3D modeling techniques, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(4), 1059-1073.
- ASTM, (2011), Standard test method for direct shear test of soils under consolidated drained conditions, D3080/D3080M. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, United States.
- Brunet G., Giacchetti G., Bertolo P., Peila D., (2009), Protection from high energy rock-fall impacts using Terramesh embankment: design and experiences, Proceedings of the 60th Highway Geology Symposium, Buffalo, New York, ss.107-124.
- Çelik M., Seferoğlu M.T., Seferoğlu A.G., Akpınar M.V., (2016), Rehabilitation Methods, Challenges, Cost Benefit Analysis of Disaster Area Exposed due to Rockfalls in Trabzon Province, Doğal Afet ve Afet Yönetimi Sempozyumu (DAAYS’16), 2-4 Mart, Karabük, Türkiye.
- Deer D.U., Miller R.P., (1966), Engineering Classification and Index Properties for Intact Rock: Technical Report AFNL-TR-65-116, Air Force Weapons Laboratory, New Mexico, USA.
- Descoeudres F., (1997), Aspects géomécaniques des instabilités de falaises rocheuses et des chutes de blocs, Publications De La Société Suisse De Mécanique Des Sols et Des Roches 135, 3-11.
- Hutchinson J.N., (1988), Morphological and Geotechnical Parameters of Landsline in Relation to Geology and Hydrogeology, 5th International Symposium on Landslides, 1, 3-35, Lausanne, USA.
- Kaya A., Demirbaş C., Dağ S., (2018), Gündoğan (Ardeşen-Rize) Köyü Yerleşim Alanındaki Yamaç Duraysızlığının Jeoteknik Açıdan İncelenmesi, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 4(2), 221-235.
- Keçeli A., (1990), Sismik Yöntemlerle Müsaade Edilebilir Dinamik Zemin Taşıma Kapasitesi ve Oturmasının Saptanması, Jeofizik, 4(2), 83-92.
- Lambert S., Bourrier F., (2013), Design of Rockfall Protection Embankments: a Review, Engineering Geology, 154, 77-78.
- Masuya H., Amanuma K., Nishikawa Y., Tsuji T., (2009), Basic rockfall simulation with consideration of vegetation and application to protection measure, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(6), 1835-1843.
- Moistures S.A., (1982), Method for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (D 2487-69), 299 Method for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Investigation.
- Peila D., Oggeri C., Castiglia C., (2007), Ground reinforced embankments for rockfall protection: design and evaluation of full scale tests, Landslides Investigations and Mitigation, 4(3), 255-265.
- Peila D., Pelizza S., Sassudelli F., (1998), Evaluation of behaviour of rockfall restraining nets by full scale tests, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 31(1), 1-24.
- Rocscience Inc., (2013), RocFall 5.0.12, https://www.rocscience.com/software/rocfall [Erişim 10 Şubat 2020].
- Ronco C., Oggeri C. and Peila D., (2009), Design of reinforced ground embankments used for rockfall protection, Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9(4), 1189-1199.
- Turner A.K., Schuster R.L., (2012), Rockfall Characterization and Control, Transportation Research Board, National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C., USA, 658ss.
- Varnes D.J., (1978), Slope Movement Types and Processes, Spetial Report, In: R.L. Schuster and R.J. Krizek, Eds., Landslides, Analysis and Control, National Academy of Sciences, 176, 11-33.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering, Geological Sciences and Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | January 25, 2021 |
| Submission Date | February 16, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | May 31, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 1 |
Cite
Cited By
This journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.