Review
Year 2021,
Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 392 - 398, 25.07.2021
Abstract
As a natural or human-induced event that occur unexpectedly, disasters affect society and people profoundly, cause loss of life and property, and lead to economic losses. Disasters pose an important public health problem due to their sudden nature, disruption in health services and society, severe economic impact, disruption in psycho-social wellbeing, resulting severe health problems in later periods, and loss of life and property. Each year, thousands of people are exposed to disasters in the world and in Turkey, and are affected by disasters in different ways. Although different age groups react differently after disasters, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and stress disorder, depression, sleep and eating disorders are the most common problems. Through appropriate interventions and psychological first aid made according to age groups, mental health problems that can be seen after disasters can be controlled and reduced significantly. Thus, this review study discusses the effect of disasters on psycho-social health and the interventions that need to be made according to age groups.
References
- AFAD, Açıklamalı afet yönetim sözlüğü, https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Allen B., Brymer M.J., Steinberg A.M., Speier A.H., Pynoos R.S., (2010), Perceptions of Psychological First Aid among providers responding to hurricanes Gustav and Ike, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(4), 509–513.
- Altun F., (2018), Afetlerin ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri: Türkiye örneği üzerinden bir değerlendirme, Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, 2(1), 1-15.
- Akasaka M., Kawashima, Y., (2019), Psychological first aid for children during the Kumamoto earthquake disaster response in Japan, Intervention, 17(1), 103-108.
- Ari M., Kokaçya M.H., Çöpoglu Ü.S., Yengil E., Kivrak Y., Sahpolat M., Budak B., (2016), Suriye-Türkiye sinirindaki Reyhanli'da bombali saldiri sonrasi stres tepkisi, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(3), 203-208.
- Azzollini S., Depaula P.D., Cosentino A.C., Bail Pupko V., (2018), Applications of Psychological First Aid in disaster and emergency situations: its relationship with decision making, Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 201-213.
- Becker‐Blease K.A., Turner H.A., Finkelhor D., (2010), Disasters, victimization, and children’s mental health, Child Development, 81(4), 1040-1052.
- Boustan L.P., Kahn M.E., Rhode P.W., Yanguas M.L., (2017), The effect of natural disasters on economic activity in us counties: A century of data, Working paper 23410, National Bureau of Economic Research, https://www.nber.org/papers/w23410, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Boztaş M.H., Aker A.T., Munir K., Çelik F., Aydin A., Karasu U., Mutlu E.A. (2019), Post traumatic stress disorder among adults in the aftermath of 2011 Van-Ercis earthquake in Turkey, Turk J Clin Psychiatry, 23, 380-388.
- Bulut S., (2009), Depremden sonra çocuklarda görülen travma sonrası stres tepkilerinin yaş ve cinsiyetler açısından karşılaştırılması, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(31), 43-51.
- Brymer M., Jacobs A., Layne C., Pynoos R., Josef R., Alan S., Eric V., Patricia W., (2006), Psychological First Aid (PFA): Field operations guide: 2nd Edition, National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD, https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//pfa_field_operations_guide.pdf, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Cankardaş S., Sofuoğlu Z., (2019), Deprem ya da yangin deneyimlemis kisilerde travma sonrası Stres bozukluğu belirtileri ve belirtilerin yordayıcıları, Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 30(3), 151-156.
- Chandra A., Kim, J., Pieters H.C., Tang J., McCreary M., (2014), Implementing psychological first-aid training for medical reserve corps volunteers, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 8(1), 95-100.
- Cénat J.M., Derivois, D., (2014), Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 111-117.
- Çal R., (2019)., Savaş veya Doğal Afet Sonrasında Çocuk veya Ergenlere Uygulanan Okul Bazlı Müdahalelerin Ruh Sağlığı Semptomlarına Etkililiği Üzerine Bir Sistematik Derleme. Talim, 3(1), 71-102.
- Corcoran C.M., (2020), Use of Psychological First Aid for Nurses, Nursing Economic$, 38(1), 26-32.
- El-Khani, A., Cartwright K., Redmond A., Calam R., (2016), Daily bread: a novel vehicle for dissemination and evaluation of psychological first aid for families exposed to armed conflict in Syria, Global Mental Health, 3, 1-7.
- Erdoğan Ö., (2018), Afet Hemşireliği Eğitimi, Türkiye Klinikleri Afet Eğitimi, 115-120.
- Ersoy Ş., (2017), 2016 Yılı Doğa Kaynaklı Afetler Yıllığı “Dünya ve Türkiye”, TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayınları No: 129, ERS Matbaacılık, Ankara, 436ss.
- Field J.E., Wehrman J.D., Yoo M.S., (2017), Helping the Weeping, Worried, and Willful: Psychological First Aid for Primary and Secondary Students, Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 7(2), 169-180.
- Girardi F.J., Miconi D., Lyke C., Rousseau C., (2020), Creative expression workshops as Psychological First Aid (PFA) for asylum-seeking children: An exploratory study in temporary shelters in Montreal. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 25(2), 483-493.
- Gözübüyük A.A., Duras E., Dağ H., Arıca V., (2015), Olağanüstü durumlarda çocuk sağlığı, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, 6(3), 324-330.
- Hechanova M.R.M., Manaois J.O., Masuda H.V., (2019), Evaluation of an organization-based psychological first aid intervention, Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. 28(3), 401-411.
- Hutton A., Veenema T.G., Gebbie K., (2016), Review of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies, Prehosp Disaster Med, 31(6), 680-683.
- IFRC, (2018), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Annual Report 2018, 1st ed. Geneva. https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2019/08/IFRC-2018-Annual-Report.pdf [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Jacobs G.A., Gray B.L., Erickson S.E., Gonzalez E.D., Quevillon R.P., (2016), Disaster mental health and community‐based psychological first aid: Concepts and education/training, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1307-1317.
- Jordans M.J.D., Komproe I.H., Tol W.A., Kohrt B.A., Luitel N.P., Mac Y.R.D., De Jong J.T.V.M., (2010), Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 51(7), 818–826.
- Karabulut D., Bekler T., (2019)., Doğal afetlerin çocuklar ve ergenler üzerindeki etkileri, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 5(2), 368-376.
- Karcıoğlu Ö, Topaçoğlu H., (2017), Savaş ve terör afetlerinde acil triajı, Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi, 33(Ek sayı):1-8.
- Kılıç N., Şimşek N., (2018), Psikolojik ilk yardım ve hemşirelik, Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 9(3), 212-218.
- Lenferink L.I., Nickerson A., de Keijser J., Smid G.E., Boelen, P.A. (2020). Trajectories of grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in disaster‐bereaved people. Depression and Anxiety, 37(1), 35-44.
- Limoncu S., Atmaca A.B., (2018), Çocuk Merkezli Afet Yönetimi, Megaron, 13(1), 132-144.
- McFarlane A.C., Williams R., (2012), Mental health services required after disasters: Learning from the lasting effects of disasters, Depression Research And Treatment, 2012:970194, doi: 10.1155/2012/970194.
- MEB, (2017), Afet ve travmalarda psikolojik destek, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/ moduller/Afet%20ve%20Travmalarda%20Psikolojik%20Destek.pdf, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- North C.S., (2014), Current research and recent breakthroughs on the mental health effects of disasters, Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(10):481, doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0481-9.
- Salloum A., Overstreet S., (2008), Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(3), 495-507.
- Schafer A., Snider L., Sammour R., (2016), A reflective learning report about the implementation and impacts of psychological first Aid (PFA) in Gaza, Disaster Health, 3(1), 1-10, doi: 10.1080/21665044.2015.1110292.
- Shultz J.M., Forbes D., (2014), Psychological First Aid: Rapid proliferation and the search for evidence, Disaster Health, 2(1), 3-12.
- Silva M.M.G.T., Kawasaki A., (2018), Socioeconomic vulnerability to disaster risk: a case study of flood and drought impact in a rural Sri Lankan community, Ecological Economics, 152, 131-140.
- WHO, (2015), Western Pacific Regional Framework for Action for Disaster Risk Management for Health, World Health Organization, https://iris.wpro.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665.1/10927/9789290617082_eng.pdf;sequence=1 [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Tel H., (2016), Olağanüstü durumlarda hemşirelik, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 278-282.
- Yeo J, Comfort J., (2017), An expected event, but unprecedented damage, Disaster Prevention and Management, 26(4), 458-470.
- Zara A., (2011), Krizler ve travmalar, Yaşadıkça Psikolojik Sorunlar ve Başa Çıkma Yolları’nın İçinde (Zara A., Ed.), İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss.91-121.
Year 2021,
Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 392 - 398, 25.07.2021
Abstract
Afetler beklenmeyen bir zamanda meydana gelen, toplumu ve insanları derinden etkileyen, can ve mal kayıplarına neden olan, ekonomik kayıpları beraberinde getiren, doğa veya insan kaynaklı olaylardır. Afetler, zamanının belli olmaması, toplumu ve sağlık hizmetlerini kesintiye uğratması, ağır ekonomik etkilerinin olması, psiko-sosyal iyilik halini bozması, ilerleyen dönemlerde ciddi sağlık sorunlarına, can ve mal kayıplarına sebep olması nedeniyle önemli bir halk sağlığı problemidir. Dünyada ve Türkiye’de her yıl binlerce kişi afetlere maruz kalmakta ve afetlerden farklı şekillerde etkilenmektedir. Afetlerden sonra farklı yaş gruplarında farklı tepkiler görülmekle birlikte en sık travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, anksiyete, depresyon, uyku ve yeme bozukluğu gibi sorunlar görülmektedir. Yaş dönemlerine göre yapılan uygun müdahaleler ve psikolojik ilk yardım ile afetlerden sonra görülebilecek mental sağlık sorunları büyük oranda kontrol altına alınabilir ve azaltılabilir. Bu derlemede afetlerin psiko-sosyal sağlık üzerindeki etkisine ve bu doğrultuda yaş gruplarına göre yapılması gereken girişimlere yer verilmiştir.
Keywords
References
- AFAD, Açıklamalı afet yönetim sözlüğü, https://www.afad.gov.tr/aciklamali-afet-yonetimi-terimleri-sozlugu, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Allen B., Brymer M.J., Steinberg A.M., Speier A.H., Pynoos R.S., (2010), Perceptions of Psychological First Aid among providers responding to hurricanes Gustav and Ike, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23(4), 509–513.
- Altun F., (2018), Afetlerin ekonomik ve sosyal etkileri: Türkiye örneği üzerinden bir değerlendirme, Sosyal Çalışma Dergisi, 2(1), 1-15.
- Akasaka M., Kawashima, Y., (2019), Psychological first aid for children during the Kumamoto earthquake disaster response in Japan, Intervention, 17(1), 103-108.
- Ari M., Kokaçya M.H., Çöpoglu Ü.S., Yengil E., Kivrak Y., Sahpolat M., Budak B., (2016), Suriye-Türkiye sinirindaki Reyhanli'da bombali saldiri sonrasi stres tepkisi, anksiyete ve depresyon düzeyleri, Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(3), 203-208.
- Azzollini S., Depaula P.D., Cosentino A.C., Bail Pupko V., (2018), Applications of Psychological First Aid in disaster and emergency situations: its relationship with decision making, Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 5(2), 201-213.
- Becker‐Blease K.A., Turner H.A., Finkelhor D., (2010), Disasters, victimization, and children’s mental health, Child Development, 81(4), 1040-1052.
- Boustan L.P., Kahn M.E., Rhode P.W., Yanguas M.L., (2017), The effect of natural disasters on economic activity in us counties: A century of data, Working paper 23410, National Bureau of Economic Research, https://www.nber.org/papers/w23410, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Boztaş M.H., Aker A.T., Munir K., Çelik F., Aydin A., Karasu U., Mutlu E.A. (2019), Post traumatic stress disorder among adults in the aftermath of 2011 Van-Ercis earthquake in Turkey, Turk J Clin Psychiatry, 23, 380-388.
- Bulut S., (2009), Depremden sonra çocuklarda görülen travma sonrası stres tepkilerinin yaş ve cinsiyetler açısından karşılaştırılması, Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(31), 43-51.
- Brymer M., Jacobs A., Layne C., Pynoos R., Josef R., Alan S., Eric V., Patricia W., (2006), Psychological First Aid (PFA): Field operations guide: 2nd Edition, National Child Traumatic Stress Network and National Center for PTSD, https://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/resources//pfa_field_operations_guide.pdf, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Cankardaş S., Sofuoğlu Z., (2019), Deprem ya da yangin deneyimlemis kisilerde travma sonrası Stres bozukluğu belirtileri ve belirtilerin yordayıcıları, Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 30(3), 151-156.
- Chandra A., Kim, J., Pieters H.C., Tang J., McCreary M., (2014), Implementing psychological first-aid training for medical reserve corps volunteers, Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 8(1), 95-100.
- Cénat J.M., Derivois, D., (2014), Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression symptoms in adults survivors of earthquake in Haiti after 30 months. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 111-117.
- Çal R., (2019)., Savaş veya Doğal Afet Sonrasında Çocuk veya Ergenlere Uygulanan Okul Bazlı Müdahalelerin Ruh Sağlığı Semptomlarına Etkililiği Üzerine Bir Sistematik Derleme. Talim, 3(1), 71-102.
- Corcoran C.M., (2020), Use of Psychological First Aid for Nurses, Nursing Economic$, 38(1), 26-32.
- El-Khani, A., Cartwright K., Redmond A., Calam R., (2016), Daily bread: a novel vehicle for dissemination and evaluation of psychological first aid for families exposed to armed conflict in Syria, Global Mental Health, 3, 1-7.
- Erdoğan Ö., (2018), Afet Hemşireliği Eğitimi, Türkiye Klinikleri Afet Eğitimi, 115-120.
- Ersoy Ş., (2017), 2016 Yılı Doğa Kaynaklı Afetler Yıllığı “Dünya ve Türkiye”, TMMOB Jeoloji Mühendisleri Odası Yayınları No: 129, ERS Matbaacılık, Ankara, 436ss.
- Field J.E., Wehrman J.D., Yoo M.S., (2017), Helping the Weeping, Worried, and Willful: Psychological First Aid for Primary and Secondary Students, Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 7(2), 169-180.
- Girardi F.J., Miconi D., Lyke C., Rousseau C., (2020), Creative expression workshops as Psychological First Aid (PFA) for asylum-seeking children: An exploratory study in temporary shelters in Montreal. Clinical child psychology and psychiatry, 25(2), 483-493.
- Gözübüyük A.A., Duras E., Dağ H., Arıca V., (2015), Olağanüstü durumlarda çocuk sağlığı, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Investigations, 6(3), 324-330.
- Hechanova M.R.M., Manaois J.O., Masuda H.V., (2019), Evaluation of an organization-based psychological first aid intervention, Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal. 28(3), 401-411.
- Hutton A., Veenema T.G., Gebbie K., (2016), Review of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies, Prehosp Disaster Med, 31(6), 680-683.
- IFRC, (2018), International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Annual Report 2018, 1st ed. Geneva. https://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2019/08/IFRC-2018-Annual-Report.pdf [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Jacobs G.A., Gray B.L., Erickson S.E., Gonzalez E.D., Quevillon R.P., (2016), Disaster mental health and community‐based psychological first aid: Concepts and education/training, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1307-1317.
- Jordans M.J.D., Komproe I.H., Tol W.A., Kohrt B.A., Luitel N.P., Mac Y.R.D., De Jong J.T.V.M., (2010), Evaluation of a classroom-based psychosocial intervention in conflict-affected Nepal: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 51(7), 818–826.
- Karabulut D., Bekler T., (2019)., Doğal afetlerin çocuklar ve ergenler üzerindeki etkileri, Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 5(2), 368-376.
- Karcıoğlu Ö, Topaçoğlu H., (2017), Savaş ve terör afetlerinde acil triajı, Okmeydanı Tıp Dergisi, 33(Ek sayı):1-8.
- Kılıç N., Şimşek N., (2018), Psikolojik ilk yardım ve hemşirelik, Psikiyatri Hemşireliği Dergisi, 9(3), 212-218.
- Lenferink L.I., Nickerson A., de Keijser J., Smid G.E., Boelen, P.A. (2020). Trajectories of grief, depression, and posttraumatic stress in disaster‐bereaved people. Depression and Anxiety, 37(1), 35-44.
- Limoncu S., Atmaca A.B., (2018), Çocuk Merkezli Afet Yönetimi, Megaron, 13(1), 132-144.
- McFarlane A.C., Williams R., (2012), Mental health services required after disasters: Learning from the lasting effects of disasters, Depression Research And Treatment, 2012:970194, doi: 10.1155/2012/970194.
- MEB, (2017), Afet ve travmalarda psikolojik destek, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı, http://www.megep.meb.gov.tr/mte_program_modul/ moduller/Afet%20ve%20Travmalarda%20Psikolojik%20Destek.pdf, [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- North C.S., (2014), Current research and recent breakthroughs on the mental health effects of disasters, Current Psychiatry Reports, 16(10):481, doi: 10.1007/s11920-014-0481-9.
- Salloum A., Overstreet S., (2008), Evaluation of individual and group grief and trauma interventions for children post disaster, Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 37(3), 495-507.
- Schafer A., Snider L., Sammour R., (2016), A reflective learning report about the implementation and impacts of psychological first Aid (PFA) in Gaza, Disaster Health, 3(1), 1-10, doi: 10.1080/21665044.2015.1110292.
- Shultz J.M., Forbes D., (2014), Psychological First Aid: Rapid proliferation and the search for evidence, Disaster Health, 2(1), 3-12.
- Silva M.M.G.T., Kawasaki A., (2018), Socioeconomic vulnerability to disaster risk: a case study of flood and drought impact in a rural Sri Lankan community, Ecological Economics, 152, 131-140.
- WHO, (2015), Western Pacific Regional Framework for Action for Disaster Risk Management for Health, World Health Organization, https://iris.wpro.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665.1/10927/9789290617082_eng.pdf;sequence=1 [Erişim 15 Temmuz 2020].
- Tel H., (2016), Olağanüstü durumlarda hemşirelik, Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 19(4), 278-282.
- Yeo J, Comfort J., (2017), An expected event, but unprecedented damage, Disaster Prevention and Management, 26(4), 458-470.
- Zara A., (2011), Krizler ve travmalar, Yaşadıkça Psikolojik Sorunlar ve Başa Çıkma Yolları’nın İçinde (Zara A., Ed.), İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, İstanbul, ss.91-121.
There are 43 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Environmental Sciences |
| Journal Section | Reviews |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 25, 2021 |
| Submission Date | August 26, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | March 10, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 2 |
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