Abstract
Su kaynakları kısıtlı olan idareler için içme suyu dağıtım sistemlerinde görülen yüksek seviyelerdeki su kayıpları ciddi bir problemdir. Bu kayıplar, ancak şebekenin izlenmesi, kontrol edilmesi ve doğru bir şekilde yönetilmesi ile azaltılabilir. Bu çalışmada Kocaeli’nin merkez ilçesi olan İzmit’in mevcut içme suyu varlıkları sayısallaştırılarak hidrolik model yardımıyla yüksek seviyelerde seyreden su kaybının azaltılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç için ilk olarak toplam şebeke uzunluğu 1143 km olan İzmit’in 567,95 km’sinde 69 izole ölçüm bölgesi oluşturulmuştur. Her izole bölge içinde aktif sızıntı kontrol yöntemleri uygulanarak tespit edilen 2116 şüpheli sızmadan 684’ü onarılarak kayıplar azaltılmıştır. İkinci olarak tespit edilemeyen sızmaları önlemek için basınç kırıcı vanalar kullanılarak basınç yönetim sistemi uygulanmıştır. Aktif sızıntı kontrol metotları ve basınç yönetim aktiviteleri sonrasında minimum gece debisinde yaklaşık 192,48 l/s’lik azalma elde edilmiştir. Üçüncü olarak, izole bölge içinde ekonomik ömrünü tamamlamış su sayaçları yenilenerek idari kayıplar da düşürülmüştür. Sonuç olarak İzmit’in 2014 yılında %45,45 olan su kaybı 2019 yılında %29,50 seviyelerine kadar indirgenebilmiştir. Bu çalışmada uygulanan aktif sızıntı kontrolü, basınç yönetimi ve sayaç değişimi metotlarının diğer ilçelere de uygulanarak Kocaeli genelinde su kaybının azaltılması ve 2014 yılında yayımlanan yönetmelik gereği su kaybının %25 seviyesine düşürülmesi hedeflenmiştir.
References
- Arabacı E., Dursun Ş., (2019), İçme suyu altyapı sistemlerinde hidrolik modelleme: Konya örneği, Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(4), 177-185.
- AWWA (2003), Best practice in water loss control: improved concepts for 21st century water management. American Water Works Association. https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/AWWA/ETS/Resources/WLCFlyerFinal.pdf?ver=2015-02-10-083650-287, [Erişim 10 Şubat 2015].
- Aydogdu M., Firat M., (2015), Estimation of failure rate in water distribution network using fuzzy clustering and LS-SVM methods, Water Resourse Management, 29, 1575–1590.
- Boztaş F., Özdemir Durmuşçelebi F.M., Firat M., (2019), Analyzing the effect of the unreported leakages in service connections of water distribution networks on non-revenue water, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(8), 4393–4406.
- Davis S.E., (2005), Residental water meter replacement economics, In: Proceedings of IWA Leakage 2005 Conference, ss. 1-10.
- Durmuşçelebi F.M., Özdemir Ö., Fırat M., (2020), District metered areas for water loss management in distribution systems, Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 38(1), 149-170.
- Farley M., (2003), Non revenue water—international best practice for assessment, monitoring and control, In: 12th annual CWWA water, wastewater & solid waste, 1–18.
- Farley M., Trow S., (2003), Losses in water distribution network, IWA Publishing, London.
- Gonelas K., Kanakoudis V., (2016), Reaching economic leakage level through pressure management, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 16(3), 756–765.
- Güngör M., Yarar U., Cantürk Ü., Fırat M., (2019), Increasing performance of water distribution network by using pressure management and database integration, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000367.
- Görmüş Y., (2017), İzmit ilçesi su kayıplarının azaltılması projesi, 1. içme suyu temin ve dağıtım sistemlerindeki su kayıplarının kontrolü çalıştayı ve eğitimi, Malatya, Türkiye.
- İSU (2019), Kocaeli Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü, 2019 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu, Kocaeli, Türkiye.
- Kanakoudis V., Muhammetoglu H., (2014), Urban water pipe networks management towards non-revenue water reduction: Two case studies from Greece and Turkey, Clean - Soil, Air, Water, doi:10.1002/clen.201300138.
- Koşucu M.M., Sarı Ö., Demirel M.C., Kıran S., Yılmaz A., Aybakan A., Albay E., Özgür Kırca V.Ş., (2021), Gerçek zamanlı basınç yönetimiyle su dağıtım şebekesinde su kaybının azaltılması, Teknik Dergi, 32(1), 10541 – 10564.
- Lambert A.O., (2002), International report: Water losses management and techniques, In Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2,1–20.
- Lambert A., (2003), Assessing non-revenue water and its components: a practical approach, Water, 21, 50–51.
- Lambert A., Morrison J.A.E., (1996), Recent developments in application of ‘bursts and background estimates’concepts for leakage management, Water and Environment Journal, 10(2), 100–104.
- Lambert A., Fantozzi M., Thornton J., (2013), Practical approaches to modeling leakage and pressure management in distribution systems – progress since 2005, 12th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI2013, (2011), 11.
- Liemberger R., Wyatt A., (2019), Quantifying the global non-revenue water problem, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 19(3), 831–837.
- Morrison J., Tooms S., Rogers D., (2007), District metered areas: Guidance notes. International Water Association (IWA), Specialist Group on Efficient Operation and Management, Water Loss Task Force, 6.
- Mutikanga H.E., Sharma S.K., Vairavamoorthy K., (2013), Methods and tools for managing losses in water distribution systems, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139(2), 166–174.
- Nicolini M., Giacomello C., Scarsini M., Mion M., (2014), Numerical modeling and leakage reduction in the water distribution system of Udine, In Procedia Engineering, 70, 1241–1250.
- OSİB, (2017), 2. Ormancılık ve Su Şurası, (2017), 2. Ormancılık ve Su Şurası, Afyonkarahisar, OSİB.
- Rahman A., Wu Z.Y., (2018), Multistep simulation-optimization modeling approach for partitioning water distribution system into district meter areas, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 144 (5).
- Samir N., Kansoh R., Elbarki W., Fleifle A., (2017), Pressure control for minimizing leakage in water distribution systems, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 56 (4), 601–612.
- Thornton J., Sturm R., Kunkel G., (2008). Water Loss Control. McGraw Hill Professional.
- Yılmaz S., Özdemir Ö., Fırat M., (2019), Gelir getirmeyen su oranının azaltılması için optimum sayaç değiştirme süresinin hesaplanması, Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(2), 423-430.
Abstract
Water utilities with limited water resources have difficulties arising from high levels of water losses in water supply networks. However, reducing these losses can be possible by monitoring, checking and managing the network correctly. In this study, it is aimed to reduce high levels of water losses through the hydraulic model by digitizing the existing drinking water assets in the central district of Kocaeli, İzmit. In parallel with this purpose, 69 district metered area have been established firstly within 567.95 km of İzmit with a total network length of 1143 km. In each isolated area, 684 of 2116 suspected leakages have been repaired by using active leakage control methods. Secondly, the pressure management system has been applied by using pressure breaker valves to prevent undetected leakages. A reduction of approximately 192.48 l/s has been achieved in the minimum night flow after active leakage control methods and pressure management activities. Thirdly, the replacement of end-of-life water meters has contributed to reduce apparent losses in isolated area. In conclusion, the water loss which was 45.45% in 2014 could be reduced to 29.50 % in İzmit district in 2019. According to the active leakage control, pressure management and meter replacement methods applied in this study, reducing water loss to 25 % throughout Kocaeli is possible by using these methods in other districts.
References
- Arabacı E., Dursun Ş., (2019), İçme suyu altyapı sistemlerinde hidrolik modelleme: Konya örneği, Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(4), 177-185.
- AWWA (2003), Best practice in water loss control: improved concepts for 21st century water management. American Water Works Association. https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/AWWA/ETS/Resources/WLCFlyerFinal.pdf?ver=2015-02-10-083650-287, [Erişim 10 Şubat 2015].
- Aydogdu M., Firat M., (2015), Estimation of failure rate in water distribution network using fuzzy clustering and LS-SVM methods, Water Resourse Management, 29, 1575–1590.
- Boztaş F., Özdemir Durmuşçelebi F.M., Firat M., (2019), Analyzing the effect of the unreported leakages in service connections of water distribution networks on non-revenue water, International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(8), 4393–4406.
- Davis S.E., (2005), Residental water meter replacement economics, In: Proceedings of IWA Leakage 2005 Conference, ss. 1-10.
- Durmuşçelebi F.M., Özdemir Ö., Fırat M., (2020), District metered areas for water loss management in distribution systems, Sigma Journal of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 38(1), 149-170.
- Farley M., (2003), Non revenue water—international best practice for assessment, monitoring and control, In: 12th annual CWWA water, wastewater & solid waste, 1–18.
- Farley M., Trow S., (2003), Losses in water distribution network, IWA Publishing, London.
- Gonelas K., Kanakoudis V., (2016), Reaching economic leakage level through pressure management, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 16(3), 756–765.
- Güngör M., Yarar U., Cantürk Ü., Fırat M., (2019), Increasing performance of water distribution network by using pressure management and database integration, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000367.
- Görmüş Y., (2017), İzmit ilçesi su kayıplarının azaltılması projesi, 1. içme suyu temin ve dağıtım sistemlerindeki su kayıplarının kontrolü çalıştayı ve eğitimi, Malatya, Türkiye.
- İSU (2019), Kocaeli Su ve Kanalizasyon İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü, 2019 Yılı Faaliyet Raporu, Kocaeli, Türkiye.
- Kanakoudis V., Muhammetoglu H., (2014), Urban water pipe networks management towards non-revenue water reduction: Two case studies from Greece and Turkey, Clean - Soil, Air, Water, doi:10.1002/clen.201300138.
- Koşucu M.M., Sarı Ö., Demirel M.C., Kıran S., Yılmaz A., Aybakan A., Albay E., Özgür Kırca V.Ş., (2021), Gerçek zamanlı basınç yönetimiyle su dağıtım şebekesinde su kaybının azaltılması, Teknik Dergi, 32(1), 10541 – 10564.
- Lambert A.O., (2002), International report: Water losses management and techniques, In Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2,1–20.
- Lambert A., (2003), Assessing non-revenue water and its components: a practical approach, Water, 21, 50–51.
- Lambert A., Morrison J.A.E., (1996), Recent developments in application of ‘bursts and background estimates’concepts for leakage management, Water and Environment Journal, 10(2), 100–104.
- Lambert A., Fantozzi M., Thornton J., (2013), Practical approaches to modeling leakage and pressure management in distribution systems – progress since 2005, 12th International Conference on Computing and Control for the Water Industry, CCWI2013, (2011), 11.
- Liemberger R., Wyatt A., (2019), Quantifying the global non-revenue water problem, Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 19(3), 831–837.
- Morrison J., Tooms S., Rogers D., (2007), District metered areas: Guidance notes. International Water Association (IWA), Specialist Group on Efficient Operation and Management, Water Loss Task Force, 6.
- Mutikanga H.E., Sharma S.K., Vairavamoorthy K., (2013), Methods and tools for managing losses in water distribution systems, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 139(2), 166–174.
- Nicolini M., Giacomello C., Scarsini M., Mion M., (2014), Numerical modeling and leakage reduction in the water distribution system of Udine, In Procedia Engineering, 70, 1241–1250.
- OSİB, (2017), 2. Ormancılık ve Su Şurası, (2017), 2. Ormancılık ve Su Şurası, Afyonkarahisar, OSİB.
- Rahman A., Wu Z.Y., (2018), Multistep simulation-optimization modeling approach for partitioning water distribution system into district meter areas, Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 144 (5).
- Samir N., Kansoh R., Elbarki W., Fleifle A., (2017), Pressure control for minimizing leakage in water distribution systems, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 56 (4), 601–612.
- Thornton J., Sturm R., Kunkel G., (2008). Water Loss Control. McGraw Hill Professional.
- Yılmaz S., Özdemir Ö., Fırat M., (2019), Gelir getirmeyen su oranının azaltılması için optimum sayaç değiştirme süresinin hesaplanması, Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 31(2), 423-430.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Engineering |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 25, 2021 |
| Submission Date | September 11, 2020 |
| Acceptance Date | February 12, 2021 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 Volume: 7 Issue: 2 |
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