Research Article
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FROM ICONS OF THE PAST TO A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: 9E PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN ELECTRIC/HYBRID CONVERSION OF ANADOL VEHICLES

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 14 - 25, 30.06.2025

Mert Ökten

Abstract

This study examines the hybrid and electric conversions of the Anadol A1, the first domestic production car that has an important place in Turkey's automotive history, and presents a comprehensive evaluation based on 9E analysis in energy, exergy, environment and economy dimensions. The electric model stood out as the most environmentally friendly and efficient option with only 64.1 MJ of energy consumption and 8 kg of CO2 emissions per 100 km. The hybrid model offered a balanced solution between energy and economy with a total energy consumption of 127.35 MJ and CO2 emissions of 10.8 kg. The internal combustion model was the worst performer in terms of sustainability, consuming 256.5 MJ of energy and emitting 17.33 kg of CO2. The 750 MJ energy cost of battery production in electric vehicles indicates the need to improve the environmental impact. This study offers an important perspective for sustainable transport solutions by combining nostalgic design with modern technologies.

Keywords

Electric vehicles Hybrid vehicles 9e analysis Sustainability

References

  • Anadolturkey. Anadol Fan Kulübü. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from http://www.anadolturkey.com
  • BM. Tekerlekli Araçlar, Tekerlekli Araçlara Takılabilen ve/veya Tekerlekli Araçlara Kullanılabilen Ekipman ve Parçalar İçin Küresel Teknik Düzenlemelerin Oluşturulmasına İlişkin Anlaşma Cenevre, 25 Haziran 1998. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-B-32&chapter=11&clang=_en
  • Doğan, U., Erfidan, T., & Bilgin, M.Z. (2016). Elektrikli araçlarda faydalı frenleme enerjisinin depolanması. İleri Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 41-51.
  • Energy and Carbon Conversions 2023 Update. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://ctprodstorageaccountp.blob.core.windows.net/prod-drupal-files/documents/resource/public/Conversion_factor_introductory_guide.pdf
  • Energyeducation. Gasoline. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Gasoline
  • EPDK. Petrol Piyasası Bayi Satış Fiyatı Bülteni. Retrieved January 10, 2025a, from https://bildirim.epdk.gov.tr/bildirim-portal/faces/pages/tarife/petrol/yonetim/bultenSorgula.xhtml
  • EPDK. Elektrik Faturalarına Esas Tarife Tabloları. Retrieved January 10, 2025b, from https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-1327/elektrik-faturalarina-esas-tarife-tablolari
  • ETKB. Türkiye Elektrik Üretimi ve Elektrik Tüketim Noktası Emisyon Faktörleri Bilgi Formu. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/EVCED/tr/ÇevreVeİklim/İklimDeğişikliği/EmisyonFaktorleri/TEUVETN_Emisyon_Faktörleri_Bilgi_Formu.pdf
  • Flórez-Orrego, D., Silva, J.A.M., & de Oliveira Jr., S. (2014). Renewable and non-renewable exergy cost and specific CO2 emission of electricity generation: the Brazilian case. Energy Conversion and Management, 85, 619-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.058.
  • Han, J., Han, K., Wang, Y., Han, Y., Ye, Z., & Lin, J. (2025). Multi-objective planning and sustainability assessment for integrated energy systems combining ORC and multi-energy storage: 4E (economic, environmental, exergy and emergy) analysis. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 65, 105674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105674.
  • Khan, M.A.Z., Khan, K., Wahab, A., Ahmad, N., & Kamran, M.A. (2023). Energy, exergy, exergo-economic, enviroeconomic, exergo-environmental, exergoenviro-conomic, austainability and sensitivity (6E,2S) analysis on single slope solar still—an experimental study. PLoS ONE, 18(8), e0290250. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290250.
  • Koç, M., Yuksel, Y.E., & Öztürk, M. (2022). Thermodynamic and exergo-economic assessments of a new geothermally driven multigeneration plant. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(45), 19463-19480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.044.
  • Kumar, V., Saxena, V.K., Kumar, R., & Kumar, S. (2024). Energy, exergy, sustainability and environmental emission analysis of coal-fired thermal power plant. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15, 102416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102416.
  • Maruf, M.H., July, S.A., Rabbani, M., Sahrani, S., Hossain Lipu, M.S., Sarker, M.R., Ashique, R.H., Kabir, M.S., & Shihavuddin, A.S.M. (2023). Energy and exergy-based efficiency, sustainability and economic assessment towards improved energy management of a thermal power plant: a case study. Sustainability, 15, 5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065452.
  • Mengi, O.Ö. (2018). Dizel bir aracın elektrikli araca dönüşüm performansının değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(1), 175-182.
  • Mi, C., & Masrur, M.A. (2017). Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications With Practical Perspectives. 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118970553.
  • Mizushima, N., & Oguma, M. (2023). Energy conversion analysis for mild hybrid electric vehicles equipped with an electric supercharged SI engine via multi-domain acausal modeling. Energy Conversion and Management, 286, 117054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117054.
  • Nazerifard, R., Mohammadpourfard, M., & Heris, S.Z. (2023). Design, thermodynamic and economic evaluation, and optimization of gasoline production from refinery furnaces flue gas. Energy Conversion and Management, 293, 117492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117492.
  • Özbay, H., Közkurt, C., Dalcalı, A., & Tektaş, M. (2020). Geleceğin ulaşım tercihi: elektrikli araçlar. Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulama Dergisi, 3(1), 34-50.
  • Sabbaghi, M.A., Soltani, M., & Rosen, M.A. (2024). A comprehensive 6E analysis of a novel multigeneration system powered by solar-biomass energies. Energy, 297, 131209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131209.
  • Sreenath, S., Sudhakar, K., & Yusop, A.F. (2021). Energy-exergy-economic-environmental-energo-exergo-enviroecono (7E) analysis of solar photovoltaic power plant: A case study of airport sites in India. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101352.
  • Urooj, A., & Nasir, A. (2024). Review of intelligent energy management techniques for hybrid electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage, 92, 112132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.112132.
  • Ünal, F., Akan, A.E., Demir, B., & Yaman, K. (2022). 4E analysis of an underfloor heating system integrated to the 4E analysis of an underfloor heating system integrated to the geothermal heat pump for greenhouse heating. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 46(5), 762-780. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-011X.3040.
  • Yalılı Kılıç, M., Dönmez, T., & Adalı, S. (2021). Karayolu ulaşımında yakıt tüketimine bağlı karbon ayak izi değişimi: Çanakkale örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(3), 943-955. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.848016.

Geçmişin ikonlarından sürdürülebilir geleceğe: Anadol araçlarının elektrikli/hibrit dönüşümünde 9E performans değerlendirmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 14 - 25, 30.06.2025

Mert Ökten

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Türkiye'nin otomotiv tarihinde önemli bir yere sahip olan ilk yerli seri otomobili Anadol A1 modelinin hibrit ve elektrikli dönüşümünü inceleyerek enerji, ekserji, çevre ve ekonomi boyutlarında 9E analizine dayanan kapsamlı bir değerlendirme sunmuştur. Elektrikli model, 100 km başına yalnızca 64.1 MJ enerji tüketimi ve 8 kg CO2 emisyonuyla en çevre dostu ve verimli seçenek olarak öne çıkmıştır. Hibrit model ise 127.35 MJ toplam enerji tüketimi ve 10.8 kg CO2 emisyonuyla enerji ve ekonomi arasında dengeli bir çözüm sunmuştur. İçten yanmalı model, 256.5 MJ enerji tüketimi ve 17.33 kg CO2 emisyonuyla sürdürülebilirlik açısından en düşük performansı göstermiştir. Elektrikli araçlarda batarya üretiminden kaynaklanan 750 MJ enerji maliyeti, çevresel etkilerin iyileştirilmesi gerekliliğine işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışma, nostaljik bir tasarımı modern teknolojilerle birleştirerek sürdürülebilir ulaşım çözümleri için önemli bir perspektif sunmaktadır.

Keywords

Elektrikli araçlar Hibrit araçlar 9e analizi Sürdürülebilirlik

References

  • Anadolturkey. Anadol Fan Kulübü. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from http://www.anadolturkey.com
  • BM. Tekerlekli Araçlar, Tekerlekli Araçlara Takılabilen ve/veya Tekerlekli Araçlara Kullanılabilen Ekipman ve Parçalar İçin Küresel Teknik Düzenlemelerin Oluşturulmasına İlişkin Anlaşma Cenevre, 25 Haziran 1998. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-B-32&chapter=11&clang=_en
  • Doğan, U., Erfidan, T., & Bilgin, M.Z. (2016). Elektrikli araçlarda faydalı frenleme enerjisinin depolanması. İleri Teknoloji Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 41-51.
  • Energy and Carbon Conversions 2023 Update. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://ctprodstorageaccountp.blob.core.windows.net/prod-drupal-files/documents/resource/public/Conversion_factor_introductory_guide.pdf
  • Energyeducation. Gasoline. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Gasoline
  • EPDK. Petrol Piyasası Bayi Satış Fiyatı Bülteni. Retrieved January 10, 2025a, from https://bildirim.epdk.gov.tr/bildirim-portal/faces/pages/tarife/petrol/yonetim/bultenSorgula.xhtml
  • EPDK. Elektrik Faturalarına Esas Tarife Tabloları. Retrieved January 10, 2025b, from https://www.epdk.gov.tr/Detay/Icerik/3-1327/elektrik-faturalarina-esas-tarife-tablolari
  • ETKB. Türkiye Elektrik Üretimi ve Elektrik Tüketim Noktası Emisyon Faktörleri Bilgi Formu. Retrieved January 10, 2025, from https://enerji.gov.tr/Media/Dizin/EVCED/tr/ÇevreVeİklim/İklimDeğişikliği/EmisyonFaktorleri/TEUVETN_Emisyon_Faktörleri_Bilgi_Formu.pdf
  • Flórez-Orrego, D., Silva, J.A.M., & de Oliveira Jr., S. (2014). Renewable and non-renewable exergy cost and specific CO2 emission of electricity generation: the Brazilian case. Energy Conversion and Management, 85, 619-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.058.
  • Han, J., Han, K., Wang, Y., Han, Y., Ye, Z., & Lin, J. (2025). Multi-objective planning and sustainability assessment for integrated energy systems combining ORC and multi-energy storage: 4E (economic, environmental, exergy and emergy) analysis. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 65, 105674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2024.105674.
  • Khan, M.A.Z., Khan, K., Wahab, A., Ahmad, N., & Kamran, M.A. (2023). Energy, exergy, exergo-economic, enviroeconomic, exergo-environmental, exergoenviro-conomic, austainability and sensitivity (6E,2S) analysis on single slope solar still—an experimental study. PLoS ONE, 18(8), e0290250. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290250.
  • Koç, M., Yuksel, Y.E., & Öztürk, M. (2022). Thermodynamic and exergo-economic assessments of a new geothermally driven multigeneration plant. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47(45), 19463-19480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.01.044.
  • Kumar, V., Saxena, V.K., Kumar, R., & Kumar, S. (2024). Energy, exergy, sustainability and environmental emission analysis of coal-fired thermal power plant. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 15, 102416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2023.102416.
  • Maruf, M.H., July, S.A., Rabbani, M., Sahrani, S., Hossain Lipu, M.S., Sarker, M.R., Ashique, R.H., Kabir, M.S., & Shihavuddin, A.S.M. (2023). Energy and exergy-based efficiency, sustainability and economic assessment towards improved energy management of a thermal power plant: a case study. Sustainability, 15, 5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15065452.
  • Mengi, O.Ö. (2018). Dizel bir aracın elektrikli araca dönüşüm performansının değerlendirilmesi. Fırat Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(1), 175-182.
  • Mi, C., & Masrur, M.A. (2017). Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Principles and Applications With Practical Perspectives. 2nd ed., John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118970553.
  • Mizushima, N., & Oguma, M. (2023). Energy conversion analysis for mild hybrid electric vehicles equipped with an electric supercharged SI engine via multi-domain acausal modeling. Energy Conversion and Management, 286, 117054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117054.
  • Nazerifard, R., Mohammadpourfard, M., & Heris, S.Z. (2023). Design, thermodynamic and economic evaluation, and optimization of gasoline production from refinery furnaces flue gas. Energy Conversion and Management, 293, 117492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2023.117492.
  • Özbay, H., Közkurt, C., Dalcalı, A., & Tektaş, M. (2020). Geleceğin ulaşım tercihi: elektrikli araçlar. Akıllı Ulaşım Sistemleri ve Uygulama Dergisi, 3(1), 34-50.
  • Sabbaghi, M.A., Soltani, M., & Rosen, M.A. (2024). A comprehensive 6E analysis of a novel multigeneration system powered by solar-biomass energies. Energy, 297, 131209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131209.
  • Sreenath, S., Sudhakar, K., & Yusop, A.F. (2021). Energy-exergy-economic-environmental-energo-exergo-enviroecono (7E) analysis of solar photovoltaic power plant: A case study of airport sites in India. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 47, 101352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101352.
  • Urooj, A., & Nasir, A. (2024). Review of intelligent energy management techniques for hybrid electric vehicles. Journal of Energy Storage, 92, 112132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2024.112132.
  • Ünal, F., Akan, A.E., Demir, B., & Yaman, K. (2022). 4E analysis of an underfloor heating system integrated to the 4E analysis of an underfloor heating system integrated to the geothermal heat pump for greenhouse heating. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 46(5), 762-780. https://doi.org/10.55730/1300-011X.3040.
  • Yalılı Kılıç, M., Dönmez, T., & Adalı, S. (2021). Karayolu ulaşımında yakıt tüketimine bağlı karbon ayak izi değişimi: Çanakkale örneği. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 11(3), 943-955. https://doi.org/10.17714/gumusfenbil.848016.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Energy Systems Engineering (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mert Ökten 0000-0003-0077-4471

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date February 9, 2025
Acceptance Date June 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ökten, M. (2025). FROM ICONS OF THE PAST TO A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE: 9E PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN ELECTRIC/HYBRID CONVERSION OF ANADOL VEHICLES. Tasarım Mimarlık Ve Mühendislik Dergisi, 5(1), 14-25.
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