Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 417 - 434, 29.04.2025

Barış Çağırkan

https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1616022

Abstract

Modern toplumun dijital dönüşümü, bilgisayarların icadıyla başlayıp internetin yaygınlaşması, mobil teknolojilerin benimsenmesi ve yapay zeka ile büyük veri analitiğinin gelişmesiyle devam etmektedir. Bu süreç, bilgiye erişim, iletişim, ticaret ve günlük yaşamda köklü değişikliklere yol açmıştır. 1950’li ve 1960’lı yıllarda elektronik bilgisayarların geliştirilmesiyle başlayan bu dönüşüm, internetin sivil kullanımına açılmasını ile daha da hızlanmıştır. 2000’li yıllarda mobil telefonların yaygınlaşması dijital dönüşümde önemli bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Mobil teknolojiler, internetin sürekli erişilebilir olmasını sağlamış ve kullanıcı deneyimini köklü bir şekilde değiştirmiştir. 2004 yılında Facebook’un kurulması, sosyal medya platformlarının kullanılmaya başlanmasını tetiklemiş ve bireylerin sosyal etkileşim süreçlerini dijital ortama taşınmasına yol açmıştır. Sosyal medya, bireylerin iletişim kurma ve bilgi paylaşma biçimlerini de değiştirmiştir. 2010’lardan itibaren büyük veri analitiği ve yapay zekanın kullanıma başlaması ile dijital dönüşümde yeni bir dönem başlamıştır. Bu teknolojiler, veri işleme ve analiz kapasitelerini artırarak daha akıllı ve etkili sistemlerin geliştirilmesine olanak tanımıştır. Akıllı telefon, internet ve sosyal medya platformlarının aşırı kullanımı davranışsal bir bağımlılık haline gelebilir. Bu problemli kullanım, kullanıcıların sosyal etkileşimlerini zayıflatarak sosyal izolasyon, depresyon, uyku düzeninin bozulması, sosyal etkileşimlerin azalması ve yalnızlık duygularını artırabilmektedir. Bazı araştırmalar, problemli akıllı telefon kullanımının karmaşıklığını göz önünde bulundurarak alternatif terminolojiler önermektedir. Sanal gerçeklik, problemli akıllı telefon kullanımına potansiyel bir çözüm sunabilirken, yeni sorunların ortaya çıkmasına da yol açabilir. Bu nedenle, bu teknolojilerin toplumsal etkilerini anlamak ve bilinçli bir şekilde kullanmak, dijital çağda sağlıklı bir toplumsal yapının sürdürülebilmesi için kritik öneme sahiptir.

Keywords

sanal gerçeklik dijital dönüşüm problemli akıllı telefon kullanımı teknoloji.

References

  • Aydoğan, D., & Kaplanoğlu, L. (2020). Toplum, sanat ve sanal gerçeklik. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 4(2), 79-88.
  • Bağcı, H., & Horzum, M. B. (2022). The relationship of smartphone addiction with chronotype and personality structures in university students. Biological Rhythm Research, 53(12), 1917-1931.
  • Bailenson, J. (2018). Experience on demand: What virtual reality is, how it works, and what it can do. WW Norton & Company.
  • Bennett, S., Maton, K., & Kervin, L. (2008). The ‘digital natives’ debate: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(5), 775-786.
  • Berntsen, K., Palacios, R. C., & Herranz, E. (2016). Virtual reality and its uses: A systematic literature review. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (s. 435-439) içinde. Salamanca, Spain.
  • Billieux, J., Deleuze, J., Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2015c). Internet gaming addiction: The case of massively multiplayer online roleplaying games. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives (s. 1515-1525) içinde. Springer International Publishing.
  • Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015a). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioural addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156-162.
  • Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., & Heeren, A. (2015b). Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(3), 119-123.
  • Bisen, S., & Deshpande, Y. (2016). An analytical study of smartphone addiction among engineering students: A gender differences. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(1), 70-83.
  • Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company.
  • Burdea, G. C., & Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual reality technology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Castells, M. (2001). The internet galaxy: Reflections on the internet, business, and society. Oxford University Press.
  • Castells, M. (2009). The rise of the network society (2nd Ed.). Wiley Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chan, S. J., Yeo, K. J., & Handayani, L. (2023). Types of smartphone usage and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A review of literature. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(2), 563-570.
  • Chen, B., Liu, F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L., & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: A cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 1-9. Cummings, J. J., & Bailenson, J. N. (2016). How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychology, 19(2), 272-309.
  • Çağıl, A. (2017). Sosyal medya ile dijital pazarlama. Dikeyeksen Yayıncılık. Çağırkan, B., & Tekindal, M. A. (2022). Smartphone addiction and awareness of university students during the pandemic period: The case of Bitlis Eren University. New Media, 12, 79-96.
  • De Silva, G. H. B. A., Sandanayaka, T. C., & Firdhous, M. F. M. (2021). Exploring unorthodox predictors of smartphone addiction during the COVID-19 Outbreak. 6th International Conference on Information Technology Research (ICITR) (p. 1-8), Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. Doi: 10.1109/ICITR54349.2021.9657409.
  • Dikeç, G., & Kebapçı, A. (2018). Smartphone Addiction level among a group of university students. Journal of Addiction, 19(1), 1-9.
  • Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259.
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook friends: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
  • Fidancı, İ., Aksoy, H., Taci, D. Y., Başer, D. A., & Cankurtaran, M. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 restrictions on nomophobia and smartphone addiction levels. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(4), 395-402.
  • Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017). Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychological Medicine, 47(14), 2393-2400.
  • Fuentes, C., & Svingstedt, A. (2017). Mobile phones and the practice of shopping: A study of how young adults use smartphones to shop. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 38, 137-146.
  • Hashim, H. (2018). Application of technology in the digital era education. International Journal of Research in Counselling and Education, 1(2), 1-5.
  • Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M. P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 299-307.
  • Haynes, T. (2018). Dopamine, smartphones & you: A battle for your time. Harvard University: Harvard Science in the News. Erişim adresi: https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/
  • Heim, M. (1998). Virtual realism. Oxford University Press.
  • Henrickson, L. (2023). What is a digital footprint? your online identity. Erişim adresi: https://www.identity.com/what-is-a-digital-footprint/
  • Hitcham, L., Jackson, H., & James, R. J. (2023). The relationship between smartphone use and smartphone addiction: An examination of logged and self-reported behavior in a pre-registered, two-wave sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 146, 107822.
  • Islam, M. S., Karia, N., Fouji, M. H., Khalid, J., Khaleel, M., & Fauzi, F. A. (2019). Smartphone addiction: proposing ethical codes for minimizing addiction risk at academic institutions. Journal of Business, 4(1), 9-16.
  • Kim, H. J., Min, J. Y., Kim, H. J., & Min, K. B. (2017). Accident risk associated with smartphone addiction: A study on university students in Korea. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 699-707.
  • Kim, S. K., Kim, S. Y., & Kang, H. B. (2016). An analysis of the effects of smartphone push notifications on task performance with regard to smartphone overuse using ERP. Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2016(1), 1-8.
  • Kiraly, O., Nagygyörgy, K., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Problematic Online Gaming. Addiction, 109(9), 1564-1573.
  • Konuk, N. (2019). Sosyal medya kullanımının toplumsal etkileri. Z. Gölen & H. Babacan (Ed.), Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimlerde Akademik Çalışmalar-2019/2 (s. 793-817) içinde. Ivpe Yayınevi.
  • Kuh, G. D. (2001). Assessing what really matters to student learning: Inside the National Survey of Student Engagement. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 33(3), 10-17.
  • Lee, H., Ahn, H., Choi, S. & Choi, W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone Addiction Management System and verification. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(1), 1. Leiner, B. M., Cerf, V. G., Clark, D. D., Kahn, R. E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D. C., ... & Wolff, S. (2009). A brief history of the Internet. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 39(5), 22-31.
  • Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B., & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS One, 9(6), e98312.
  • Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R., ... & Kuo, T. B. (2016). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145.
  • Ma, K., & Fang, B. (2024). Exploring Generation Z’s expectations at future work: the impact of digital technology on job searching. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(9), 933-953.
  • Ma, Q., Chan, A. H., & Chen, K. (2016). Personal and other factors affecting acceptance of smartphone technology by older Chinese adults. Applied ergonomics, 54, 62-71.
  • Ma, W., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Zheng, H., & Owusu, V. (2023). Factors influencing smartphone usage of rural farmers: Empirical analysis of five selected provinces in China. Information Development, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669231201828
  • McCartney, M. (2017). Fear of missing out on conferences. BMJ, 359. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4515
  • McVeigh-Schultz, J., & Baym, N. K. (2015). Thinking of you: Vernacular affordance in the context of the microsocial relationship app, Couple. Social Media+ Society, 1(2), 2056305115604649.
  • Müller, A., Brand, M., Claes, L., Demetrovics, Z., De Zwaan, M., Fernández-Aranda, F., ... & Kyrios, M. (2019). Buying-shopping disorder—is there enough evidence to support its inclusion in ICD-11?. CNS Spectrums, 24(4), 374-379.
  • Müller, S. M., Wegmann, E., Stolze, D., & Brand, M. (2020). Maximizing social outcomes? social zapping and fear of missing out mediate the effects of maximization and procrastination on problematic social networks use. Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 106296.
  • Nyrhinen, J., Lonka, K., Sirola, A., Ranta, M., & Wilska, T. A. (2023). Young adults’ online shopping addiction: The role of self‐regulation and smartphone use. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(5), 1871-1884.
  • Olson, J. A., Sandra, D. A., Colucci, E. S., Al Bikaii, A., Chmoulevitch, D., Nahas, J., ... & Veissiere, S. P. (2022). Smartphone addiction is increasing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107138.
  • Panjeti-Madan, V. N., & Ranganathan, P. (2023). Impact of screen time on children’s development: cognitive, language, physical, and social and emotional domains. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 7(5), 52.
  • Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259.
  • Pantano, E., & Priporas, C. V. (2016). The effect of mobile retailing on consumers’ purchasing experiences: A dynamic perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 548-555.
  • Ratan, Z. A., Parrish, A. M., Alotaibi, M. S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2022). Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its association with sociodemographic, physical and mental well-being: A cross-sectional study among the young adults of Bangladesh. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 19(24), 16583.
  • Roberts, J. A., Yaya, L. H., & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: Cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254-265.
  • Serra, G., Lo Scalzo, L., Giuffre, M., Ferrara, P., & Corsello, G. (2021). Smartphone use and addiction during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Cohort study on 184 Italian children and adolescents. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 47(1), 150.
  • Smetaniuk, P. (2014). A preliminary investigation into the prevalence and prediction of problematic cell phone use. Journal of Behavioural Addictions, 3(1), 41-53.
  • Statista. (2023). Gen Z online shopping behavior – statistics & facts. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/topics/11087/gen-z-online-shopping-behavior/#topicOverview
  • Twenge, J. M. (2017). IGen: Why Today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy—and completely unprepared for adulthood. Atria Books.
  • Upshaw, J. D., Stevens Jr, C. E., Ganis, G., & Zabelina, D. L. (2022). The hidden cost of a smartphone: The effects of smartphone notifications on cognitive control from a behavioral and electrophysiological perspective. PloS One, 17(11), e0277220.
  • Weiner, W. (2016). The Influence Of Social Media On Job Seekers in The Digital Age. Career Planning & Adult Development Journal, 32(3), 26-31.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). (2018). Public health implications of excessive use of the Internet and other communication and gaming platforms. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news/item/13-09-2018-public-health-implications-of-excessive-use-of-the-internet-and-other-communication-and-gaming-platforms
  • Yüksel, M. A. (2019). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığını azaltmaya yönelik bilinçli-farkındalık temelli tasarim. Tasarım Enformatiği, 1(2), 67-77.
  • Zandieh, S., Abdollahzadeh, S. M., Sadeghirad, B., Wang, L., McCabe, R. E., Yao, L., ... & Busse, J. W. (2024). Therapist-guided remote versus in-person cognitive behavioural therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ, 196(10), E327-E340.
  • Zuboff, S. (2023). The age of surveillance capitalism. W. Longhofer & D.Winchester (Ed.), Social Theory Re-Wired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives (s. 203-213) içinde. Routledge.

VIRTUAL REALITY, REAL ADDICTION: SOCIAL EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGY

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 417 - 434, 29.04.2025

Barış Çağırkan

https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1616022

Abstract

The digital transformation of modern society began with the invention of computers and continues with the spread of the internet, the adoption of mobile technologies, and the development of artificial intelligence and big data analytics. This process has led to radical changes in access to information, communication, trade, and daily life. This transformation, which began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s and 1960s, further accelerated with the opening of the internet to civilian use. The spread of mobile phones in the 2000s was an important turning point in digital transformation. Mobile technologies have made the internet constantly accessible and have radically changed the user experience. The establishment of Facebook in 2004 triggered the use of social media platforms and led individuals to move their social interaction processes to the digital environment. Social media has also changed the way individuals communicate and share information. A new era has begun in digital transformation since the 2010s with the use of big data analytics and artificial intelligence. These technologies have enabled the development of smarter and more effective systems by increasing the data processing and analysis capacities. Excessive use of smartphones, the internet, and social media platforms can become a behavioral addiction. This problematic use can weaken users’ social interactions, leading to social isolation, depression, sleep disruption, decreased social interactions, and feelings of loneliness. Some studies have suggested alternative terminologies considering the complexity of problematic phone use. While virtual reality may offer a potential solution to problematic phone use, it can also lead to the emergence of new problems. Therefore, understanding the social impacts of these technologies and their conscious use is critical for maintaining a healthy social structure in the digital age.

Keywords

virtual reality digital transformation problematic smartphone use technology.

References

  • Aydoğan, D., & Kaplanoğlu, L. (2020). Toplum, sanat ve sanal gerçeklik. Yeni Medya Elektronik Dergisi, 4(2), 79-88.
  • Bağcı, H., & Horzum, M. B. (2022). The relationship of smartphone addiction with chronotype and personality structures in university students. Biological Rhythm Research, 53(12), 1917-1931.
  • Bailenson, J. (2018). Experience on demand: What virtual reality is, how it works, and what it can do. WW Norton & Company.
  • Bennett, S., Maton, K., & Kervin, L. (2008). The ‘digital natives’ debate: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(5), 775-786.
  • Berntsen, K., Palacios, R. C., & Herranz, E. (2016). Virtual reality and its uses: A systematic literature review. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (s. 435-439) içinde. Salamanca, Spain.
  • Billieux, J., Deleuze, J., Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2015c). Internet gaming addiction: The case of massively multiplayer online roleplaying games. Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives (s. 1515-1525) içinde. Springer International Publishing.
  • Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015a). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioural addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156-162.
  • Billieux, J., Schimmenti, A., Khazaal, Y., Maurage, P., & Heeren, A. (2015b). Are we overpathologizing everyday life? A tenable blueprint for behavioral addiction research. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(3), 119-123.
  • Bisen, S., & Deshpande, Y. (2016). An analytical study of smartphone addiction among engineering students: A gender differences. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(1), 70-83.
  • Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007). Social network sites: Definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210-230.
  • Brynjolfsson, E., & McAfee, A. (2014). The second machine age: Work, progress, and prosperity in a time of brilliant technologies. WW Norton & Company.
  • Burdea, G. C., & Coiffet, P. (2003). Virtual reality technology. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Castells, M. (2001). The internet galaxy: Reflections on the internet, business, and society. Oxford University Press.
  • Castells, M. (2009). The rise of the network society (2nd Ed.). Wiley Blackwell Publishing.
  • Chan, S. J., Yeo, K. J., & Handayani, L. (2023). Types of smartphone usage and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A review of literature. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(2), 563-570.
  • Chen, B., Liu, F., Ding, S., Ying, X., Wang, L., & Wen, Y. (2017). Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone addiction: A cross-sectional study among medical college students. BMC Psychiatry, 17, 1-9. Cummings, J. J., & Bailenson, J. N. (2016). How immersive is enough? A meta-analysis of the effect of immersive technology on user presence. Media Psychology, 19(2), 272-309.
  • Çağıl, A. (2017). Sosyal medya ile dijital pazarlama. Dikeyeksen Yayıncılık. Çağırkan, B., & Tekindal, M. A. (2022). Smartphone addiction and awareness of university students during the pandemic period: The case of Bitlis Eren University. New Media, 12, 79-96.
  • De Silva, G. H. B. A., Sandanayaka, T. C., & Firdhous, M. F. M. (2021). Exploring unorthodox predictors of smartphone addiction during the COVID-19 Outbreak. 6th International Conference on Information Technology Research (ICITR) (p. 1-8), Moratuwa, Sri Lanka. Doi: 10.1109/ICITR54349.2021.9657409.
  • Dikeç, G., & Kebapçı, A. (2018). Smartphone Addiction level among a group of university students. Journal of Addiction, 19(1), 1-9.
  • Elhai, J. D., Dvorak, R. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Problematic smartphone use: A conceptual overview and systematic review of relations with anxiety and depression psychopathology. Journal of Affective Disorders, 207, 251-259.
  • Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook friends: Social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143-1168.
  • Fidancı, İ., Aksoy, H., Taci, D. Y., Başer, D. A., & Cankurtaran, M. (2021). Effect of COVID-19 restrictions on nomophobia and smartphone addiction levels. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(4), 395-402.
  • Freeman, D., Reeve, S., Robinson, A., Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Spanlang, B., & Slater, M. (2017). Virtual reality in the assessment, understanding, and treatment of mental health disorders. Psychological Medicine, 47(14), 2393-2400.
  • Fuentes, C., & Svingstedt, A. (2017). Mobile phones and the practice of shopping: A study of how young adults use smartphones to shop. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 38, 137-146.
  • Hashim, H. (2018). Application of technology in the digital era education. International Journal of Research in Counselling and Education, 1(2), 1-5.
  • Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M. P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(4), 299-307.
  • Haynes, T. (2018). Dopamine, smartphones & you: A battle for your time. Harvard University: Harvard Science in the News. Erişim adresi: https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2018/dopamine-smartphones-battle-time/
  • Heim, M. (1998). Virtual realism. Oxford University Press.
  • Henrickson, L. (2023). What is a digital footprint? your online identity. Erişim adresi: https://www.identity.com/what-is-a-digital-footprint/
  • Hitcham, L., Jackson, H., & James, R. J. (2023). The relationship between smartphone use and smartphone addiction: An examination of logged and self-reported behavior in a pre-registered, two-wave sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 146, 107822.
  • Islam, M. S., Karia, N., Fouji, M. H., Khalid, J., Khaleel, M., & Fauzi, F. A. (2019). Smartphone addiction: proposing ethical codes for minimizing addiction risk at academic institutions. Journal of Business, 4(1), 9-16.
  • Kim, H. J., Min, J. Y., Kim, H. J., & Min, K. B. (2017). Accident risk associated with smartphone addiction: A study on university students in Korea. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 699-707.
  • Kim, S. K., Kim, S. Y., & Kang, H. B. (2016). An analysis of the effects of smartphone push notifications on task performance with regard to smartphone overuse using ERP. Computational intelligence and neuroscience, 2016(1), 1-8.
  • Kiraly, O., Nagygyörgy, K., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2014). Problematic Online Gaming. Addiction, 109(9), 1564-1573.
  • Konuk, N. (2019). Sosyal medya kullanımının toplumsal etkileri. Z. Gölen & H. Babacan (Ed.), Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimlerde Akademik Çalışmalar-2019/2 (s. 793-817) içinde. Ivpe Yayınevi.
  • Kuh, G. D. (2001). Assessing what really matters to student learning: Inside the National Survey of Student Engagement. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 33(3), 10-17.
  • Lee, H., Ahn, H., Choi, S. & Choi, W. (2014). The SAMS: Smartphone Addiction Management System and verification. Journal of Medical Systems, 38(1), 1. Leiner, B. M., Cerf, V. G., Clark, D. D., Kahn, R. E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D. C., ... & Wolff, S. (2009). A brief history of the Internet. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 39(5), 22-31.
  • Lin, Y. H., Chang, L. R., Lee, Y. H., Tseng, H. W., Kuo, T. B., & Chen, S. H. (2014). Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI). PloS One, 9(6), e98312.
  • Lin, Y. H., Lin, Y. C., Lee, Y. H., Lin, P. H., Lin, S. H., Chang, L. R., ... & Kuo, T. B. (2016). Time distortion associated with smartphone addiction: Identifying smartphone addiction via a mobile application (App). Journal of Psychiatric Research, 65, 139-145.
  • Ma, K., & Fang, B. (2024). Exploring Generation Z’s expectations at future work: the impact of digital technology on job searching. European Journal of Training and Development, 48(9), 933-953.
  • Ma, Q., Chan, A. H., & Chen, K. (2016). Personal and other factors affecting acceptance of smartphone technology by older Chinese adults. Applied ergonomics, 54, 62-71.
  • Ma, W., Owusu-Sekyere, E., Zheng, H., & Owusu, V. (2023). Factors influencing smartphone usage of rural farmers: Empirical analysis of five selected provinces in China. Information Development, 1-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/02666669231201828
  • McCartney, M. (2017). Fear of missing out on conferences. BMJ, 359. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j4515
  • McVeigh-Schultz, J., & Baym, N. K. (2015). Thinking of you: Vernacular affordance in the context of the microsocial relationship app, Couple. Social Media+ Society, 1(2), 2056305115604649.
  • Müller, A., Brand, M., Claes, L., Demetrovics, Z., De Zwaan, M., Fernández-Aranda, F., ... & Kyrios, M. (2019). Buying-shopping disorder—is there enough evidence to support its inclusion in ICD-11?. CNS Spectrums, 24(4), 374-379.
  • Müller, S. M., Wegmann, E., Stolze, D., & Brand, M. (2020). Maximizing social outcomes? social zapping and fear of missing out mediate the effects of maximization and procrastination on problematic social networks use. Computers in Human Behavior, 107, 106296.
  • Nyrhinen, J., Lonka, K., Sirola, A., Ranta, M., & Wilska, T. A. (2023). Young adults’ online shopping addiction: The role of self‐regulation and smartphone use. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 47(5), 1871-1884.
  • Olson, J. A., Sandra, D. A., Colucci, E. S., Al Bikaii, A., Chmoulevitch, D., Nahas, J., ... & Veissiere, S. P. (2022). Smartphone addiction is increasing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107138.
  • Panjeti-Madan, V. N., & Ranganathan, P. (2023). Impact of screen time on children’s development: cognitive, language, physical, and social and emotional domains. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 7(5), 52.
  • Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 252-259.
  • Pantano, E., & Priporas, C. V. (2016). The effect of mobile retailing on consumers’ purchasing experiences: A dynamic perspective. Computers in Human Behavior, 61, 548-555.
  • Ratan, Z. A., Parrish, A. M., Alotaibi, M. S., & Hosseinzadeh, H. (2022). Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its association with sociodemographic, physical and mental well-being: A cross-sectional study among the young adults of Bangladesh. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 19(24), 16583.
  • Roberts, J. A., Yaya, L. H., & Manolis, C. (2014). The invisible addiction: Cell-phone activities and addiction among male and female college students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 3(4), 254-265.
  • Serra, G., Lo Scalzo, L., Giuffre, M., Ferrara, P., & Corsello, G. (2021). Smartphone use and addiction during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Cohort study on 184 Italian children and adolescents. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 47(1), 150.
  • Smetaniuk, P. (2014). A preliminary investigation into the prevalence and prediction of problematic cell phone use. Journal of Behavioural Addictions, 3(1), 41-53.
  • Statista. (2023). Gen Z online shopping behavior – statistics & facts. Erişim adresi: https://www.statista.com/topics/11087/gen-z-online-shopping-behavior/#topicOverview
  • Twenge, J. M. (2017). IGen: Why Today’s super-connected kids are growing up less rebellious, more tolerant, less happy—and completely unprepared for adulthood. Atria Books.
  • Upshaw, J. D., Stevens Jr, C. E., Ganis, G., & Zabelina, D. L. (2022). The hidden cost of a smartphone: The effects of smartphone notifications on cognitive control from a behavioral and electrophysiological perspective. PloS One, 17(11), e0277220.
  • Weiner, W. (2016). The Influence Of Social Media On Job Seekers in The Digital Age. Career Planning & Adult Development Journal, 32(3), 26-31.
  • World Health Organisation (WHO). (2018). Public health implications of excessive use of the Internet and other communication and gaming platforms. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int/news/item/13-09-2018-public-health-implications-of-excessive-use-of-the-internet-and-other-communication-and-gaming-platforms
  • Yüksel, M. A. (2019). Akıllı telefon bağımlılığını azaltmaya yönelik bilinçli-farkındalık temelli tasarim. Tasarım Enformatiği, 1(2), 67-77.
  • Zandieh, S., Abdollahzadeh, S. M., Sadeghirad, B., Wang, L., McCabe, R. E., Yao, L., ... & Busse, J. W. (2024). Therapist-guided remote versus in-person cognitive behavioural therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. CMAJ, 196(10), E327-E340.
  • Zuboff, S. (2023). The age of surveillance capitalism. W. Longhofer & D.Winchester (Ed.), Social Theory Re-Wired: New Connections to Classical and Contemporary Perspectives (s. 203-213) içinde. Routledge.
There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Barış Çağırkan 0000-0002-0013-1831

Early Pub Date April 25, 2025
Publication Date April 29, 2025
Submission Date January 8, 2025
Acceptance Date February 10, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çağırkan, B. (2025). SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1616022
AMA Çağırkan B. SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. April 2025;12(1):417-434. doi:10.69878/deuefad.1616022
Chicago Çağırkan, Barış. “SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12, no. 1 (April 2025): 417-34. https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1616022.
EndNote Çağırkan B (April 1, 2025) SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12 1 417–434.
IEEE B. Çağırkan, “SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 417–434, 2025, doi: 10.69878/deuefad.1616022.
ISNAD Çağırkan, Barış. “SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 12/1 (April 2025), 417-434. https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1616022.
JAMA Çağırkan B. SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;12:417–434.
MLA Çağırkan, Barış. “SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 12, no. 1, 2025, pp. 417-34, doi:10.69878/deuefad.1616022.
Vancouver Çağırkan B. SANAL GERÇEKLİK, GERÇEK BAĞIMLILIK: TEKNOLOJİNİN TOPLUMSAL ETKİLERİ. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2025;12(1):417-34.
 Download Cover Image