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Year 2025, Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 273 - 281, 20.06.2025

Nurullah Çiftçi , Gizem Tükenmez , Yasemin Dostuoglu Nima Hassan Waberi Gulfem Nur Yildiz Murat Karameşe

https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1723030

Abstract

References

  • 1.Montalbán-Hernández K, Cogollo-García A, Girónde Velasco-Sada P, et al. MV130 in the prevention ofrecurrent respiratory tract infections: aretrospective real-world study in children andadults. Vaccines. 2024;12(2):172.
  • 2.Karabulut N, Alaçam S, Şen E, Karabey M, Yakut N.The epidemiological features and pathogenspectrum of respiratory tract infections, Istanbul,Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023. Diagnostics.2024;14(11):1071.
  • 3.Sadeh Tehrani R, Mohammadjafari H, Alizadeh S,Naseroleslami M, Karbalaie Niya MH. Theprevalence of 17 common respiratory viruses inpatients with respiratory illness but negative forCOVID-19: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep.2024;7(3):e1986.
  • 4.Tran XD, Hoang VT, Goumballa N, Vu TN, et al.Viral and bacterial microorganisms in Vietnamesechildren with severe and non-severe pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):120.
  • 5.Di Maio VC, Scutari R, Forque L, et al. Presence andsignificance of multiple respiratory viral infectionsin children admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospitalin Italy. Viruses. 2024;16(5).
  • 6.Corrales-Zúñiga N, Martínez-Muñoz N, Realpe-Cisneros S, et al. Manejo perioperatorio de niños coninfección respiratoria superior. Rev Fac Med.2019;67:341-7.
  • 7.Zelasko SE. Investigating microbial interactionsimpacting pathogen colonization in human upperrespiratory microbiomes [Ph.D. thesis]. Wisconsin,USA: University of Wisconsin - Madison; 2024.
  • 8.Hong YJ, Jung BK, Kim JK. Epidemiologicalcharacterization of respiratory pathogens using themultiplex PCR FilmArray™ respiratory panel.Diagnostics. 2024;14(7):734.
  • 9.Corsello A, Milani GP, Picca M, et al. Recurrentupper respiratory tract infections in earlychildhood: a newly defined clinical condition. Ital JPediatr. 2024;50(1):30.
  • 10.Islam M, Islam K, Dalal K, Hossain Hawlader MD.In-house environmental factors and childhood acute respiratory infections in under-five children: ahospital-based matched case-control study inBangladesh. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):38.
  • 11.Talbot HK, Falsey AR. The diagnosis of viralrespiratory disease in older adults. Clin Infect Dis.2010;50(5):747-51.
  • 12.Dostuoglu Y, Karamese M. Investigation of Viraland Bacterial Agents in Samples Taken fromPatients with Suspected Upper Respiratory TractInfection. Kafkas J Med Sci. 2025; 15(1):58-63.
  • 13.Boukli N, Flamand C, Chea KL, et al. One assay totest them all: multiplex assays for expansion ofrespiratory virus surveillance. Front Med.2023;10:1161268.
  • 14. Nieto-Rivera B, Saldana-Ahuactzi Z, Parra-OrtegaI, et al. Frequency of respiratory virus-associatedinfection among children and adolescents from atertiary-care hospital in Mexico City. Sci Rep.2023;13(1):19763.
  • 15.Kuskucu MA, Mete B, Tabak F, Midilli K.Yetişkinlerde solunum yolu viral etkenlerinin 2010-2018 yılları arasındaki prevalansı ve mevsimsel dağılımı. Turk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2020;50(1):21-6.
  • 16.Upadhyay P, Fahida S, Singh V. Performanceassessment of a multiplex real-time PCR assay fordetection of viruses causing respiratory tractinfections. Diagnostics. 2024;14(21):2350.
  • 17.Loeffelholz MJ, Pong DL, Pyles RB, et al.Comparison of the FilmArray respiratory panel andProdesse real-time PCR assays for detection ofrespiratory pathogens. J Clin Microbiol.2020;49(12):4083-8.
  • 18.Şen MC. Isparta ilinde akut solunum yoluenfeksiyonu ön tanısı olan hastalarda multipleksPCR yöntemiyle viral ve bakteriyel etkenlerinsıklığının araştırılması. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg.2022;29(2):171-8.
  • 19.Anderson TP, Werno AM, Barratt K, et al.Comparison of four multiplex PCR assays for thedetection of viral pathogens in respiratoryspecimens. J Virol Methods. 2013;191(2):118-21.
  • 20.Aydın NN, Aydın KO, Kerget F, İba Yılmaz S.Yetişkinlerde COVID-19 öncesi solunum yolu viraletkenlerin epidemiyolojisi ve mevsimsel dağılımı.Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2022;24(3):496-500.
  • 21.Duclos M, Hommel B, Allantaz F, et al. MultiplexPCR detection of respiratory tract infections inSARS-CoV-2-negative patients admitted to theemergency department: an internationalmulticenter study during the COVID-19 pandemic.Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(5):e02368-22.
  • 22.Aydoğan S. 2019-2021 yılları arasında saptananviral solunum yolu enfeksiyonu etkenleri, COVID-19ve ko-enfeksiyonlar. Mikrobiyol Bul.2023;57(4):650-9.
  • 23.Zhao H, Yang Y, Lyu J, Ren X, Cheng W.Development and application of a method to detect27 respiratory pathogens using multiplex RT-PCR combined with MassARRAY technology. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):870.
  • 24.Uğur M, Şahinkaya A. Distribution of pathogensof respiratory tract infections by months and agegroups. Cerasus J Med. 2024;1(1):35-41.
  • 25.Manna S, McAuley J, Jacobson J, et al. Synergismand antagonism of bacterial-viral coinfection in theupper respiratory tract. mSphere.2022;7(1):e0098421.
  • 26.Aktaş FZ. COVID-19 ve rasyonel antibiyotikkullanımı. Med J SDU. 2021;28(COVID-19 özelsayı):47-9.
  • 27.Türe E, Yaşar A. Distribution of respiratory viralagents in patients being followed-up in our pediatric emergency department. OTSBD. 2019;4(1):94-104.
  • 28.Talay MN, Özdemir E. Bir pediatrik yoğun bakımünitesinde atipik pnömoni ön tanısı ile takip edilenhastalarda patojen dağılımının direkt ve indirektimmünoflöresan mikroskopisi ile incelenmesi. DicleTıp Derg. 2022;49(3):513-20.
  • 29.Yildiz GN, Tukenmez G, Toıplaoglu I, Celebi O,Karamese M. Retrospective Evaluation of theFrequency of Respiratory Pathogens in PatientsAdmitted to Kafkas University Medical FacultyHospital. Dicle Med J. 2024;51(4):539-546.
  • 30.Jiang XW, Huang TS, Xie L, et al. Development ofa diagnostic assay by three-tube multiplex real-timePCR for simultaneous detection of ninemicroorganisms causing acute respiratoryinfections. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):13306.
  • 31.Upadhyay P, Surur F, Singh V. Performanceassessment of a multiplex real-time PCR assay fordetection of viruses causing respiratory tractinfections. Diagnostics. 2024;14(21):2350.

The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents

Year 2025, Volume: 52 Issue: 2, 273 - 281, 20.06.2025

Nurullah Çiftçi , Gizem Tükenmez , Yasemin Dostuoglu Nima Hassan Waberi Gulfem Nur Yildiz Murat Karameşe

https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1723030

Abstract

Objective: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of two multiplex PCR (MT-PCR) panels, 7-pathogen and 24- pathogen, for detecting viral and bacterial pathogens in pediatric patients having upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) symptoms.
Methods: The study was conducted between January and July 2024. A total of 61 pediatric patients aged 0-16 years and admitted to Kafkas University Health Research and Application Hospital were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and analyzed using MT-PCR panels. The 7- pathogen panel detected ADV, INF A/B, HRV, RSV A/B, SARS-CoV-2, and S. pyogenes, while the 24- pathogen panel included an extended range of pathogens, such as HCoV, HPIV, HBoV, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae. Comparative analyses focused on positivity rates, co-infections, and pathogen distribution.
Results: Pathogens were detected in 96.7% of the samples using the 24-pathogen panel compared to 83.6% with the 7-pathogen panel. Viral pathogens dominated the infections, with RSV A/B (10.3%) being the most frequently detected pathogen in 24- pathogen panel and INF-B (27.1%) in 7-pathogen panel. The 24-pathogen panel identified more bacterial pathogens, notably S. pneumoniae (22.4%). Co-infections were significantly higher with the 24-pathogen panel (62.3%) compared to the 7-pathogen panel (18.3%).
Conclusion: The 24-pathogen MT-PCR panel demonstrated superior diagnostic capabilities, highlighting the importance of comprehensive pathogen detection for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of URTIs. This study underlines the necessity of using advanced molecular diagnostic tools to improve clinical outcomes and support public health strategies in managing respiratory tract infections among pediatric populations.

Keywords

Respiratory Tract Infections Multiplex PCR Viral Pathogens SARS-CoV-2 Bacterial Co-infections Pediatrics URTI

References

  • 1.Montalbán-Hernández K, Cogollo-García A, Girónde Velasco-Sada P, et al. MV130 in the prevention ofrecurrent respiratory tract infections: aretrospective real-world study in children andadults. Vaccines. 2024;12(2):172.
  • 2.Karabulut N, Alaçam S, Şen E, Karabey M, Yakut N.The epidemiological features and pathogenspectrum of respiratory tract infections, Istanbul,Türkiye, from 2021 to 2023. Diagnostics.2024;14(11):1071.
  • 3.Sadeh Tehrani R, Mohammadjafari H, Alizadeh S,Naseroleslami M, Karbalaie Niya MH. Theprevalence of 17 common respiratory viruses inpatients with respiratory illness but negative forCOVID-19: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep.2024;7(3):e1986.
  • 4.Tran XD, Hoang VT, Goumballa N, Vu TN, et al.Viral and bacterial microorganisms in Vietnamesechildren with severe and non-severe pneumonia. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):120.
  • 5.Di Maio VC, Scutari R, Forque L, et al. Presence andsignificance of multiple respiratory viral infectionsin children admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospitalin Italy. Viruses. 2024;16(5).
  • 6.Corrales-Zúñiga N, Martínez-Muñoz N, Realpe-Cisneros S, et al. Manejo perioperatorio de niños coninfección respiratoria superior. Rev Fac Med.2019;67:341-7.
  • 7.Zelasko SE. Investigating microbial interactionsimpacting pathogen colonization in human upperrespiratory microbiomes [Ph.D. thesis]. Wisconsin,USA: University of Wisconsin - Madison; 2024.
  • 8.Hong YJ, Jung BK, Kim JK. Epidemiologicalcharacterization of respiratory pathogens using themultiplex PCR FilmArray™ respiratory panel.Diagnostics. 2024;14(7):734.
  • 9.Corsello A, Milani GP, Picca M, et al. Recurrentupper respiratory tract infections in earlychildhood: a newly defined clinical condition. Ital JPediatr. 2024;50(1):30.
  • 10.Islam M, Islam K, Dalal K, Hossain Hawlader MD.In-house environmental factors and childhood acute respiratory infections in under-five children: ahospital-based matched case-control study inBangladesh. BMC Pediatr. 2024;24(1):38.
  • 11.Talbot HK, Falsey AR. The diagnosis of viralrespiratory disease in older adults. Clin Infect Dis.2010;50(5):747-51.
  • 12.Dostuoglu Y, Karamese M. Investigation of Viraland Bacterial Agents in Samples Taken fromPatients with Suspected Upper Respiratory TractInfection. Kafkas J Med Sci. 2025; 15(1):58-63.
  • 13.Boukli N, Flamand C, Chea KL, et al. One assay totest them all: multiplex assays for expansion ofrespiratory virus surveillance. Front Med.2023;10:1161268.
  • 14. Nieto-Rivera B, Saldana-Ahuactzi Z, Parra-OrtegaI, et al. Frequency of respiratory virus-associatedinfection among children and adolescents from atertiary-care hospital in Mexico City. Sci Rep.2023;13(1):19763.
  • 15.Kuskucu MA, Mete B, Tabak F, Midilli K.Yetişkinlerde solunum yolu viral etkenlerinin 2010-2018 yılları arasındaki prevalansı ve mevsimsel dağılımı. Turk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2020;50(1):21-6.
  • 16.Upadhyay P, Fahida S, Singh V. Performanceassessment of a multiplex real-time PCR assay fordetection of viruses causing respiratory tractinfections. Diagnostics. 2024;14(21):2350.
  • 17.Loeffelholz MJ, Pong DL, Pyles RB, et al.Comparison of the FilmArray respiratory panel andProdesse real-time PCR assays for detection ofrespiratory pathogens. J Clin Microbiol.2020;49(12):4083-8.
  • 18.Şen MC. Isparta ilinde akut solunum yoluenfeksiyonu ön tanısı olan hastalarda multipleksPCR yöntemiyle viral ve bakteriyel etkenlerinsıklığının araştırılması. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg.2022;29(2):171-8.
  • 19.Anderson TP, Werno AM, Barratt K, et al.Comparison of four multiplex PCR assays for thedetection of viral pathogens in respiratoryspecimens. J Virol Methods. 2013;191(2):118-21.
  • 20.Aydın NN, Aydın KO, Kerget F, İba Yılmaz S.Yetişkinlerde COVID-19 öncesi solunum yolu viraletkenlerin epidemiyolojisi ve mevsimsel dağılımı.Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2022;24(3):496-500.
  • 21.Duclos M, Hommel B, Allantaz F, et al. MultiplexPCR detection of respiratory tract infections inSARS-CoV-2-negative patients admitted to theemergency department: an internationalmulticenter study during the COVID-19 pandemic.Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(5):e02368-22.
  • 22.Aydoğan S. 2019-2021 yılları arasında saptananviral solunum yolu enfeksiyonu etkenleri, COVID-19ve ko-enfeksiyonlar. Mikrobiyol Bul.2023;57(4):650-9.
  • 23.Zhao H, Yang Y, Lyu J, Ren X, Cheng W.Development and application of a method to detect27 respiratory pathogens using multiplex RT-PCR combined with MassARRAY technology. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):870.
  • 24.Uğur M, Şahinkaya A. Distribution of pathogensof respiratory tract infections by months and agegroups. Cerasus J Med. 2024;1(1):35-41.
  • 25.Manna S, McAuley J, Jacobson J, et al. Synergismand antagonism of bacterial-viral coinfection in theupper respiratory tract. mSphere.2022;7(1):e0098421.
  • 26.Aktaş FZ. COVID-19 ve rasyonel antibiyotikkullanımı. Med J SDU. 2021;28(COVID-19 özelsayı):47-9.
  • 27.Türe E, Yaşar A. Distribution of respiratory viralagents in patients being followed-up in our pediatric emergency department. OTSBD. 2019;4(1):94-104.
  • 28.Talay MN, Özdemir E. Bir pediatrik yoğun bakımünitesinde atipik pnömoni ön tanısı ile takip edilenhastalarda patojen dağılımının direkt ve indirektimmünoflöresan mikroskopisi ile incelenmesi. DicleTıp Derg. 2022;49(3):513-20.
  • 29.Yildiz GN, Tukenmez G, Toıplaoglu I, Celebi O,Karamese M. Retrospective Evaluation of theFrequency of Respiratory Pathogens in PatientsAdmitted to Kafkas University Medical FacultyHospital. Dicle Med J. 2024;51(4):539-546.
  • 30.Jiang XW, Huang TS, Xie L, et al. Development ofa diagnostic assay by three-tube multiplex real-timePCR for simultaneous detection of ninemicroorganisms causing acute respiratoryinfections. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):13306.
  • 31.Upadhyay P, Surur F, Singh V. Performanceassessment of a multiplex real-time PCR assay fordetection of viruses causing respiratory tractinfections. Diagnostics. 2024;14(21):2350.
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Medical Education, Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Nurullah Çiftçi

Gizem Tükenmez

Yasemin Dostuoglu

Nima Hassan Waberi

Gulfem Nur Yildiz

Murat Karameşe

Publication Date June 20, 2025
Submission Date January 1, 2025
Acceptance Date May 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 52 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çiftçi, N., Tükenmez, G., Dostuoglu, Y., Waberi, N. H., et al. (2025). The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents. Dicle Medical Journal, 52(2), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1723030
AMA Çiftçi N, Tükenmez G, Dostuoglu Y, Waberi NH, Yildiz GN, Karameşe M. The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents. diclemedj. June 2025;52(2):273-281. doi:10.5798/dicletip.1723030
Chicago Çiftçi, Nurullah, Gizem Tükenmez, Yasemin Dostuoglu, Nima Hassan Waberi, Gulfem Nur Yildiz, and Murat Karameşe. “The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents”. Dicle Medical Journal 52, no. 2 (June 2025): 273-81. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1723030.
EndNote Çiftçi N, Tükenmez G, Dostuoglu Y, Waberi NH, Yildiz GN, Karameşe M (June 1, 2025) The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents. Dicle Medical Journal 52 2 273–281.
IEEE N. Çiftçi, G. Tükenmez, Y. Dostuoglu, N. H. Waberi, G. N. Yildiz, and M. Karameşe, “The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents”, diclemedj, vol. 52, no. 2, pp. 273–281, 2025, doi: 10.5798/dicletip.1723030.
ISNAD Çiftçi, Nurullah et al. “The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents”. Dicle Medical Journal 52/2 (June 2025), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.5798/dicletip.1723030.
JAMA Çiftçi N, Tükenmez G, Dostuoglu Y, Waberi NH, Yildiz GN, Karameşe M. The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents. diclemedj. 2025;52:273–281.
MLA Çiftçi, Nurullah et al. “The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents”. Dicle Medical Journal, vol. 52, no. 2, 2025, pp. 273-81, doi:10.5798/dicletip.1723030.
Vancouver Çiftçi N, Tükenmez G, Dostuoglu Y, Waberi NH, Yildiz GN, Karameşe M. The Comparison of Two Different Multiplex Respiratory PCR Panels and The Evaluation of the Viral and Bacterial Agents. diclemedj. 2025;52(2):273-81.
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