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Türk Dil Yapısında Cinsiyet

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 28, 199 - 215, 31.05.2021

Beyza Yüce

Abstract

Bu makale cinsiyet ayrımlarının dil bilgisel olarak cinsiyetsiz bir dil olan Türkçede nasıl kodlandığını incelemektedir. Cinsiyet ifade eden dilsel araçlar üç düzeyde tanımlanmıştır: (a) sözlüksel (kadın, erkek vb.), (b) morfolojik (örneğin -e eki gibi; memur-e), (c) söz dizimsel (bir cinsiyet ifadesinin (cinsiyet ifade eden bir kelimenin) başka sembolik biçimler ile kombinasyonları, örneğin kadın polis). Bu makalede, bu tür cinsiyet ifadelerinin ortaya çıkışını belirleyen faktörler tartışılmaktadır. Makale ayrıca, açık bir şekilde cinsiyet ifade etmeyen terimlerin, doğal cinsiyet eğilimlerini ve insanlığı (adam veya genç kelimelerinin kullanımında olduğu gibi) erkek cinsiyeti ile eşitleme meyline dikkat çekmektedir.

Keywords

Dil Bilgisel Cinsiyet Türk Dilinde Cinsiyet Doğal Cinsiyet Eğilimleri

References

  • BANGUOĞLU, T. (1986). Türkçenin grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • BHAT, D.N.S. (1994). The adjectival category.Criteria for differentiation and identification. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  • BRAUN, F. (1997). Covert gender in Turkish. (Der). İmer, K. ve Uzun, N.E. VIII. Uluslararası Türk Dilbilimi Konferansı Bildirileri 7-9 Ağustos, 1996. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi. 267-274.
  • BRAUN, F. (1998a). Prototype theory and covert gender in Turkish. (Edit.). Koenig, Pierre J. Discourse and cognition.Bridging the gap. Stanford, California: Center fort he Study of Language and Information, 113-122.
  • BRAUN, F. (1998b). Geschlecht im Türkischen? Untersuchungen zum sprachlichen Umgang mit einer sozialen Kategorie [Habilitasyon tezi, Kiev Üniversitesi].
  • BRAUN, F. (1999). Gender in a genderless language: The case of Turkish. (Edit.). Suleiman,Y. Language and society in the Middle East and North Africa. Richmond:Curzon.
  • BRAUN, F. (2000). Geschlecht im Türkischen? (Turcologia 42). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • BRAUN, F. and HAİG, G. (2000). The noun/ adjective distinction in Turkish: An empirical approach. To appear in Göksel,Aslı & Kerslake, Celia (Edit.). Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages. Proceedings of the Ninth İnternational Conference on Turkish Linguistics. Lincoln College, Oxford, August 12-14, 1998. (Turcologia 46). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • BRENDEMOEN, B. (1990). The Turkish language reform and language policy in Turkey. (Edit.). Hazai, G. Handbuch der türkischen Sprachwissenschaft 1. Budapest: Akademiai, 454-493.
  • BRENDEMOEN, B. and HOVHAUGEN, E. (1992). Tyrkisk grammatikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
  • CLAUSON, G. (1972). An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteeth- century Turkic. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • CROFT, W. (1991). Syntactic categories and grammatical relations. The cognitive organization of information. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.
  • DEDE, M. (1982). A semantic analysis of Turkish nominal compounds. Journal of Human Sciences (ODTÜ) 1 (1), 87-102.
  • ENGELBERG, M. (1993). Maskuliini, feminiini, virkamies? [Masculine, feminine, civil servant ?] Naistutkimus-Kvinnoforskning 4, 39-50.
  • ENGELBERG, M. (1998). Sukupuolistuneet ammattinimikkeet [Gendered occupational terms]. Virittiaja 1, 74-92.
  • ENGELBERG, M. (1999). Androcentricity in Finnish: Empirical findings. [Unpublished manuscript (Yayımlanmamış el yazması)].
  • ERGİN, M. (1958). [1993]. Türk dil bilgisi. İstanbul: Bayram, 20.Bsk.
  • GRÖNBECK, K. (1936). Der türkische Sprachbau. Kopenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
  • HAIG, G. (1998). Relative constructions in Türkish. (Turcologia 33). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • JOHANSON, L. (1990). Studien zur türkeitürkischen Grammatik. (edit.). Hazai, G. Handbuch der türkischen Sprachwissenschaft 1. Budapest: Akademiai, 146-301.
  • KISSLING, H. J. (1960). Osmanisch- türkische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • KÖNIG, W.D. (1987). Nominalkomposita im Türkischen. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 6(2), 165-185.
  • KORNFILT, J. (1997). Turkish. London, New York: Routledge.
  • LEWIS, G. L. (1967) [1991]. Turkish grammar. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • SILVERIA, J. (1980). Generic masculine words and thinking. (Edit.). Kramarae, C. The voices and words of women and men. Oxford et al.: Pergamon, 165-178.
  • STEUERWALD, K. (1963). Untersuchungen zur türkischen Sprache der Gegenwart 1: Die türkische Sprachpolitik seit 1928. Berlin- Schöneberg: Langenscheidt.
  • STEUERWALD, K. (1966). Untersuchungen zur türkischen Sprache der Gegenwart 3: Zur Ablösung des arabischen und persischen Grammatikgutes. Berlin et al.: Langenscheidt.
  • Türkçe sözlük (1988). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • UNDERHILL, R. (1976). Turkish grammar. Cambridge, Mass., London: MIT Press.
  • WIERZBICKA, A. (1986). What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives ? ). Studies in Language 10(2), 353-389.

Gender in the Turkish language system

Year 2021, Volume: 15 Issue: 28, 199 - 215, 31.05.2021

Beyza Yüce

Abstract

This article examines how gender distinctions are coded in Turkish, a grammatically genderless language. Linguistic means of expressing gender are described on three leves: (a) lexical (lexemes such as kadın, erkek), (b) morphological (suffiexs such as –e in memur-e), (c) syntatic (combinations of a gender lexeme with another nominal form, e.g. kadın polis). Factors determining the occurence of such gender expressions are discussed. The article also deals with inherent gender biases of terms without overt gender markers and the tendency to equate humaness with maleness (as in adam or bir genç).

Keywords

Grammatical gender Gender in Turkish Language İnherent Gender Bias

References

  • BANGUOĞLU, T. (1986). Türkçenin grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • BHAT, D.N.S. (1994). The adjectival category.Criteria for differentiation and identification. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.
  • BRAUN, F. (1997). Covert gender in Turkish. (Der). İmer, K. ve Uzun, N.E. VIII. Uluslararası Türk Dilbilimi Konferansı Bildirileri 7-9 Ağustos, 1996. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi. 267-274.
  • BRAUN, F. (1998a). Prototype theory and covert gender in Turkish. (Edit.). Koenig, Pierre J. Discourse and cognition.Bridging the gap. Stanford, California: Center fort he Study of Language and Information, 113-122.
  • BRAUN, F. (1998b). Geschlecht im Türkischen? Untersuchungen zum sprachlichen Umgang mit einer sozialen Kategorie [Habilitasyon tezi, Kiev Üniversitesi].
  • BRAUN, F. (1999). Gender in a genderless language: The case of Turkish. (Edit.). Suleiman,Y. Language and society in the Middle East and North Africa. Richmond:Curzon.
  • BRAUN, F. (2000). Geschlecht im Türkischen? (Turcologia 42). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • BRAUN, F. and HAİG, G. (2000). The noun/ adjective distinction in Turkish: An empirical approach. To appear in Göksel,Aslı & Kerslake, Celia (Edit.). Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages. Proceedings of the Ninth İnternational Conference on Turkish Linguistics. Lincoln College, Oxford, August 12-14, 1998. (Turcologia 46). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • BRENDEMOEN, B. (1990). The Turkish language reform and language policy in Turkey. (Edit.). Hazai, G. Handbuch der türkischen Sprachwissenschaft 1. Budapest: Akademiai, 454-493.
  • BRENDEMOEN, B. and HOVHAUGEN, E. (1992). Tyrkisk grammatikk. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
  • CLAUSON, G. (1972). An etimological dictionary of pre-thirteeth- century Turkic. Oxford: Clarendon.
  • CROFT, W. (1991). Syntactic categories and grammatical relations. The cognitive organization of information. Chicago, London: University of Chicago Press.
  • DEDE, M. (1982). A semantic analysis of Turkish nominal compounds. Journal of Human Sciences (ODTÜ) 1 (1), 87-102.
  • ENGELBERG, M. (1993). Maskuliini, feminiini, virkamies? [Masculine, feminine, civil servant ?] Naistutkimus-Kvinnoforskning 4, 39-50.
  • ENGELBERG, M. (1998). Sukupuolistuneet ammattinimikkeet [Gendered occupational terms]. Virittiaja 1, 74-92.
  • ENGELBERG, M. (1999). Androcentricity in Finnish: Empirical findings. [Unpublished manuscript (Yayımlanmamış el yazması)].
  • ERGİN, M. (1958). [1993]. Türk dil bilgisi. İstanbul: Bayram, 20.Bsk.
  • GRÖNBECK, K. (1936). Der türkische Sprachbau. Kopenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard.
  • HAIG, G. (1998). Relative constructions in Türkish. (Turcologia 33). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • JOHANSON, L. (1990). Studien zur türkeitürkischen Grammatik. (edit.). Hazai, G. Handbuch der türkischen Sprachwissenschaft 1. Budapest: Akademiai, 146-301.
  • KISSLING, H. J. (1960). Osmanisch- türkische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
  • KÖNIG, W.D. (1987). Nominalkomposita im Türkischen. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 6(2), 165-185.
  • KORNFILT, J. (1997). Turkish. London, New York: Routledge.
  • LEWIS, G. L. (1967) [1991]. Turkish grammar. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
  • SILVERIA, J. (1980). Generic masculine words and thinking. (Edit.). Kramarae, C. The voices and words of women and men. Oxford et al.: Pergamon, 165-178.
  • STEUERWALD, K. (1963). Untersuchungen zur türkischen Sprache der Gegenwart 1: Die türkische Sprachpolitik seit 1928. Berlin- Schöneberg: Langenscheidt.
  • STEUERWALD, K. (1966). Untersuchungen zur türkischen Sprache der Gegenwart 3: Zur Ablösung des arabischen und persischen Grammatikgutes. Berlin et al.: Langenscheidt.
  • Türkçe sözlük (1988). Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu.
  • UNDERHILL, R. (1976). Turkish grammar. Cambridge, Mass., London: MIT Press.
  • WIERZBICKA, A. (1986). What’s in a noun? (Or: How do nouns differ in meaning from adjectives ? ). Studies in Language 10(2), 353-389.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Language Studies
Journal Section Translations
Authors

Beyza Yüce 0000-0003-2482-4808

Publication Date May 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 15 Issue: 28

Cite

APA Yüce, B. (2021). Türk Dil Yapısında Cinsiyet. Dil Araştırmaları, 15(28), 199-215.
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