Abstract
MÖ beşinci yüzyıl, Klasik Yunan felsefesi, edebiyatı ve sanatında devrimsel bir dönem olarak karşımıza çıkar ve sıklıkla kültür tarihsel bağlamda bir dönüm noktası, bir altın çağ olarak kabul edilir. Nitekim klasik terimi de bu dönemde beliren heykel, resim, mimari ve tiyatro gibi alanlardaki dikkat çekici sanatsal zenginlikten kaynaklanır. MÖ beşinci yüzyılda görünür olan bu sanatsal zenginlik takip eden Helenistik dönemde de etkisini sürdürür.
Sanattaki bu devrim, MÖ altıncı yüzyılda başlayan ancak MÖ beşinci yüzyılda zirveye ulaşan rasyonel düşüncenin yükselişiyle mümkün olur. Bu rasyonel yeni düşünce sayesinde eski mitolojik söylenceler yavaş yavaş yerini insana dair olan konulara bırakır. MÖ beşinci yüzyılın çoğu eseri her ne kadar Pythagoras’ın matematiksel orantı ilkeleri ile Apolloncu mükemmeliyet ideallerini harmanlayan bir niteliğe sahip olsa da MÖ beşinci yüzyılın ilerleyen dönemlerinde Sofistlerin ve Sokrates’in felsefi sorgulamaları söz konusu devrimsel değişimi etkiler ve sanatı insan merkezli temalara doğru görünür şekilde dönüştürür. Böylece sanatçılar, heykeltraşlar ve oyun yazarları hem kutsal hem de insani konuları yeni bir çerçevede ele almaya başlarlar.
Bu çalışma, Klasik Yunan düşüncesindeki değişimi inceleyerek, Doğu’dan esinlenilmiş ilk yontu örneklerindeki tanrı tasvirlerinin zamanla terkedilip yerine nasıl insan temalarının geçtiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Dönemin felsefi, entelektüel ve siyasi bağlamı içinde bu dönüşümü ele alan bu araştırma, yükselen fikirlerle sanatsal yenilikler arasındaki karmaşık ilişkiyi yontu sanatına ait seçilmiş örnekler vasıtasıyla netleştirmeyi amaçlamakta ve böylece mitolojik söylencenin insan merkezli bir düşünceye nasıl evrildiğini ortaya koymaktadır.
Ethical Statement
Herhangi bir insan veya hayvan denek olarak çalışmada kullanılmamış ve herhangi bir projeye dahil olmayan bu araştırma için hiç bir kurumdan destek alınmamıştır.
Project Number
The research was conducted without any external support.
References
- Boardman, J. (1993). The Oxford History of Classical Art. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Boardman, J. (1985). Greek Sculpture / The Classical Period. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Bober, P.P. (1999). Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press.
- Bonnard, A. (2004). Antik Yunan Uygarlığı 2: Antigone’den Sokrates’e. (K. Kurtgözü, Çev.). Istanbul: Evrensel Basım Yayın.
- Davison, C.C., B. Lundgreen, G. B. Waywell., et all. (2009). Pheidias: The Sculptures & Ancient Sources. Vol. 1, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, No. 105. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Friedell, E. (1999). Antik Yunan’ın Kültür Tarihi. (N. Aça, Çev.). Istanbul: Dost Kitabevi Yay.
- Neer, R. (2010). The Emergence of the Classical Style in Greek Sculpture. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press.
- Neils, J. (1999). Reconfiguring the Gods on the Parthenon Frieze. The Art Bulletin, 81(1), 6- 20.
- Nietzsche, F. W. (1910). The Birth of Tragedy: Or, Hellenism and Pessimism. Dr. Oscar Levy (Ed.). (W. M. Haussmann, Trans.). Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51356/51356-h/51356-h.htm
- Protzmann. (2006). Treu, Furtwängler und das Problem der Athena Lemnia. In Lebendiger Gips: Das akademische Modell in Kunst und Wissenschaft. Andreas Grüner and Kai Drew-Bärendt (Eds.), (pp. 267-278). Heidelberg: Propylaeum.https://books.ub.uniheidelberg.de/propylaeum/catalog/view/549/855 /86821
- Richter, G. M.A. (1969). A Handbook of Greek Art. 6th Edit. London / New York: Phaidon.
- Robertson, M. (1959). Greek Painting. Geneva: Skira.
- Stansbury-O’Donnell, M. (2015). A History of Greek Art. Chichester / West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell & Sons.
- Stewart, A. (1997). Art, Desire and the Body in Ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Tanilli, S. (2012). Uygarlık Tarihi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
- Vermeule, C. (1969). Polykleitos. Boston: The Meridian Gravure Co.
- Watson, P. (2005). IDEAS: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud. New York: Harper Collins.
- Winckelmann, J.J. (2006). History of the Art of Antiquity. (Harry Francis Mallgrave, Trans.). Los Angeles, CA, United States: Getty Research Institute.
Abstract
The fifth century BCE stands out as a revolutionary period in Classical Greek philosophy, literature, and art, often regarded as a turning point and a golden age in the context of cultural history. The term classical originates from the outstanding artistic richness that emerged during this era in fields such as sculpture, painting, architecture, and theater. This artistic wealth, which becomes visible in the fifth century BCE, flourishes in the following Hellenistic period.
The artistic revolution of this period is made possible by the rise of rational thought, which begins in the sixth century BCE but reaches its zenith in the fifth century BCE. This new rational perspective gradually replaces old mythological narratives with themes centered on human concerns. While many artifacts of the fifth century BCE reflect a synthesis of Pythagorean principles of mathematical proportion and Apollonian ideals of perfection, the philosophical inquiries of the Sophists and Socrates in the later part of the century begin to influence this revolutionary change. This philosophical shift directs art visibly towards human centered themes. It prompts artists, sculptors, and playwrights to explore both divine and human subjects within a new framework.
This study examines the transformation in Classical Greek artistic thought, tracing how divine representations in early artifacts, inspired by Eastern World, gradually give way to human centered themes. Analyzing this evolution within the philosophical, intellectual, and political context of the period, the paper seeks to clarify the complex relationship between emerging ideas and artistic innovations through selected examples of sculpture. By doing so, the research illuminates how mythological narratives evolved into human centered thought.
Keywords
The Eastern Influence; Divine; Transition; Human Theme; Ratio-humana; Classical Greek Sculpture
Ethical Statement
No human or animal subjects were used in this study, and no support was received from any institution for this research, which was not part of any project.
Project Number
The research was conducted without any external support.
References
- Boardman, J. (1993). The Oxford History of Classical Art. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Boardman, J. (1985). Greek Sculpture / The Classical Period. London: Thames and Hudson.
- Bober, P.P. (1999). Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press.
- Bonnard, A. (2004). Antik Yunan Uygarlığı 2: Antigone’den Sokrates’e. (K. Kurtgözü, Çev.). Istanbul: Evrensel Basım Yayın.
- Davison, C.C., B. Lundgreen, G. B. Waywell., et all. (2009). Pheidias: The Sculptures & Ancient Sources. Vol. 1, Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, No. 105. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Friedell, E. (1999). Antik Yunan’ın Kültür Tarihi. (N. Aça, Çev.). Istanbul: Dost Kitabevi Yay.
- Neer, R. (2010). The Emergence of the Classical Style in Greek Sculpture. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press.
- Neils, J. (1999). Reconfiguring the Gods on the Parthenon Frieze. The Art Bulletin, 81(1), 6- 20.
- Nietzsche, F. W. (1910). The Birth of Tragedy: Or, Hellenism and Pessimism. Dr. Oscar Levy (Ed.). (W. M. Haussmann, Trans.). Project Gutenberg. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/51356/51356-h/51356-h.htm
- Protzmann. (2006). Treu, Furtwängler und das Problem der Athena Lemnia. In Lebendiger Gips: Das akademische Modell in Kunst und Wissenschaft. Andreas Grüner and Kai Drew-Bärendt (Eds.), (pp. 267-278). Heidelberg: Propylaeum.https://books.ub.uniheidelberg.de/propylaeum/catalog/view/549/855 /86821
- Richter, G. M.A. (1969). A Handbook of Greek Art. 6th Edit. London / New York: Phaidon.
- Robertson, M. (1959). Greek Painting. Geneva: Skira.
- Stansbury-O’Donnell, M. (2015). A History of Greek Art. Chichester / West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell & Sons.
- Stewart, A. (1997). Art, Desire and the Body in Ancient Greece. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Tanilli, S. (2012). Uygarlık Tarihi. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
- Vermeule, C. (1969). Polykleitos. Boston: The Meridian Gravure Co.
- Watson, P. (2005). IDEAS: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud. New York: Harper Collins.
- Winckelmann, J.J. (2006). History of the Art of Antiquity. (Harry Francis Mallgrave, Trans.). Los Angeles, CA, United States: Getty Research Institute.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Comparative and Transnational Literature |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | The research was conducted without any external support. |
| Publication Date | June 25, 2025 |
| Submission Date | December 13, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | March 2, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 65 Issue: 1 |
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