Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam's Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 790 - 810, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1427136

Abstract

Given the escalating use of digital tools and the Internet of Things in public spaces for quality control, there is an imperative need to address the following question: How can cities enhance the adaptability of their public spaces in the face of various risks and threats, especially those with consequences spanning all urban areas? The COVID-19 pandemic directed unprecedented attention to public spaces, prompting studies on the role of their digitization in influencing their usage during times of crisis. Here, the question arises: Can digital transformations in public spaces be beneficial during crises? While the digitalization of public spaces has its critics, as examinations indicate, the use of certain tools in these locations during the pandemic was able to positively impact their performance. Amsterdam, through the utilization of digital solutions during the COVID period, functioned notably as a significant case study in enhancing the efficiency of public spaces. The aim of this study is to examine the creation of a comprehensive framework that investigates some of Amsterdam's public spaces during the pandemic. The focus of this study is on evaluating the digital solutions applied to public spaces, with an emphasis on resilience against unforeseen challenges. A list of some digital tools that have made public spaces adaptable during the COVID period is reviewed in this section. In essence, the goal is to learn lessons from Amsterdam and present this perspective for similar experiences in cities worldwide to contribute to the resilience and strengthening of their public spaces.

Thanks

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to extend my heartfelt gratitude to Prof. Dr. Nuray Özaslan for her invaluable guidance and support throughout the preparation of this article. Her expertise and encouragement have been instrumental in shaping my understanding and enhancing the quality of this work.

References

  • [1] J. Corburn et al., "Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements," Jun. 2020, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 348-357, doi: 10.1007/s11524-020-00438-6.
  • [2] N. Helberger et al., "Conditions for technological solutions in a COVID-19 exit strategy, with particular focus on the legal and societal conditions: report for ZonMw," 2021.
  • [3] J. Amankwah-Amoah, Z. Khan, G. Wood, and G. Knight, "COVID-19 and digitalization: The great acceleration," Journal of Business Research, vol. 136, pp. 602–611, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.011.
  • [4] C. Babaoğlu, "Digitalization of governments during the pandemic: The case of Türkiye," Insight Turkey, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 151–166, 2022.
  • [5] E.L. Glaeser and D. Cutler, Survival of the City: Living and thriving in an age of isolation, New York: Penguin Press, 2021.
  • [6] D. Griffin and J. Denholm, "This isn’t the first global pandemic, and it won’t be the last. Here’s what we’ve learned from 4 others throughout history," The Conversation, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://theconversation.com/this-isnt-the-first-global-pandemic-and-it-wont-be-the-last-hereswhat-weve-learned-from-4-others-throughout-history-136231. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [7] R. Florida, A. Rodríguez-Pose, and M. Storper, "Cities in a post-COVID world," Urban Studies, online first, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211018072. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [8] S. Johnson, The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic—and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World, Riverhead Books, 2006.
  • [9] R.A. Hobday and J.W. Cason, "The open-air treatment of pandemic influenza," American Journal of Public Health, vol. 99, no. S2, pp. S236–S242, 2009.
  • [10] M.S. de M. Pinheiro, R.R. Macovei, E. Balabanska, M. Ojal, L. Petrella, K. Schaefer, and J. Torner, Urban regeneration and viruses: Learning from past and present health crises (Updated ed.), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2024. [Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2024/03/urbanregeneration_viruses_2024_compressed.pdf. [Accessed: 18-Dec-2024].
  • [11] Hayat Eve Sığar (Life Fits Into Home), Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye, Mobile App. [Online]. Available: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.hayatevesigar&hl=tr. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [12] E.E. Leamer and M. Storper, "The economic geography of the internet age," Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 641–665, 2001.
  • [13] S. Whitelaw, M.A. Mamas, E. Topol, et al., "Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response," Lancet Digital Health, vol. 2, pp. 435–440, 2020.
  • [14] W. He, Z. Zhang, and W. Li, "Information-technology solutions, challenges, and suggestions for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic," International Journal of Information Management, vol. 57, pp. 1–8, 2021.
  • [15] N. Chavez and N. Kounang, "A man diagnosed with Wuhan coronavirus near Seattle is being treated largely by a robot," CNN, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/23/health/us-wuhancoronavirusdoctorinterview/index.html. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [16] A. De Lucas Ancillo, M.T. del Val Núñez, and S. Gavrila Gavrila, "Workplace change within the COVID-19 context: A grounded theory approach," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 2297–2316, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1862689. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [17] J. Van Haaren and F. Van Oort, "The resilience of cities to COVID-19: A literature review and application to Dutch cities," in The Resilient Region: Regional-Economic Impact Mitigation of Corona-related (De)escalation Policies, pp. 25–46, Springer, 2021.
  • [18] Nederland Digitaal, "The Dutch Digitalisation Strategy 2021 (DDS)," 22-Jun-2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.nederlanddigitaal.nl/2021/06/22. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [19] A. Jaiswal, "Covid-19 pandemic: Digital technology usage and associated socio-technological challenges," HABITUS Journal of Sociology, vol. 3, pp. 233–249, 2022.
  • [20] de Haas, M., Faber, R., & Hamersma, M., "How COVID-19 and the Dutch ‘intelligent lockdown’ change activities, work and travel behaviour: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands," Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, vol. 6, 100150, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100150.
  • [21] C. Van Dullemen and J. de Bruijn, "The Dutch approach to COVID-19: How is it distinctive?" PRISM, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 106–117, 2022.
  • [22] Turkiye Digital Government Gateway, "Information about e-Government Gateway," [Online]. Available: https://www.turkiye.gov.tr. [Accessed: 29-May-2022].
  • [23] C. Babaoğlu and O. Kulaç, "Government initiatives and responses to COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Turkey," in Effective Public Administration Strategies for Global "New Normal", P.G. Aquino and R.C. Jalagat, Eds., p. 123, Springer, 2020.
  • [24] C. Babaoğlu and O. Erdoğan, "Koronavirüs döneminde yerel yönetimlerde dijitalleşme," paper presented at the 6th Ulusal Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu, 24–27 Oct. 2021.
  • [25] A. Aytekin, H. Özköse, and M. Temli, "COVID-19 pandemi nedeniyle yerel yönetimlerde dijital dönüşümden kaynaklanan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri: Bartın ili örneği," in COVID-19 ve toplum: Salgının sosyal, beşeri ve ekonomik etkileri, sorunlar ve çözümler, Ministry of Industry and Technology and TÜBITAK, p. 102, 2021.
  • [26] L. Z. Hueck, "Public space, place identity, and COVID-19: Towards more suitable public spaces for Amsterdam's young adults," Wageningen University, Metropolitan Analysis Design and Engineering, Msc Thesis, Wageningen University, 2021.
  • [27] A. Madanipour, "Public and private spaces of the city," Routledge, 2003.
  • [28] A. J. McMichael, "The Urban Environment and Health in a World of Increasing Globalization: Issues for Developing Countries," Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 78, pp. 1117-1126, 2000.
  • [29] World Health Organization, "Urban health," World Health Organization, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health#tab=tab_1. [Accessed: 23-Dec-2024].
  • [30] D. Vlahova, "The Spatial Expression of Epidemic Disease in Istanbul: Quarantine Buildings in Karantina Island and on the European Shore of the Bosphorus," in Cities and Catastrophes, 2003, pp. 135-170.
  • [31] B. Walker et al., "Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems," Ecology and society, vol. 9, no. 2, 2004.
  • [32] R. Patel and L. Nosal, "Defining the resilient city," New York: United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, 2016.
  • [33] S. Meerow et al., "Defining urban resilience: a review," Landsc. Urban Plann, vol. 147, pp. 38–49, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2015.11.011.
  • [34] Z. S. Venter et al., "Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway," Environ. Res. Lett, vol. 15, p. 104075, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/ 1748-9326/abb396.
  • [35] A. L. Istrate and F. Chen, "Liveable streets in Shanghai: Definition, characteristics and design," Prog. Plann, vol. 158, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100544.
  • [36] D. Sikorska et al., "Rethinking urban green spaces for urban resilience. Do green spaces need adaptation to meet public post-covid expectations?" Urban For. Urban Green, vol. 80, p. 127838, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2023.127838.
  • [37] T. Noszczyk et al., "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the importance of urban green spaces to the public," Land Use Pol, vol. 113, p. 105925, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2021.105925.
  • [38] H. Bherwani, S. Gautam, and A. Gupta, "Qualitative and quantitative analyses of impact of COVID-19 on sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Indian subcontinent with a focus on air quality," Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 18, pp. 1019–1028, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03122-z.
  • [39] I. Jakovljevi´c et al., "Influence of lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution and carcinogenic content of particulate matter observed in Croatia," Air Qual. Atmos Health, vol. 14, pp. 467–472, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00950-3.
  • [40] A. Ouigmane et al., "Effect of COVID-19 on the generation of waste in Marrakech, Morocco," J. Health Pollut, vol. 11, pp. 1–9, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614 11.30.210606.
  • [41] H. Onoda, "Smart approaches to waste management for post-COVID-19 smart cities in Japan," IET Smart Cities, vol. 2, pp. 89–94, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smc.2020.0051.
  • [42] C. Kakderi, E. Oikonomaki, and I. Papadaki, "Smart and resilient urban futures for sustainability in the post covid-19 era: a review of policy responses on urban mobility," Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, p. 6486, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116486.
  • [43] B. Braut, M. Migheli, and E. Truant, "Household mobility in food purchasing during COVID-19 lockdown: evidence from Torino, Italy," Cities, vol. 122, p. 103554, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103554.
  • [44] A. M. Auerbach and T. Thachil, "How does Covid-19 affect urban slums? Evidence from settlement leaders in India," World Dev, vol. 140, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105304.
  • [45] N. Shermin and S. N. Rahaman, "Assessment of sanitation service gap in urban slums for tackling COVID-19," J. Urban Manag., vol. 10, pp. 230–241, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jum.2021.06.003.
  • [46] J. Honey-Ros´es et al., "The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities," Cities Health, pp. 1–17, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074.
  • [47] D. D’alessandro et al., "COVID-19 and living space challenge. Well-being and public health recommendations for a healthy, safe, and sustainable housing," Acta Biomed, vol. 91, pp. 61–75, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i9-S.10115.
  • [48] J. R. E. Hernandez et al., "Cities in the times of COVID-19: Trends, impacts, and challenges for urban sustainability and resilience," Journal of Cleaner Production, p. 139735, 2023.
  • [49] Z. I. Abass, "Green spaces in residential communities: the potential for ecological and health," in IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012011.
  • [50] Z. Wang et al., "The study of healthy benefits and design strategy of urban residential green space," in IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/821/1/012023.
  • [51] M. Amirzadeh, S. Sobhaninia, S. T. Buckman, and A. Sharifi, "Towards building resilient cities to pandemics: a review of COVID-19 literature," Sustain. Cities Soc, vol. 89, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104326.
  • [52] Y. Takefuji, "How to build disaster-resilient cities and societies for making people happy," Building and environment, vol. 228, p. 109845, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109845.
  • [53] S. G. Emily J.Flies, "Urban-associated diseases: Candidate diseases, environmental risk factors, and a path forward," Environment International, 2019, pp. 1-12.
  • [54] S. G. Vlahov, "URBAN HEALTH: Evidence, Challenges, and Directions," Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 26, pp. 341-365, 2005.
  • [55] M. A. Urbańska, "Architektura-sztuka przestrzeni publicznych w Polsce wczoraj i dziś (Architecture: The art of shaping public spaces in Poland yesterday and today)," Państwo i Społeczenstwo, 2020, pp. XX. [Online]. DOI: 10.48269/2451-0858-pis-2020-3-006.
  • [56] J. Jacobs, "The death and life of great American cities," Vintage Books, 1993.
  • [57] G. Sarkin, "Cities at the Front Line: Public Space in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic," June 24, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.smithgroup.com/perspectives/2020/cities-at-the-front-line-public-space-in-the-time-of-the-covid-19-pandemic.
  • [58] K. R. Kunzmann, "Smart cities after covid-19: Ten narratives," disP-The Planning Review, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 20-31, 2020.
  • [59] M. Hoefsloot, "Digitisation of the Physical Public Space," May 15, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://waag.org/en/article/digitisation-physical-public-space/
  • [60] D. Lyon, "The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society," University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
  • [61] A. Sharifi and A. R. Khavarian-Garmsir, "Smart city and COVID-19 in the post-pandemic urban era," Energy Research & Social Science, vol. 68, p. 101654, 2020.
  • [62] Ö. Akgiş İlhan, "Covid-19 Krizi Ve Kamusal Mekânda Dijitalleşme Eğilimleri," Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 309-319, 2021. [Online]. DOI: 10.51800/ecd.984882.
  • [63] J. Van der Waal et al., "Developing digital public values," Government Information Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 101473, 2020.
  • [64] L. Tapp, "Smart City Architecture," 2021, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.tapp.nl/urban-sensors. [Accessed: Dec. 23, 2024].
  • [65] D. Duives and J. Thiellie, "Living Labs for Urban Mobility," Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://cityflows-project.eu/covid-19-living-lab/.
  • [66] T. Kuipers, "CityFlows: Improving liveability of crowded pedestrian spaces in 3 European metropoles," Smart Urban Mobility Program - AMS Institute, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.ams-institute.org/urban-challenges/smart-urban-mobility/cityflows-improving-liveability-crowded-pedestrian-spaces-3-european-metropoles/.
  • [67] Social-glass.tudelft.nl, "Social Distancing Dashboard," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://social-glass.tudelft.nl/. [Accessed: Dec. 23, 2024].
  • [68] Urbanresilience.secdev.com, "Secdev Urban Pandemic Preparedness Index," 2021.

Kentsel Dayanıklılığın Güçlendirilmesi: Dijital Çözümler Yoluyla COVID Sonrası Dönemde Amsterdam'ın Kamusal Alanlarına İlişkin Bir Örnek Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 13 Issue: 2, 790 - 810, 30.04.2025
https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1427136

Abstract

Kalite kontrolü için kamusal alanlarda dijital araçların ve Nesnelerin İnterneti'nin artan kullanımı göz önüne alındığında, şu soruyu ele alma zorunluluğu ortaya çıkıyor: Şehirler, özellikle çeşitli riskler ve tehditler karşısında kamusal alanlarının uyarlanabilirliğini nasıl artırabilir, özellikle sonuçları tüm kentsel alanları kapsayacak şekilde? COVID-19 salgını, kamusal alanlara benzeri görülmemiş bir ilgi çekerek, kriz zamanlarında bu alanların dijitalleştirilmesinin kullanımlarını etkilemedeki rolü üzerine çalışmalara yol açtı. Burada şu soru ortaya çıkıyor: Kriz dönemlerinde kamusal alanlardaki dijital dönüşümler faydalı olabilir mi? Kamusal alanların dijitalleşmesinin eleştirileri olsa da, incelemelerin gösterdiği gibi, pandemi sırasında bu yerlerde belirli araçların kullanılması performanslarını olumlu yönde etkileyebildi. Amsterdam, COVID döneminde dijital çözümlerden yararlanarak kamusal alanların verimliliğini artırmada önemli bir örnek olay çalışması işlevi gördü. Bu çalışmanın amacı, pandemi döneminde Amsterdam'ın bazı kamusal alanlarını inceleyen kapsamlı bir çerçevenin oluşturulmasını incelemektir. Bu çalışmanın odak noktası, kamusal alanlara uygulanan dijital çözümlerin, öngörülemeyen zorluklara karşı dayanıklılığa vurgu yaparak değerlendirilmesidir. Bu bölümde, COVID döneminde kamusal alanları uyarlanabilir hale getiren bazı dijital araçların listesi incelenmektedir. Temelde amaç, Amsterdam'dan dersler çıkarmak ve dünya çapındaki şehirlerdeki benzer deneyimler için bu perspektifi sunarak kamusal alanların dayanıklılığına ve güçlendirilmesine katkıda bulunmaktır.

References

  • [1] J. Corburn et al., "Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements," Jun. 2020, vol. 97, no. 3, pp. 348-357, doi: 10.1007/s11524-020-00438-6.
  • [2] N. Helberger et al., "Conditions for technological solutions in a COVID-19 exit strategy, with particular focus on the legal and societal conditions: report for ZonMw," 2021.
  • [3] J. Amankwah-Amoah, Z. Khan, G. Wood, and G. Knight, "COVID-19 and digitalization: The great acceleration," Journal of Business Research, vol. 136, pp. 602–611, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.011.
  • [4] C. Babaoğlu, "Digitalization of governments during the pandemic: The case of Türkiye," Insight Turkey, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 151–166, 2022.
  • [5] E.L. Glaeser and D. Cutler, Survival of the City: Living and thriving in an age of isolation, New York: Penguin Press, 2021.
  • [6] D. Griffin and J. Denholm, "This isn’t the first global pandemic, and it won’t be the last. Here’s what we’ve learned from 4 others throughout history," The Conversation, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://theconversation.com/this-isnt-the-first-global-pandemic-and-it-wont-be-the-last-hereswhat-weve-learned-from-4-others-throughout-history-136231. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [7] R. Florida, A. Rodríguez-Pose, and M. Storper, "Cities in a post-COVID world," Urban Studies, online first, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980211018072. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [8] S. Johnson, The Ghost Map: The Story of London's Most Terrifying Epidemic—and How It Changed Science, Cities, and the Modern World, Riverhead Books, 2006.
  • [9] R.A. Hobday and J.W. Cason, "The open-air treatment of pandemic influenza," American Journal of Public Health, vol. 99, no. S2, pp. S236–S242, 2009.
  • [10] M.S. de M. Pinheiro, R.R. Macovei, E. Balabanska, M. Ojal, L. Petrella, K. Schaefer, and J. Torner, Urban regeneration and viruses: Learning from past and present health crises (Updated ed.), United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), 2024. [Online]. Available: https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2024/03/urbanregeneration_viruses_2024_compressed.pdf. [Accessed: 18-Dec-2024].
  • [11] Hayat Eve Sığar (Life Fits Into Home), Ministry of Health of the Republic of Türkiye, Mobile App. [Online]. Available: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.hayatevesigar&hl=tr. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [12] E.E. Leamer and M. Storper, "The economic geography of the internet age," Journal of International Business Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 641–665, 2001.
  • [13] S. Whitelaw, M.A. Mamas, E. Topol, et al., "Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response," Lancet Digital Health, vol. 2, pp. 435–440, 2020.
  • [14] W. He, Z. Zhang, and W. Li, "Information-technology solutions, challenges, and suggestions for tackling the COVID-19 pandemic," International Journal of Information Management, vol. 57, pp. 1–8, 2021.
  • [15] N. Chavez and N. Kounang, "A man diagnosed with Wuhan coronavirus near Seattle is being treated largely by a robot," CNN, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/01/23/health/us-wuhancoronavirusdoctorinterview/index.html. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [16] A. De Lucas Ancillo, M.T. del Val Núñez, and S. Gavrila Gavrila, "Workplace change within the COVID-19 context: A grounded theory approach," Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 2297–2316, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1862689. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [17] J. Van Haaren and F. Van Oort, "The resilience of cities to COVID-19: A literature review and application to Dutch cities," in The Resilient Region: Regional-Economic Impact Mitigation of Corona-related (De)escalation Policies, pp. 25–46, Springer, 2021.
  • [18] Nederland Digitaal, "The Dutch Digitalisation Strategy 2021 (DDS)," 22-Jun-2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.nederlanddigitaal.nl/2021/06/22. [Accessed: 21-Dec-2024].
  • [19] A. Jaiswal, "Covid-19 pandemic: Digital technology usage and associated socio-technological challenges," HABITUS Journal of Sociology, vol. 3, pp. 233–249, 2022.
  • [20] de Haas, M., Faber, R., & Hamersma, M., "How COVID-19 and the Dutch ‘intelligent lockdown’ change activities, work and travel behaviour: Evidence from longitudinal data in the Netherlands," Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, vol. 6, 100150, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trip.2020.100150.
  • [21] C. Van Dullemen and J. de Bruijn, "The Dutch approach to COVID-19: How is it distinctive?" PRISM, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 106–117, 2022.
  • [22] Turkiye Digital Government Gateway, "Information about e-Government Gateway," [Online]. Available: https://www.turkiye.gov.tr. [Accessed: 29-May-2022].
  • [23] C. Babaoğlu and O. Kulaç, "Government initiatives and responses to COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Turkey," in Effective Public Administration Strategies for Global "New Normal", P.G. Aquino and R.C. Jalagat, Eds., p. 123, Springer, 2020.
  • [24] C. Babaoğlu and O. Erdoğan, "Koronavirüs döneminde yerel yönetimlerde dijitalleşme," paper presented at the 6th Ulusal Yerel Yönetimler Sempozyumu, 24–27 Oct. 2021.
  • [25] A. Aytekin, H. Özköse, and M. Temli, "COVID-19 pandemi nedeniyle yerel yönetimlerde dijital dönüşümden kaynaklanan sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri: Bartın ili örneği," in COVID-19 ve toplum: Salgının sosyal, beşeri ve ekonomik etkileri, sorunlar ve çözümler, Ministry of Industry and Technology and TÜBITAK, p. 102, 2021.
  • [26] L. Z. Hueck, "Public space, place identity, and COVID-19: Towards more suitable public spaces for Amsterdam's young adults," Wageningen University, Metropolitan Analysis Design and Engineering, Msc Thesis, Wageningen University, 2021.
  • [27] A. Madanipour, "Public and private spaces of the city," Routledge, 2003.
  • [28] A. J. McMichael, "The Urban Environment and Health in a World of Increasing Globalization: Issues for Developing Countries," Bulletin of the World Health Organization, vol. 78, pp. 1117-1126, 2000.
  • [29] World Health Organization, "Urban health," World Health Organization, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/health-topics/urban-health#tab=tab_1. [Accessed: 23-Dec-2024].
  • [30] D. Vlahova, "The Spatial Expression of Epidemic Disease in Istanbul: Quarantine Buildings in Karantina Island and on the European Shore of the Bosphorus," in Cities and Catastrophes, 2003, pp. 135-170.
  • [31] B. Walker et al., "Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems," Ecology and society, vol. 9, no. 2, 2004.
  • [32] R. Patel and L. Nosal, "Defining the resilient city," New York: United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, 2016.
  • [33] S. Meerow et al., "Defining urban resilience: a review," Landsc. Urban Plann, vol. 147, pp. 38–49, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDURBPLAN.2015.11.011.
  • [34] Z. S. Venter et al., "Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway," Environ. Res. Lett, vol. 15, p. 104075, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/ 1748-9326/abb396.
  • [35] A. L. Istrate and F. Chen, "Liveable streets in Shanghai: Definition, characteristics and design," Prog. Plann, vol. 158, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2021.100544.
  • [36] D. Sikorska et al., "Rethinking urban green spaces for urban resilience. Do green spaces need adaptation to meet public post-covid expectations?" Urban For. Urban Green, vol. 80, p. 127838, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.UFUG.2023.127838.
  • [37] T. Noszczyk et al., "The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the importance of urban green spaces to the public," Land Use Pol, vol. 113, p. 105925, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LANDUSEPOL.2021.105925.
  • [38] H. Bherwani, S. Gautam, and A. Gupta, "Qualitative and quantitative analyses of impact of COVID-19 on sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Indian subcontinent with a focus on air quality," Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, vol. 18, pp. 1019–1028, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-020-03122-z.
  • [39] I. Jakovljevi´c et al., "Influence of lockdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic on air pollution and carcinogenic content of particulate matter observed in Croatia," Air Qual. Atmos Health, vol. 14, pp. 467–472, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-020-00950-3.
  • [40] A. Ouigmane et al., "Effect of COVID-19 on the generation of waste in Marrakech, Morocco," J. Health Pollut, vol. 11, pp. 1–9, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614 11.30.210606.
  • [41] H. Onoda, "Smart approaches to waste management for post-COVID-19 smart cities in Japan," IET Smart Cities, vol. 2, pp. 89–94, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-smc.2020.0051.
  • [42] C. Kakderi, E. Oikonomaki, and I. Papadaki, "Smart and resilient urban futures for sustainability in the post covid-19 era: a review of policy responses on urban mobility," Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 13, p. 6486, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116486.
  • [43] B. Braut, M. Migheli, and E. Truant, "Household mobility in food purchasing during COVID-19 lockdown: evidence from Torino, Italy," Cities, vol. 122, p. 103554, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103554.
  • [44] A. M. Auerbach and T. Thachil, "How does Covid-19 affect urban slums? Evidence from settlement leaders in India," World Dev, vol. 140, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105304.
  • [45] N. Shermin and S. N. Rahaman, "Assessment of sanitation service gap in urban slums for tackling COVID-19," J. Urban Manag., vol. 10, pp. 230–241, Jun. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jum.2021.06.003.
  • [46] J. Honey-Ros´es et al., "The impact of COVID-19 on public space: an early review of the emerging questions – design, perceptions and inequities," Cities Health, pp. 1–17, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/23748834.2020.1780074.
  • [47] D. D’alessandro et al., "COVID-19 and living space challenge. Well-being and public health recommendations for a healthy, safe, and sustainable housing," Acta Biomed, vol. 91, pp. 61–75, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v91i9-S.10115.
  • [48] J. R. E. Hernandez et al., "Cities in the times of COVID-19: Trends, impacts, and challenges for urban sustainability and resilience," Journal of Cleaner Production, p. 139735, 2023.
  • [49] Z. I. Abass, "Green spaces in residential communities: the potential for ecological and health," in IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/779/1/012011.
  • [50] Z. Wang et al., "The study of healthy benefits and design strategy of urban residential green space," in IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/821/1/012023.
  • [51] M. Amirzadeh, S. Sobhaninia, S. T. Buckman, and A. Sharifi, "Towards building resilient cities to pandemics: a review of COVID-19 literature," Sustain. Cities Soc, vol. 89, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104326.
  • [52] Y. Takefuji, "How to build disaster-resilient cities and societies for making people happy," Building and environment, vol. 228, p. 109845, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109845.
  • [53] S. G. Emily J.Flies, "Urban-associated diseases: Candidate diseases, environmental risk factors, and a path forward," Environment International, 2019, pp. 1-12.
  • [54] S. G. Vlahov, "URBAN HEALTH: Evidence, Challenges, and Directions," Annual Review of Public Health, vol. 26, pp. 341-365, 2005.
  • [55] M. A. Urbańska, "Architektura-sztuka przestrzeni publicznych w Polsce wczoraj i dziś (Architecture: The art of shaping public spaces in Poland yesterday and today)," Państwo i Społeczenstwo, 2020, pp. XX. [Online]. DOI: 10.48269/2451-0858-pis-2020-3-006.
  • [56] J. Jacobs, "The death and life of great American cities," Vintage Books, 1993.
  • [57] G. Sarkin, "Cities at the Front Line: Public Space in the Time of the COVID-19 Pandemic," June 24, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.smithgroup.com/perspectives/2020/cities-at-the-front-line-public-space-in-the-time-of-the-covid-19-pandemic.
  • [58] K. R. Kunzmann, "Smart cities after covid-19: Ten narratives," disP-The Planning Review, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 20-31, 2020.
  • [59] M. Hoefsloot, "Digitisation of the Physical Public Space," May 15, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://waag.org/en/article/digitisation-physical-public-space/
  • [60] D. Lyon, "The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society," University of Minnesota Press, 1994.
  • [61] A. Sharifi and A. R. Khavarian-Garmsir, "Smart city and COVID-19 in the post-pandemic urban era," Energy Research & Social Science, vol. 68, p. 101654, 2020.
  • [62] Ö. Akgiş İlhan, "Covid-19 Krizi Ve Kamusal Mekânda Dijitalleşme Eğilimleri," Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 309-319, 2021. [Online]. DOI: 10.51800/ecd.984882.
  • [63] J. Van der Waal et al., "Developing digital public values," Government Information Quarterly, vol. 37, no. 1, p. 101473, 2020.
  • [64] L. Tapp, "Smart City Architecture," 2021, 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.tapp.nl/urban-sensors. [Accessed: Dec. 23, 2024].
  • [65] D. Duives and J. Thiellie, "Living Labs for Urban Mobility," Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://cityflows-project.eu/covid-19-living-lab/.
  • [66] T. Kuipers, "CityFlows: Improving liveability of crowded pedestrian spaces in 3 European metropoles," Smart Urban Mobility Program - AMS Institute, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.ams-institute.org/urban-challenges/smart-urban-mobility/cityflows-improving-liveability-crowded-pedestrian-spaces-3-european-metropoles/.
  • [67] Social-glass.tudelft.nl, "Social Distancing Dashboard," 2021. [Online]. Available: https://social-glass.tudelft.nl/. [Accessed: Dec. 23, 2024].
  • [68] Urbanresilience.secdev.com, "Secdev Urban Pandemic Preparedness Index," 2021.
There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Architecture (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Fatemeh Badel 0000-0003-2338-7407

Jesús López Baeza 0000-0002-4092-1782

Hülya Lasch 0000-0003-3298-8757

Publication Date April 30, 2025
Submission Date January 31, 2024
Acceptance Date April 9, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 13 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Badel, F., López Baeza, J., & Lasch, H. (2025). Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, 13(2), 790-810. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1427136
AMA Badel F, López Baeza J, Lasch H. Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions. DUBİTED. April 2025;13(2):790-810. doi:10.29130/dubited.1427136
Chicago Badel, Fatemeh, Jesús López Baeza, and Hülya Lasch. “Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 13, no. 2 (April 2025): 790-810. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1427136.
EndNote Badel F, López Baeza J, Lasch H (April 1, 2025) Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 13 2 790–810.
IEEE F. Badel, J. López Baeza, and H. Lasch, “Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions”, DUBİTED, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 790–810, 2025, doi: 10.29130/dubited.1427136.
ISNAD Badel, Fatemeh et al. “Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology 13/2 (April 2025), 790-810. https://doi.org/10.29130/dubited.1427136.
JAMA Badel F, López Baeza J, Lasch H. Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions. DUBİTED. 2025;13:790–810.
MLA Badel, Fatemeh et al. “Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions”. Duzce University Journal of Science and Technology, vol. 13, no. 2, 2025, pp. 790-1, doi:10.29130/dubited.1427136.
Vancouver Badel F, López Baeza J, Lasch H. Strengthening Urban Resilience: A Case Study of Amsterdam’s Public Spaces in the Post-COVID Era through Digital Solutions. DUBİTED. 2025;13(2):790-81.