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The effects of Brazilian tea (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) and Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) seed meal on the growth and gonad development of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 179 - 185, 12.06.2017

Sunday Ben Ekanem Victor Oscar Eyo Esther Emmanuel Okon

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.2.09

Abstract



A 90-day study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis and Garcinia
kola seed meal on the growth and gonad development of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Ninety
(90) fingerlings were stocked in nine rectangular concrete tanks (10 each)
labeled Al, A2, A3, Bl, B2,
B3, C1, C2 and C3 with a total
water volume of 887.04 m3.Three isonitrogenous diets (A, B, and C)
with 40% crude protein including the control diet containing 0g of S. jamaicensis and 0g of G. kola meal, 70 of S. jamaicensis leaf meal and 35g of G. kolameal + 35g of S.
jamaicensisleaf meal in the feed were fed to the fish at 5% body weight.
Fish in A-series tanks were fed diet A, fish in B-series tanks were fed diet B
while fish in C-series tanks were fed diet C. Weight gain, length gain, SGR,
GR, and FCR were better in fish fed the diet A but not significantly different
(P>0.05) from fish fed diet B and diet C. Female GSI,  male and female gonad weight were better in
fish fed diet A but not significantly different (P>0.05) from fish fed diet
B and diet C. However, male GSI (1.39 ± 0.01) of fish fed the diet A was
significantly different (P<0.05) from male fish fed diet B (0.94 ± 0.15) and
diet C (0.95 ± 0.05). Fecundity of fish fed diet A (11,834 ± 1644eggs) was
significantly different (P<0.05) from fish fed diet B (6375 ± 995eggs) and
diet C (10,236 ± 896eggs). Histology of ovaries and testes of fish fed the
three experimental diets showed normal distribution of oocytes and testicular
cells. Our findings imply that the combination of G. kola seed meal and S.jamaicensis leaf meal in feed
negatively affects the growth, fecundity, and gonad development of C.gariepinus
which can be detrimental to
aquaculture production.



Keywords

Stachytarphetajamaicensis Garcinia kola growth gonad development fecundity Clariasgariepinus

References

  • Adedeji, O. S., Farinu, G.O., Oluyeni, T.B., Ameen, S.A. &Babatunde, G.M. (2008). The use of bitter kola (Garcinia kola) dry seed powder as a natural growth promoting agent in broiler chicks. Research Journal of Poultry Science, 2: 78-81.
  • Adeparusi, E. O., Dada. A. A., &Alale, O. V. (2010). Effects of Medicinal Plant (Kigelia Africana) on Sperm Quality of African Catfish Clariasgariepinus(Burchell, 1822) Broodstock. Journal of Agriculture, 2(1): 193-199.
  • Ajayi, A. I., Olaifa, F. E., &Omoniy, M. M.. (2013). Chemical Analysis and Nutritional Assessment of Defatted GarciniaMangostana Seeds Used as an Additive on the Feed of Fish (Clariasgariepinus). Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Chemistry, 13 (2):1-12.
  • Awom, I. E., &Eyo, V. O. (2016). Comparative Study of Growth Performance, Food Utilization and Survival of the African Catfish Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Live Maggot (Musca domestica) and Coppens Commercial Feed. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(2): 379-386.
  • Bancroft, J. D., & Cook, H. C. (1994). Manual of histopathological techniques and their diagnostic application. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 305.
  • Becker, B. N. (2004)., M.Sc. Thesis, 32p.
  • Bolger, J., & Connolly, P. L. (1989). The selection of suitable indices for the measurement and analysis of fish condition. Journal of Fish Biology, 34: 171- 182. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03300.x Boyd, C. E. (1979. Water Quality in Warmwater Fish Ponds. Auburn University AgricultureExperiment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
  • Dada, A. A., &Ebhodaghe, B. E. (2011).Effect of Garcinia kola seed Meal on Egg Quality of the African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) (Burchell) Broodstock. Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology 2011 Vol. 07 N°01, 1-8.
  • Dada, A. A., &Ogunduyile, F. D. (2011). Effects of Velvet Bean (Mucunapruriens) on Sperm Quality of African Catfish, Clariasgariepinus(Burchell, 1822) Broodstock. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 1: 1-7.
  • Dada, A.A., &Ikuerowo, M. (2009). Effects of ethanolic extracts of Garcinia kola seeds on growth and haematology of catfish (Clariasgariepinus) broodstock. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 4: 344-347.
  • De Silva, S. S., & Anderson, T. A. (1995). Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. London, Ghapman and Hall, 319pp.
  • Ekanem, A. P., Eyo, V. O., & Ndome, C. B. (2010). The effect of diet with different inclusion level of cassava leaf meal (CLM) Manihotutilissima on the growth performance of Heteroclarias fingerlings. Journal of Science and Multidisciplinary Research, 2:58-67.
  • Ekanem, A. P., Eteng, S. U., Nwosu, F. M., & Eyo, V. O. (2012). Comparative Study of the Growth and Gonad Development of Clariasgariepinus (Burchell 1822) Fed Diets with Plant and Animal-based Ingredients in Concrete Tanks. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2:1203-1210.
  • Eyo, V. O., & Ekanem, A. P. (2011). Effect of feeding frequency on the growth, food utilization and survival of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) using locally formulated diet. African Journal of Environmental Pollution and Health 9 (2): 11-17.
  • Eyo, V. O., Ekanem, A. P., & Obiekezie, A. I. (2012). A comparative study of egg and sperm quality of Clariasgariepinus fed Unical aqua feed and Coppens commercial feed. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Science,1(11): 1598-1607.
  • Eyo, V. O., Ekanem, A. P., & Ufon-ima, U. J. (2014). A comparative study of the gonado-somatic index (GSI) and gonad gross morphology of African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed Unical Aqua feed and Coppens Commercial feed. Croatian Journal of Fisheries,72: 63 – 69. doi: 10.14798/72.2.706
  • Eyo, V. O., Ekanem, A. P., Eni, G. E., & Asikpo, P. E. (2013). Relationship between fecundity and biometric indices of the Silver Catfish Chrysichthysnigrodigitatus(Lacepede) in the Cross River estuary, Nigeria. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 71:131-135. doi: 10.14798/71.3.662
  • Fagbenro, O. A. (1999). Comparative evaluation of heatprocessed winged bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus) meals as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for African catfish (Clariasgariepinus). Aquaculture, 170: 297-305. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00409-8
  • Francis G., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199: 197-227. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00526-9
  • Goos H. J. T., & Richter, C. J. J. (1996) Internal and external factors controlling reproduction in the African catfish, Clariasgariepinus. Aquatic Living Resources, 9: 45-58. doi: 10.1051/alr:1996041
  • Iwu M.W. (1993). Handbook of African Medicinal Plant. CRC Press. Boca Raton. Ann Arbor London. Tolryo:183 -184. Jhingran, V. G. (1991). Fish and Fisheries of India. 3rd Ed., Hindustan Publishing Co., Delhi, India.
  • Shabbir, S., Salim, M., & Rashid, M. (2003) Study on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in major carp Cirrhinusmrigala fed on sunflower meal, wheat bran and maize gluten. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 23: 1-3.
  • Viveen, W. J., Ritcher, C. J. J., Van-Oordt, P. G.W., Janssen, J. A. L. & Huisman, E.A. (1985). Manual for the culture of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The Netherlands: Directorate General for International Tech. Cooperation. The Hague, p. 93.
  • Wikkipedia (2016). Stachytarphetajamaicensis. Retrieved 30th April, 2016.

Year 2017, Volume: 34 Issue: 2, 179 - 185, 12.06.2017

Sunday Ben Ekanem Victor Oscar Eyo Esther Emmanuel Okon

https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.2.09

Abstract

References

  • Adedeji, O. S., Farinu, G.O., Oluyeni, T.B., Ameen, S.A. &Babatunde, G.M. (2008). The use of bitter kola (Garcinia kola) dry seed powder as a natural growth promoting agent in broiler chicks. Research Journal of Poultry Science, 2: 78-81.
  • Adeparusi, E. O., Dada. A. A., &Alale, O. V. (2010). Effects of Medicinal Plant (Kigelia Africana) on Sperm Quality of African Catfish Clariasgariepinus(Burchell, 1822) Broodstock. Journal of Agriculture, 2(1): 193-199.
  • Ajayi, A. I., Olaifa, F. E., &Omoniy, M. M.. (2013). Chemical Analysis and Nutritional Assessment of Defatted GarciniaMangostana Seeds Used as an Additive on the Feed of Fish (Clariasgariepinus). Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Chemistry, 13 (2):1-12.
  • Awom, I. E., &Eyo, V. O. (2016). Comparative Study of Growth Performance, Food Utilization and Survival of the African Catfish Clariasgariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Live Maggot (Musca domestica) and Coppens Commercial Feed. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 2(2): 379-386.
  • Bancroft, J. D., & Cook, H. C. (1994). Manual of histopathological techniques and their diagnostic application. Churchill Livingstone, London, pp. 305.
  • Becker, B. N. (2004)., M.Sc. Thesis, 32p.
  • Bolger, J., & Connolly, P. L. (1989). The selection of suitable indices for the measurement and analysis of fish condition. Journal of Fish Biology, 34: 171- 182. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1989.tb03300.x Boyd, C. E. (1979. Water Quality in Warmwater Fish Ponds. Auburn University AgricultureExperiment Station, Auburn, Alabama.
  • Dada, A. A., &Ebhodaghe, B. E. (2011).Effect of Garcinia kola seed Meal on Egg Quality of the African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) (Burchell) Broodstock. Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology 2011 Vol. 07 N°01, 1-8.
  • Dada, A. A., &Ogunduyile, F. D. (2011). Effects of Velvet Bean (Mucunapruriens) on Sperm Quality of African Catfish, Clariasgariepinus(Burchell, 1822) Broodstock. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 1: 1-7.
  • Dada, A.A., &Ikuerowo, M. (2009). Effects of ethanolic extracts of Garcinia kola seeds on growth and haematology of catfish (Clariasgariepinus) broodstock. African Journal of Agriculture Research, 4: 344-347.
  • De Silva, S. S., & Anderson, T. A. (1995). Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. London, Ghapman and Hall, 319pp.
  • Ekanem, A. P., Eyo, V. O., & Ndome, C. B. (2010). The effect of diet with different inclusion level of cassava leaf meal (CLM) Manihotutilissima on the growth performance of Heteroclarias fingerlings. Journal of Science and Multidisciplinary Research, 2:58-67.
  • Ekanem, A. P., Eteng, S. U., Nwosu, F. M., & Eyo, V. O. (2012). Comparative Study of the Growth and Gonad Development of Clariasgariepinus (Burchell 1822) Fed Diets with Plant and Animal-based Ingredients in Concrete Tanks. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 2:1203-1210.
  • Eyo, V. O., & Ekanem, A. P. (2011). Effect of feeding frequency on the growth, food utilization and survival of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) using locally formulated diet. African Journal of Environmental Pollution and Health 9 (2): 11-17.
  • Eyo, V. O., Ekanem, A. P., & Obiekezie, A. I. (2012). A comparative study of egg and sperm quality of Clariasgariepinus fed Unical aqua feed and Coppens commercial feed. International Journal of Biology, Pharmacy and Allied Science,1(11): 1598-1607.
  • Eyo, V. O., Ekanem, A. P., & Ufon-ima, U. J. (2014). A comparative study of the gonado-somatic index (GSI) and gonad gross morphology of African Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed Unical Aqua feed and Coppens Commercial feed. Croatian Journal of Fisheries,72: 63 – 69. doi: 10.14798/72.2.706
  • Eyo, V. O., Ekanem, A. P., Eni, G. E., & Asikpo, P. E. (2013). Relationship between fecundity and biometric indices of the Silver Catfish Chrysichthysnigrodigitatus(Lacepede) in the Cross River estuary, Nigeria. Croatian Journal of Fisheries, 71:131-135. doi: 10.14798/71.3.662
  • Fagbenro, O. A. (1999). Comparative evaluation of heatprocessed winged bean (Psophocarpustetragonolobus) meals as partial replacement for fishmeal in diets for African catfish (Clariasgariepinus). Aquaculture, 170: 297-305. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00409-8
  • Francis G., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2001). Antinutritional factors present in plant-derived alternate fish feed ingredients and their effects in fish. Aquaculture, 199: 197-227. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00526-9
  • Goos H. J. T., & Richter, C. J. J. (1996) Internal and external factors controlling reproduction in the African catfish, Clariasgariepinus. Aquatic Living Resources, 9: 45-58. doi: 10.1051/alr:1996041
  • Iwu M.W. (1993). Handbook of African Medicinal Plant. CRC Press. Boca Raton. Ann Arbor London. Tolryo:183 -184. Jhingran, V. G. (1991). Fish and Fisheries of India. 3rd Ed., Hindustan Publishing Co., Delhi, India.
  • Shabbir, S., Salim, M., & Rashid, M. (2003) Study on the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in major carp Cirrhinusmrigala fed on sunflower meal, wheat bran and maize gluten. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 23: 1-3.
  • Viveen, W. J., Ritcher, C. J. J., Van-Oordt, P. G.W., Janssen, J. A. L. & Huisman, E.A. (1985). Manual for the culture of the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). The Netherlands: Directorate General for International Tech. Cooperation. The Hague, p. 93.
  • Wikkipedia (2016). Stachytarphetajamaicensis. Retrieved 30th April, 2016.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sunday Ben Ekanem

Victor Oscar Eyo

Esther Emmanuel Okon

Publication Date June 12, 2017
Submission Date June 12, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 34 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Ekanem, S. B., Eyo, V. O., & Okon, E. E. (2017). The effects of Brazilian tea (Stachytarpheta jamaicensis) and Bitter kola (Garcinia kola) seed meal on the growth and gonad development of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 34(2), 179-185. https://doi.org/10.12714/egejfas.2017.34.2.09