Developments in Transformational School Leadership Research: A Systematic Review
Year 2020,
Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 814 - 830, 28.07.2020
Ali Çağatay Kılınç
Mahmut Polatcan
Tuba Yaldız
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to outline the nature of empirical base on transformational leadership in Turkey. The present study included a total of 109 graduate theses conducted on school principals’ transformational leadership behaviors between 2000 and 2019 and released in the Council of Higher Education’s (CoHE) database. Results revealed that an important body of research investigated the relationship between transformational leadership and job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Authors’ suggestions to policymakers and practitioners were often about enabling further in-service training activities and providing school principals with various opportunities to study for a master's degree. Suggestions from quantitative studies echoed the need for conducting relevant studies on different samples and expanding qualitative studies to inquiry into transformational leadership. Results, therefore, mirrored the fact that the empirical base on transformational leadership is lacking in terms of mediator and moderator effects of various variables along with the antecedents and results of transformational leadership.
References
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- Allix, N. M. (2000). Transformational leadership: democratic or despotic? Educational
Management & Administration, 28(1), 7-20. doi: 10.1177/0263211x000281002
- Ayık, A., Diş, O. ve Çelik, Z. (2016). Okul müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderlik rolleri ile
okulların değişime açıklığı arasındaki ilişki. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(2), 547-564.
- Bass, B. M. (1985) Model of transformational leadership. In T.F. Mech & G.B. McCabe
(Eds.), Leadership and academic librarians (pp. 66–82). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
- Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share
the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. doi: 10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and
beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(5), 21-27. doi:
10.1108/03090599010135122
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational
culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17, 112-121.
- Bass, B. M. (1995). Comment: Transformational leadership: Looking at other possible
antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management Inquiry, 4(3), 293-297. doi:
10.1177/105649269543010
- Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1999). Principals’ instructional leadership and teacher development:
Teachers’ perspectives. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35(3), 349-378.
doi: 10.1177/0013161X99353003
- Buluç, B. (2010). İlköğretim okullarında bürokratik okul yapısı ile okul müdürlerinin liderlik
stilleri arasındaki ilişki. Eğitim ve Bilim, 34(152), 72-85.
- Cemaloğlu, N. ve Kılınç, A. Ç. (2012). Okul müdürlerinin liderlik stilleri ile öğretmenlerin
örgütsel güven düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi
Dergisi, 1(23), 132-156.
- Çoğaltay, N., Karadağ, E. ve Öztekin, Ö. (2014). Okul müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderlik
davranışlarının öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılığına etkisi: Bir meta-analiz çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi [Educational Administration: Theory and Practice], 20(4), 483-500. doi: 10.14527/kuey.2014.019
- EPPI-Centre (2006). EPPI-Centre methods for conducting systematic reviews.
http://pblevaluation.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/14976232/EPPI-
Centre_Review_Methods_1.pdf adresine 20/12/2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Gough, D. (2007). Weight of evidence: a framework for the appraisal of the quality and
relevance of evidence. Research Papers in Education, 22(2), 213-228.
- Griffith, J. (2004). Relation of principal transformational leadership to school staff job
satisfaction, staff turnover, and school performance. Journal of Educational
Administration, 42(3), 333-356. doi: 10.1108/09578230410534667
- Hallinger, P. (2017). Surfacing a hidden literature: A systematic review of research on
educational leadership and management in Africa. Educational Management
Administration & Leadership, 46(3), 362-384.
- Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school
effectiveness: 1980-1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157-191.
- Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (1999). Can leadership enhance school effectiveness (ed. Tony
Bush, Les Bell, Ray Bolam, Ron Glatter, Peter M. Ribbins). Educational management:
Redefining theory, policy and practice (pp.178-190). Thousand Oaks, Californina: Sage
- Hallinger, P. (2003). Leading educational change: Reflections on the practice of
instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(3), 329-
352. doi: 10.1080/0305764032000122005
- Hallinger, P. (2010). Developing instructional leadership. In Brent Davies & Mark Brundrett
(Eds.), Developing successful leadership (pp. 61-76). Springer, Dordrecht.
doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9106-2_5
- Hallinger, P., Wang, W. C., Chen, C. W., & Liare, D. (2015). Assessing instructional
leadership with the principal instructional management rating scale. Dordrecht: Springer.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-15533-3
- Harris, A. (2003). Teacher leadership as distributed leadership: heresy, fantasy or
possibility? School Leadership & Management, 23(3), 313-324. doi:
10.1080/1363243032000112801
- Harris, A. (2004). Distributed leadership and school improvement: leading or misleading?.
Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(1), 11-24. doi:
10.1177/1741143204039297
- Harris, A., Jones, M., Cheah, K. S. L., Devadason, E., & Adams, D. (2017). Exploring
principals’ instructional leadership practices in Malaysia: insights and implications. Journal
of Educational Administration, 55(2), 207-221. doi: 10.1108/JEA-05-2016-0051
- Heck, R. H., & Hallinger, P. (2009). Assessing the contribution of distributed leadership to
school improvement and growth in math achievement. American Educational Research
Journal, 46(3), 659-689. doi:10.3102/0002831209340042
- Hiller, N. J., DeChurch, L. A., Murase, T., & Doty, D. (2011). Searching for outcomes of
leadership: A 25-year review. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1137-1177. doi:
10.1177/0149206310393520
- Humphreys, J. H. (2001). Transformational and transactional leader behavior. Journal of
Management Research, 1(3), 151-159.
- Jantzi, D., & Leithwood, K. (1996). Toward an explanation of variation in teachers'
perceptions of transformational school leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly,
32(4), 512-538. doi: 10.1177/0013161X9603200404
- Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A
constructive/developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648-657.
doi: 10.5465/amr.1987.4306717
- Lambert, L. (2002). A framework for shared leadership. Educational Leadership, 59(8),
37-40.
- Lambert, L. (2003). Leadership redefined: An evocative context for teacher leadership.
School Leadership & Management, 23(4), 421-430. doi: 10.1080/1363243032000150953
- Leithwood, K. (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration
Quarterly, 30(4), 498-518. doi: 10.1177/0013161X94030004006
- Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2005). A review of transformational school leadership
research 1996–2005. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 4(3), 177-199. doi:
10.1080/15700760500244769
- Leithwood, K., Tomlinson, D., & Genge, M. (1996). Transformational school leadership. In
International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 785-840).
Springer, Dordrecht.
- Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (1999). Transformational school leadership effects: A
replication. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 10(4), 451-479.
doi:10.1177/0013161X99355002
- Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on
organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational
Administration, 38(2), 112-129. doi: 10.1108/09578230010320064
- Leithwood K., & Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational school leadership for large-scale
reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness
and School Improvement, 17(2), 201-227. doi: 10.1080/09243450600565829
- Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2019). Seven strong claims about successful
school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(4), 1-18. doi:
10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
- Li, C., & Shi, K. (2005). The structure and measurement of transformational leadership in
China. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 37(06), 803-811. doi: 10.1007/s11782-008-0032-5
- Liu, P. (2018). Transformational leadership research in China (2005–2015), Chinese
Education & Society, 51(5), 372-409, doi: 10.1080/10611932.2018.1510690
- Marks, H. M., & Printy, S. M. (2003). Principal leadership and school performance: An
integration of transformational and instructional leadership. Educational Administration
Quarterly, 39(3), 370-397. doi: 10.1177/0013161X03253412
- McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and
leadership development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117.
- Mhatre, K. H., & Riggio, R. E. (2014). Charismatic and transformational leadership: Past,
present, and future In D. Day (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations
(pp. 221-240). London: Oxford University Press.
- Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., & Sleegers, P. J. (2010). Occupying the principal position:
Examining relationships between transformational leadership, social network position, and
schools’ innovative climate. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(5), 623-670. doi:
10.1177/0013161X10378689
- Oakley, A. (2002). Social science and evidence-based everything: The case of education. Educational Review, 54(3), 277-286.
- Özcan, K., Balyer, A., & Yıldız, A. (2018). Ekonomik olarak dezavantajlı bölgelerde görev yapan ortaokul müdürlerinin liderlik davranışları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 532-547. doi: 10.17860/mersinefd.434775
- Kandemir, M. (2018). Kadın müdürlerin dönüşümcü liderlik davranışının öğretmenlerin
örgütsel bağlılığına etkisinde motivasyonun aracı rolü (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Ticaret
Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Pearce, C. L. (2004). The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadership
to transform knowledge work. Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(1), 47-57.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational
leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and
organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. doi:
10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
- Sağnak, M. (2010). The relationship between transformational school leadership and
ethical climate. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(2), 1135-1152.
- Seltzer, J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership: Beyond initiation and
consideration. Journal of Management, 16(4), 693-703. doi:
10.1177/014920639001600403
- Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: Its origin, development, and
application in organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(2), 57-64.
doi: 10.1177/107179190200900205
- Southworth, G. (2002). Instructional leadership in schools: Reflections and empirical
evidence. School Leadership & Management, 22(1), 73-91. doi:
10.1080/13632430220143042
- Spillane, J. P. (2005). Distributed leadership. The Educational Forum, 69(2), 143-150. doi:
10.1080/00131720508984678
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the works of Burns, Bass, Avolio, and Leithwood. Canadian Journal of Educational
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2013-0063
Dönüşümcü Okul Liderliği Araştırmalarındaki Gelişmeler: Sistematik Bir Derleme
Year 2020,
Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 814 - 830, 28.07.2020
Ali Çağatay Kılınç
Mahmut Polatcan
Tuba Yaldız
Abstract
Bu çalışma Türkiye’de dönüşümcü liderlik alanındaki ampirik gelişimin doğasını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırma 2000-2019 yılları arasında Yükseköğretim Kurulu (YÖK) tez merkezi veri tabanında okullarda dönüşümcü liderliğe yönelik yayınlanan toplam 109 lisansüstü tezini kapsamaktadır. Sonuçlar dönüşümcü liderlik ile iş doyumu ve örgütsel bağlılık arasındaki ilişkinin sıklıkla çalışıldığı görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte dönüşümcü liderlik ile örgütsel vatandaşlık, okul kültürü, okul iklimi, informal ilişkiler, duygusal zekâ, örgütsel imaj ve motivasyon arasındaki ilişki bir dizi araştırmaya konu olmuştur. Araştırmalarda politika yapıcı ve uygulayıcılara müdürlerin dönüşümcü liderlik davranışlarının geliştirilmesine yönelik genel olarak hizmet içi eğitim ve lisansüstü eğitim olanaklarının sunulması gibi öneriler sunulmuştur. Öte yandan araştırmacılara yönelik önerilerde sıklıkla kavramın farklı örneklemlerde çalışılması ve nitel araştırmaların yaygınlaştırılması vurgulanmıştır. Bu bağlamda dönüşümcü liderliğin öncülleri ve sonuçlarının yanı sıra aracı ve düzenleyici etkilerin oldukça sınırlı düzeyde incelenmiş olduğu görülmektedir. Bir okulun etkili olabilmesi ve öğrenci başarısına katkı sağlayabilmesi için okul müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderlik davranışları sergilemeleri önem arz etmektedir.
References
- Barnett, K., & McCormick, J. (2004). Leadership and individual principal-teacher relationships in schools. Educational Administration Quarterly, 40(3), 406-434. doi: 10.1177/0013161X03261742
- Allix, N. M. (2000). Transformational leadership: democratic or despotic? Educational
Management & Administration, 28(1), 7-20. doi: 10.1177/0263211x000281002
- Ayık, A., Diş, O. ve Çelik, Z. (2016). Okul müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderlik rolleri ile
okulların değişime açıklığı arasındaki ilişki. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 24(2), 547-564.
- Bass, B. M. (1985) Model of transformational leadership. In T.F. Mech & G.B. McCabe
(Eds.), Leadership and academic librarians (pp. 66–82). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
- Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share
the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), 19-31. doi: 10.1016/0090-2616(90)90061-S
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Developing transformational leadership: 1992 and
beyond. Journal of European Industrial Training, 14(5), 21-27. doi:
10.1108/03090599010135122
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational
culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17, 112-121.
- Bass, B. M. (1995). Comment: Transformational leadership: Looking at other possible
antecedents and consequences. Journal of Management Inquiry, 4(3), 293-297. doi:
10.1177/105649269543010
- Blase, J., & Blase, J. (1999). Principals’ instructional leadership and teacher development:
Teachers’ perspectives. Educational Administration Quarterly, 35(3), 349-378.
doi: 10.1177/0013161X99353003
- Buluç, B. (2010). İlköğretim okullarında bürokratik okul yapısı ile okul müdürlerinin liderlik
stilleri arasındaki ilişki. Eğitim ve Bilim, 34(152), 72-85.
- Cemaloğlu, N. ve Kılınç, A. Ç. (2012). Okul müdürlerinin liderlik stilleri ile öğretmenlerin
örgütsel güven düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi
Dergisi, 1(23), 132-156.
- Çoğaltay, N., Karadağ, E. ve Öztekin, Ö. (2014). Okul müdürlerinin dönüşümcü liderlik
davranışlarının öğretmenlerin örgütsel bağlılığına etkisi: Bir meta-analiz çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi [Educational Administration: Theory and Practice], 20(4), 483-500. doi: 10.14527/kuey.2014.019
- EPPI-Centre (2006). EPPI-Centre methods for conducting systematic reviews.
http://pblevaluation.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/14976232/EPPI-
Centre_Review_Methods_1.pdf adresine 20/12/2019 tarihinde erişilmiştir.
- Gough, D. (2007). Weight of evidence: a framework for the appraisal of the quality and
relevance of evidence. Research Papers in Education, 22(2), 213-228.
- Griffith, J. (2004). Relation of principal transformational leadership to school staff job
satisfaction, staff turnover, and school performance. Journal of Educational
Administration, 42(3), 333-356. doi: 10.1108/09578230410534667
- Hallinger, P. (2017). Surfacing a hidden literature: A systematic review of research on
educational leadership and management in Africa. Educational Management
Administration & Leadership, 46(3), 362-384.
- Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (1998). Exploring the principal’s contribution to school
effectiveness: 1980-1995. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 9(2), 157-191.
- Hallinger, P., & Heck, R. (1999). Can leadership enhance school effectiveness (ed. Tony
Bush, Les Bell, Ray Bolam, Ron Glatter, Peter M. Ribbins). Educational management:
Redefining theory, policy and practice (pp.178-190). Thousand Oaks, Californina: Sage
- Hallinger, P. (2003). Leading educational change: Reflections on the practice of
instructional and transformational leadership. Cambridge Journal of Education, 33(3), 329-
352. doi: 10.1080/0305764032000122005
- Hallinger, P. (2010). Developing instructional leadership. In Brent Davies & Mark Brundrett
(Eds.), Developing successful leadership (pp. 61-76). Springer, Dordrecht.
doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9106-2_5
- Hallinger, P., Wang, W. C., Chen, C. W., & Liare, D. (2015). Assessing instructional
leadership with the principal instructional management rating scale. Dordrecht: Springer.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-15533-3
- Harris, A. (2003). Teacher leadership as distributed leadership: heresy, fantasy or
possibility? School Leadership & Management, 23(3), 313-324. doi:
10.1080/1363243032000112801
- Harris, A. (2004). Distributed leadership and school improvement: leading or misleading?.
Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 32(1), 11-24. doi:
10.1177/1741143204039297
- Harris, A., Jones, M., Cheah, K. S. L., Devadason, E., & Adams, D. (2017). Exploring
principals’ instructional leadership practices in Malaysia: insights and implications. Journal
of Educational Administration, 55(2), 207-221. doi: 10.1108/JEA-05-2016-0051
- Heck, R. H., & Hallinger, P. (2009). Assessing the contribution of distributed leadership to
school improvement and growth in math achievement. American Educational Research
Journal, 46(3), 659-689. doi:10.3102/0002831209340042
- Hiller, N. J., DeChurch, L. A., Murase, T., & Doty, D. (2011). Searching for outcomes of
leadership: A 25-year review. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1137-1177. doi:
10.1177/0149206310393520
- Humphreys, J. H. (2001). Transformational and transactional leader behavior. Journal of
Management Research, 1(3), 151-159.
- Jantzi, D., & Leithwood, K. (1996). Toward an explanation of variation in teachers'
perceptions of transformational school leadership. Educational Administration Quarterly,
32(4), 512-538. doi: 10.1177/0013161X9603200404
- Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A
constructive/developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648-657.
doi: 10.5465/amr.1987.4306717
- Lambert, L. (2002). A framework for shared leadership. Educational Leadership, 59(8),
37-40.
- Lambert, L. (2003). Leadership redefined: An evocative context for teacher leadership.
School Leadership & Management, 23(4), 421-430. doi: 10.1080/1363243032000150953
- Leithwood, K. (1994). Leadership for school restructuring. Educational Administration
Quarterly, 30(4), 498-518. doi: 10.1177/0013161X94030004006
- Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2005). A review of transformational school leadership
research 1996–2005. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 4(3), 177-199. doi:
10.1080/15700760500244769
- Leithwood, K., Tomlinson, D., & Genge, M. (1996). Transformational school leadership. In
International handbook of educational leadership and administration (pp. 785-840).
Springer, Dordrecht.
- Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (1999). Transformational school leadership effects: A
replication. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 10(4), 451-479.
doi:10.1177/0013161X99355002
- Leithwood, K., & Jantzi, D. (2000). The effects of transformational leadership on
organizational conditions and student engagement with school. Journal of Educational
Administration, 38(2), 112-129. doi: 10.1108/09578230010320064
- Leithwood K., & Jantzi, D. (2006). Transformational school leadership for large-scale
reform: Effects on students, teachers, and their classroom practices. School Effectiveness
and School Improvement, 17(2), 201-227. doi: 10.1080/09243450600565829
- Leithwood, K., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2019). Seven strong claims about successful
school leadership revisited. School Leadership & Management, 40(4), 1-18. doi:
10.1080/13632434.2019.1596077
- Li, C., & Shi, K. (2005). The structure and measurement of transformational leadership in
China. Acta Psychologica Sinica, 37(06), 803-811. doi: 10.1007/s11782-008-0032-5
- Liu, P. (2018). Transformational leadership research in China (2005–2015), Chinese
Education & Society, 51(5), 372-409, doi: 10.1080/10611932.2018.1510690
- Marks, H. M., & Printy, S. M. (2003). Principal leadership and school performance: An
integration of transformational and instructional leadership. Educational Administration
Quarterly, 39(3), 370-397. doi: 10.1177/0013161X03253412
- McCleskey, J. A. (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and
leadership development. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 5(4), 117.
- Mhatre, K. H., & Riggio, R. E. (2014). Charismatic and transformational leadership: Past,
present, and future In D. Day (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of leadership and organizations
(pp. 221-240). London: Oxford University Press.
- Moolenaar, N. M., Daly, A. J., & Sleegers, P. J. (2010). Occupying the principal position:
Examining relationships between transformational leadership, social network position, and
schools’ innovative climate. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(5), 623-670. doi:
10.1177/0013161X10378689
- Oakley, A. (2002). Social science and evidence-based everything: The case of education. Educational Review, 54(3), 277-286.
- Özcan, K., Balyer, A., & Yıldız, A. (2018). Ekonomik olarak dezavantajlı bölgelerde görev yapan ortaokul müdürlerinin liderlik davranışları. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 532-547. doi: 10.17860/mersinefd.434775
- Kandemir, M. (2018). Kadın müdürlerin dönüşümcü liderlik davranışının öğretmenlerin
örgütsel bağlılığına etkisinde motivasyonun aracı rolü (Yüksek lisans tezi). İstanbul Ticaret
Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- Pearce, C. L. (2004). The future of leadership: Combining vertical and shared leadership
to transform knowledge work. Academy of Management Perspectives, 18(1), 47-57.
- Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational
leader behaviors and their effects on followers’ trust in leader, satisfaction, and
organizational citizenship behaviors. The Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142. doi:
10.1016/1048-9843(90)90009-7
- Sağnak, M. (2010). The relationship between transformational school leadership and
ethical climate. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 10(2), 1135-1152.
- Seltzer, J., & Bass, B. M. (1990). Transformational leadership: Beyond initiation and
consideration. Journal of Management, 16(4), 693-703. doi:
10.1177/014920639001600403
- Sendjaya, S., & Sarros, J. C. (2002). Servant leadership: Its origin, development, and
application in organizations. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(2), 57-64.
doi: 10.1177/107179190200900205
- Southworth, G. (2002). Instructional leadership in schools: Reflections and empirical
evidence. School Leadership & Management, 22(1), 73-91. doi:
10.1080/13632430220143042
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