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Tarımsal alanlar ve su kaynakları çevresindeki topraklarda insektisit kalıntılarının araştırılması ve ilgili risk değerlendirmesi

Year 2025, , 117 - 128, 25.06.2025

Burak Polat , Osman Tiryaki

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1638561

Abstract

Pestisitler çevre için önemli kirleticilerdir. Bu çalışmada Çanakkale-Merkez ilçedeki tarımsal alanlardan ve su kaynakları çevresinden alınan topraklarda insektisit kalıntıları araştırılmıştır. Kalıntıları belirlemek için Hızlı-Kolay-Ucuz-Etkili-Sağlam-Güvenli (QuEChERS) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Metot doğrulaması, hesaplama limitinin 1 ve 8 katı seviyelerinde pestisit standardı eklenmesi ile yapılmıştır. Çalışma alanlarından 2020 yılında 54 toprak örneği alınmış ve kalıntı analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Bu örneklerden 44'ü çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda insektisit kalıntısı içermiştir. Farklı sıklıklarda 20 insektisit tespit edilmiştir. İnsektisit kalıntı seviyeleri 1.01 ila 760.01 µg/kg arasında değişmektedir. Maksimum etoxazole bir örnekte 760.01 µg/kg olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu örnek pestisit atıklarının görüldüğü tarlaların yakınından alınmıştır. Ayrıca, aynı numunede çeşitli konsantrasyonlarda 17 insektisit bulunmuştur. Risk değerlendirmeleri, çocuklar ve yetişkinler için düşük düzeyde tehlike ortaya koymuştur. Tehlike katsayısı (HQ) seviyeleri açısından, pyridaben için maksimum değerlere rastlanmıştır (çocuklar için 445.00*10-7 ve yetişkinler için 59.33*10-7). Tüm insektisitler için toplam HQ değerleri çocuklar için 1310.00*10-7 ve yetişkinler için 174.67*10-7'dir. İnsektisit tespit edilen yerlerde toprak kirliliğini azaltmak için çiftçilerin düşük HQ değerlerine sahip insektisitlerin kullanmaya teşvik edilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Tehlike katsayısı sağlık risk değerlendirmesi neonikotinoid insektisit kalıcılığı

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Scientific Research Unit, Çanakkale, Türkiye, Grant Project No: FBA2020-3228.

Project Number

FBA2020-3228

References

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  • Balderacchi, M., M. Filippini, A. Gemitzi, B. Klöve, M. Petitta, M. Trevisan & A. Gargini, 2014. Does groundwater protection in Europe require new EU-wide environmental quality standards? Frontiers in Chemistry, 2 (32):1-6.
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  • Lesueur, C., M. Gartner, A. Mentler & M. Fuerhacker, 2008. Comparison of four extraction methods for the analysis of 24 pesticides in soil samples with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–ion trap–mass spectrometry. Talanta, 75 (1): 284-293.
  • Lewis, S. E., D. M. Silburn, R. S. Kookana & M. Shaw, 2016. Pesticide behavior, fate, and effects in the tropics: an overview of the current state of knowledge. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 64 (20): 3917-3924.
  • Li, Z., 2025. Plant Uptake Models of Pesticides: Advancing integrated pest management, food safety, and health risk assessment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 263 (1): 1-18.
  • Liu, Y., S. Li, Z. Ni, M. Qu, D. Zhong, C. Ye & T. Tang, 2016. Pesticides in persimmons. jujubes and soil from China: Residue levels. risk assessment and relationship between fruits and soils. Science of the Total Environment, 542 (2016): 620-628.
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  • Mangold, S., K. Hornák, N. Bartolomé, I. Hilber & T. D. Bucheli, 2024. Concomitant determination of pesticides in soil and drainage water over a potato cropping season reveal dissipations largely in accordance with respective models. Science of The Total Environment, 945 (2024): 173971 (1-10).
  • Mariappan, P. & S. Tamilarasan, 2025. Transport Efficiency of Indoxacarb in Different Types of Soils Through Packed Columns. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 114 (1): 1-7.
  • Nagel, T. G., 2009. The QuEChERS method-a new approach in pesticide analysis of soils. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology, 13: 391.
  • Pimentel, D., 1995. Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: environmental impacts and ethics. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 8 (1995): 17-29.
  • Polat, B. & O. Tiryaki, 2022. Determination of insecticide residues in soils from Troia agricultural fields by the QuEChERS method. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46 (3): 251-261.
  • Polat, B. & O. Tiryaki, 2023. Determination of fungicide residues in soil using QuEChERS coupled with LC-MS/MS, and environmental risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195 (8): 986.
  • Polat, B., 2021. Reduction of some insecticide residues from grapes with washing treatments. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 45 (1): 125-137.
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Investigation of insecticide residues in the soil of agricultural areas and around water resources and associated risk assessment

Year 2025, , 117 - 128, 25.06.2025

Burak Polat , Osman Tiryaki

https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1638561

Abstract

Pesticides are the important contaminants for the environment. In this study, insecticide residues of the soils, taken from agricultural lands and around water resources in the Çanakkale-Central district were investigated. The Quick-Easy-Cheap-Efficient-Rugged-Safe (QuEChERS) method was employed to determine residues. Method verification was performed by spiking blank samples at 1 and 8 times the limit of quantification. 54 soil samples were taken from study area in 2020 and subjected to residue analyses. Of these samples, 44 had insecticides at various concentrations. Twenty insecticides were detected at various frequencies. Insecticide residue levels were between 1.01 and 760.01 µg/kg. Maximum etoxazole was detected as 760.01 µg/kg in one sample. This sample was sampled from the nearby fields where wastes were seen. In addition, 17 insecticides were found at various concentrations in the same sample. Risk assessments revealed low hazard for children and adults. In terms of hazard quotient (HQ) levels, maximum values were encountered for pyridaben (445.00*10-7 for children and 59.33*10-7 for adults). The sum of HQs for all insecticides was 1310.00*10-7 for children and 174.67*10-7 for adults. It was concluded that farmers should be encouraged to use insecticides with low HQ values to mitigate soil contamination in places where insecticides are detected.

Keywords

Hazard quotient health risk assessment neonicotinoid persistence of insecticide

Supporting Institution

This study was supported by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Scientific Research Unit, Çanakkale, Türkiye, Grant Project No: FBA2020-3228

Project Number

FBA2020-3228

References

  • Adeyinka, G. C., B. Moodley, G. Birungi & P. Ndungu, 2019. Evaluation of organochlorinated pesticide (OCP) residues in soil, sediment and water from the Msunduzi River in South Africa. Environmental Earth Sciences, 78 (6): 1-13.
  • Ahamad, A. & J. Kumar, 2023. Pyrethroid pesticides: An overview on classification, toxicological assessment and monitoring. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 10 (2023): 100284 (1-15).
  • Anonymous, 2024. Çanakkale provincial directorate of agriculture and forestry data. Çanakkale Directorate of Provincial Agriculture and Forestry, 1 pp (in Turkish).
  • Anonymous, 2025. National pesticide information center; Pesticide half-life. (Web page https://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/half-life.html) (Date accessed: January 2025).
  • Aysal, P., Á. Ambrus, S. J. Lehotay & A. Cannavan, 2007. Validation of an efficient method for the determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables using ethyl acetate for extraction. Journal of Environ-mental Science and Health, Part B, 42 (5): 481-490.
  • Balderacchi, M., M. Filippini, A. Gemitzi, B. Klöve, M. Petitta, M. Trevisan & A. Gargini, 2014. Does groundwater protection in Europe require new EU-wide environmental quality standards? Frontiers in Chemistry, 2 (32):1-6.
  • Balkan, T., 2021. Determination of chlorsulfuron and pendimethalin in soil samples using modified QuEChERS method by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 31 (1): 539-544.
  • Balkan, T. & H. Karaağaçlı, 2023. Determination of 301 pesticide residues in tropical fruits imported to Turkey using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Food Control, 147 (2023): 109576 (1-12).
  • Bao, W., B. Liu, D. W. Simonsen & H. J. Lehmler, 2020. Association between exposure to pyrethroid insecticides and risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in the general US adult population. JAMA internal medicine, 180 (3): 367-374.
  • Bhandari, G., P. Zomer, K. Atreya, H.G. Mol, X. Yang & V. Geissen, 2019. Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetable and potential health risks. Environmental Research, 172 (2019): 511-521.
  • Chen, C., Y. Qian, Q. Chen, C. Tao, C. Li & Y. Li, 2011. Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Xiamen, China. Food Control, 22 (7): 1114-1120.
  • Çılgı, T. & P. C. Jepson, 1992. The use of tracers to estimate the exposure of beneficial insects to direct pesticide spraying in cereals. Annals of Applied Biology, 121 (2): 239-247.
  • DiBartolomeis, M., S. Kegley, P. Mineau, R. Radford & K. Klein, 2019. An assessment of acute insecticide toxicity loading (AITL) of chemical pesticides used on agricultural land in the United States. PloS one, 14 (8): e0220029.
  • EFSA, 2007. Cumulative risk assessment of pesticides to human health. The way forward. In EFSA Scientific colloquium summary report. EFSA Journal,4 (5):16-22
  • EFSA, 2016. Peer review of the pesticide risk assessment for the active substance clothianidin in light of con-firmatory data submitted. EFSA Journal, 14 (11): 1-34.
  • EPA, 1998. Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol: Chapter 7 Risk and Hazard Characterization. (https://www.columbia.edu/itc/sipa/envp/louchouarn/courses/envchem/Risk%20Characterization%20Region%206.pdf) (Date accessed: January 2025).
  • EPA, 2007. Method 1699: Pesticides in water, soil, sediment, biosolids, and tissue by HRGC/HRMS: Environ-mental Protection Agency, Washington, USA EPA-821-R-08-001, 96 pp. (Web page https://www.nemi.gov/methods/method_summary/9690) (Date accessed: January 2025).
  • EU, 2025. EU-Pesticides database (Web page: https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/mrls) (Date accessed: January 2025).
  • Faraj, T. K., M. H. EL-Saeid, M. M. Najim & M. Chieb, 2024. The impact of pesticide residues on soil health for sustainable vegetable production in arid areas. Separations, 11 (46): 1-25.
  • Futa, B., J. Gmitrowicz-Iwan, A. Skersienė, A. Šlepetienė & I. Parašotas, 2024. Innovative soil management strategies for sustainable agriculture. Sustainability, 16 (21): 9481 (1-30).
  • González-Curbelo, M. Á., D. A. Varela-Martínez & D. A. Riaño-Herrera, 2022. Pesticide-residue analysis in soils by the QuEChERS method: a review. Molecules, 27 (13): 4323 (1-23).
  • IRAC, 2025. Mode of action classification scheme. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC). Version 11.3 (Web page: https://irac-online.org/documents/moa-classification) (Date accessed: January2025)
  • Jing, X., W. Zhang, J. Xie, W. Wang, T. Lu, Q. Dong & H. Yang, 2021. Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticide residue in plant-soil-groundwater system about medlar planting in Golmud. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28 (21): 26413-26426.
  • Karasali, H., A. Marousopoulou & K. Machera, 2016. Pesticide residue concentration in soil following conventional and low-input crop management in a Mediterranean agro-ecosystem in central Greece. Science of the Total Environment, 541 (2016): 130-142.
  • Kaur, R., D. Singh, A. Kumari, G. Sharma, S. Rajput, S. Arora & R. Kaur, 2023. Pesticide residues degradation strategies in soil and water: a review. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20 (2023): 3537-3560.
  • Kaur, R., D. Choudhary, S. Bali, S. S. Bandral, V. Singh, M.A. Ahmad & B. Chandrasekaran, 2024. Pesticides: An alarming detrimental to health and environment. Science of The Total Environment, 170113 (915): 1-17.
  • Lesueur, C., M. Gartner, A. Mentler & M. Fuerhacker, 2008. Comparison of four extraction methods for the analysis of 24 pesticides in soil samples with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography–ion trap–mass spectrometry. Talanta, 75 (1): 284-293.
  • Lewis, S. E., D. M. Silburn, R. S. Kookana & M. Shaw, 2016. Pesticide behavior, fate, and effects in the tropics: an overview of the current state of knowledge. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 64 (20): 3917-3924.
  • Li, Z., 2025. Plant Uptake Models of Pesticides: Advancing integrated pest management, food safety, and health risk assessment. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 263 (1): 1-18.
  • Liu, Y., S. Li, Z. Ni, M. Qu, D. Zhong, C. Ye & T. Tang, 2016. Pesticides in persimmons. jujubes and soil from China: Residue levels. risk assessment and relationship between fruits and soils. Science of the Total Environment, 542 (2016): 620-628.
  • Liu, Z., Y. Gan, J. Luo, X. Luo, C. Ding & Y. Cui, 2025. Current status of emerging contaminant models and their applications concerning the aquatic environment: A Review. Water, 17 (1): 85 (1-39).
  • Mangold, S., K. Hornák, N. Bartolomé, I. Hilber & T. D. Bucheli, 2024. Concomitant determination of pesticides in soil and drainage water over a potato cropping season reveal dissipations largely in accordance with respective models. Science of The Total Environment, 945 (2024): 173971 (1-10).
  • Mariappan, P. & S. Tamilarasan, 2025. Transport Efficiency of Indoxacarb in Different Types of Soils Through Packed Columns. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 114 (1): 1-7.
  • Nagel, T. G., 2009. The QuEChERS method-a new approach in pesticide analysis of soils. Journal of Horticulture, Forestry and Biotechnology, 13: 391.
  • Pimentel, D., 1995. Amounts of pesticides reaching target pests: environmental impacts and ethics. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 8 (1995): 17-29.
  • Polat, B. & O. Tiryaki, 2022. Determination of insecticide residues in soils from Troia agricultural fields by the QuEChERS method. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46 (3): 251-261.
  • Polat, B. & O. Tiryaki, 2023. Determination of fungicide residues in soil using QuEChERS coupled with LC-MS/MS, and environmental risk assessment. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195 (8): 986.
  • Polat, B., 2021. Reduction of some insecticide residues from grapes with washing treatments. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 45 (1): 125-137.
  • PPDB, 2024. Pesticides properties data base. (Web page: https://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/ppdb/en/atoz_insect.htm) (Date accessed: June 2024).
  • PPPD, 2024. Plant protection product database. (Web page: https://bku.tarimorman.gov.tr/AktifMadde/Download?kayitId=1&fileId=29531) (Date accessed: May 2024) (in Turkish).
  • Sadeghi-Yarandi, M., A. Karimi, V. Ahmadi, A. A. Sajedian, A. Soltanzadeh & F. Golbabaei, 2020. Cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment of occupational exposure to 1, 3-butadiene in a petrochemical plant in Iran. Toxicology and industrial health, 36 (12): 960-970.
  • SANTE, 2021. Guidance SANTE 11312/2021. Analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residues analysis in food and feed. SANTE, 2021;11312/2021. (Web page https://www.accredia.it/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/SANTE_11312_2021.pdf) (Date accessed: January 2025)
  • Seagraves, M. P. & J. G. Lundgren, 2012. Effects of neonicotinoid seed treatments on soybean aphid and its natural enemies. Journal of Pest Science, 85 (1): 125-132.
  • Tadesse, A. W., 2021. Occurrences, potential sources and health impacts of organochlorine pesticides in soil from Wuhan, Central China. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107 (2): 296-311.
  • Temur, C., O. Tiryaki, O. Uzun & M. Basaran, 2012. Adaptation and validation of QuEChERS method for the analysis of trifluralin in wind-eroded soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part B, 47 (9): 842-850.
  • Tiryaki, O., D. Baysoyu, E. Seçer & G. Aydın, 2008. Testing the stability of pesticides during sample processing for the chlorpyrifos and malathion residue analysis in cucumber, including matrix effects. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 80: 38-43.
  • Tiryaki, O. & C. Temur, 2010. The fate of pesticide in the environment. Journal of Biological and Environmental Sciences, 4 (10): 29-38.
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pesticides and Toxicology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burak Polat 0000-0001-9171-1024

Osman Tiryaki 0000-0002-7509-8423

Project Number FBA2020-3228
Publication Date June 25, 2025
Submission Date February 12, 2025
Acceptance Date June 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025

Cite

APA Polat, B., & Tiryaki, O. (2025). Investigation of insecticide residues in the soil of agricultural areas and around water resources and associated risk assessment. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 49(2), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1638561
AMA Polat B, Tiryaki O. Investigation of insecticide residues in the soil of agricultural areas and around water resources and associated risk assessment. TED. June 2025;49(2):117-128. doi:10.16970/entoted.1638561
Chicago Polat, Burak, and Osman Tiryaki. “Investigation of Insecticide Residues in the Soil of Agricultural Areas and Around Water Resources and Associated Risk Assessment”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49, no. 2 (June 2025): 117-28. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1638561.
EndNote Polat B, Tiryaki O (June 1, 2025) Investigation of insecticide residues in the soil of agricultural areas and around water resources and associated risk assessment. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49 2 117–128.
IEEE B. Polat and O. Tiryaki, “Investigation of insecticide residues in the soil of agricultural areas and around water resources and associated risk assessment”, TED, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 117–128, 2025, doi: 10.16970/entoted.1638561.
ISNAD Polat, Burak - Tiryaki, Osman. “Investigation of Insecticide Residues in the Soil of Agricultural Areas and Around Water Resources and Associated Risk Assessment”. Turkish Journal of Entomology 49/2 (June 2025), 117-128. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.1638561.
JAMA Polat B, Tiryaki O. Investigation of insecticide residues in the soil of agricultural areas and around water resources and associated risk assessment. TED. 2025;49:117–128.
MLA Polat, Burak and Osman Tiryaki. “Investigation of Insecticide Residues in the Soil of Agricultural Areas and Around Water Resources and Associated Risk Assessment”. Turkish Journal of Entomology, vol. 49, no. 2, 2025, pp. 117-28, doi:10.16970/entoted.1638561.
Vancouver Polat B, Tiryaki O. Investigation of insecticide residues in the soil of agricultural areas and around water resources and associated risk assessment. TED. 2025;49(2):117-28.