KÜRESEL EKONOMİK KRİZLERİN KATILIM BANKALARININ PERFORMANSI ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: COVID-19 SALGINI ÖRNEĞİ
Abstract
Türkiye’de katılım bankaları adı altında faaliyet gösteren İslami bankacılık uygulamalarının etkinliği ve finans sistemi içerisindeki payı giderek artış göstermiş, söz konusu bankaların sundukları ürünler sayesinde, tasarrufların finansal sisteme kazandırılmasında, yurtiçinden olduğu kadar yurtdışından da kaynak temininde ve kaynakların çeşitlendirilmesinde önemli ilerlemeler sağlanmıştır. Faizsiz işlemler üzerine inşa edilen İslami bankacılık sisteminin küresel nitelikli krizlerden etkilenme düzeylerinin tespit edilmesi, sistemin etkinliğinin anlaşılmasına ve aksayan yönlerine yönelik gerekli iyileştirmelerin yapılmasına imkân verecektir. Bu çerçevede çalışmamızda 2008 küresel finans krizi ve Covid-19 salgını kaynaklı küresel ekonomik/finansal sorunlar karşısında Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren katılım bankalarının performanslarında ortaya çıkan gelişmeler mevduat bankalarıyla karşılaştırmalı olarak ele alınmıştır. Sistemdeki yapısal kırılmaları dikkate alan Gregory-Hansen eş bütünleşme testi kullanılarak, işletme giderlerinin aktiflere oranı, finansman-mevduat (katılım fonu) oranı, sorunlu finansman ve sermaye yeterlilik oranı göstergelerinin aktif karlılığı üzerindeki etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, 2008 küresel finans krizinden sonra katılım bankalarının performansında 2010 yılında (Krizin Avrupa’da borç krizine dönüştüğü dönem) bir kırılma meydana gelmiş, küresel salgın sürecinde ise herhangi bir kırılma oluşmamıştır. Mevduat bankaları açısından ise, küresel finans krizinin hemen arkasından 2009 yılında bir kırılma oluşmuştur. Covid-19 sürecinin mevduat bankaları üzerinde bir kırılma oluşturmadığı çalışmanın diğer bulguları arasında yer almaktadır.
Keywords
İslami finans Katılım bankaları Covid-19 salgını Finansal rasyolar Gregory-Hansen Eş-bütünleşme Testi
References
- Referans1: Adewale, A. A., (2020). Assessing the Stability of the Islamic Banking Industry amid the Covid-19 Pandemic, IFSB Working Paper Series, Islamic Financial Services Board.
- Referans2: Akdağ, S. & Ekinci, M. A., (2018). Çeşitli Finansal Oranlar İle Kârlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Katılım Bankaları Üzerine Bir Uygulama, in Kahyaoğlu, Sezer Bozkuş & Referans3: Özkara, Zülfi Umut, (Eds.), Katılım Finans: Teorik ve Ampirik Çalışmalar, Ankara, Turkey, Gazi Kitabevi Yayınları, 153 -170.
- Referans3: Akgüç, Ö., (2012). Banka Finansal Tablolarının Analizi, (2nd ed.), İstanbul, Turkey, Arayış Basım ve Yayıncılık.
- Referans4: Akkas, E. & Al Samman, Hazem, (2021). Are Islamic Financial Institutions more Resilient against the COVID-19 Pandemic in the GCC Countries?, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2020-0378
- Referans5: Akyüz, F., Soba, A. Ş. & Yeşil, Tolga, (2020). Katılım Bankalarının CAMELS Analizi Yöntemiyle Finansal Performanslarının Değerlendirilmesi, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (87), 145-166.
- Referans6: Ali, A., Bashir, M. F. & Afridi, M. A., (2021). Do Islamic Banks Perform Better than Conventional Banks? Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics (TUJISE), 8(1), 1-17.
- Referans7: Antonioa, M. S., Sanrego, Y. D. & Taufiq, M., (2012). An Analysis of Islamic Banking Performance: Maqashid Index Implementation in Indonesia and Jordania, Journal of Islamic Finance, 1(1), 12- 29.
- Referans8: Arslan, M. F. & Bayraktar, Y., (2020). Katılım Bankalarının Gelişimi ve Etkinliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Türkiye Deneyimi, Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(3), 107-123.
- Referans9: Arslantürk Çöllü, D., (2021). Katılım Bankaları mı? Geleneksel Bankalar mı? COVID-19 Salgınının Finansal Performans Üzerindeki Etkisine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 12(2), 477-488.
- Referans10: Arzova, S. B. & Bertaç, Ş. Ş., (2021). COVID 19’un Yarattığı Ekonomik Etkilerle Mücadelede Felsefesi, Araçları ve Karakteristik Özellikleriyle İslami Finansman Modelinin Rolü, Bilimname, XLIV, 2021/1, 451-489.
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- Referans12: Bumin, M., (2009). Türk Bankacılık Sektörünün Karlılık Analizi: 2002-2008, Maliye Finans Yazıları, 84, 39-61.
- Referans13: Canbaz, M. & Dur, S., (2019). Katılım Bankalarının Performansının Konvansiyonel Bankalar İle Karşılaştırılması: 2008 Kriz Dönemi Örneği, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(3), 1744-1756.
- Referans14: Çalışkan, E. & Eren, T., (2016). Bankaların Performanslarının Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi, [Evaluation of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making Performance of Banks]. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(2), 85-107.
- Referans15: Demirguc-Kunt, A., Pedraza, A. & Ruiz-Ortega, C., (2020). Banking Sector Performance During the COVID-19 Crisis, Policy Research Working Paper, No. 9363, World Bank Group.
- Referans16: Dinç, Yusuf, (2017), Katılım Bankalarında Performansın Bileşenleri; Özel Cari Hesapların Rolü, Türkiye İslam İktisadı Dergisi, 4(1), 67-84.
- Referans17: Doğan, M., (2013). Katılım ve Geleneksel Bankaların Finansal Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması: Türkiye Örneği, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 58, 175-188.
- Referans18: Engle, R. F., & Granger C. W.J., (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing, Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
- Referans19: Ersoy, H., Gürbüz, A. O. & Fındıkçı Erdoğan, M., (2020). COVID-19’un Türk Bankacılık ve Finans Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri, Alınabilecek Önlemler, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi COVID-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı, 19(37), 146–173.
- Referans20: Esmer, Y. & Bağcı, H., (2016). Katılım Bankalarında Finansal Performans Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 17-30.
- Referans21: Gezen, A., (2019). Türkiye’de Faaliyet Gösteren Katılım Bankalarının Entropi ve WASPAS Yöntemleri ile Performans Analizi, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (84), 213-232.
- Referans22: Goodell, J. W., (2020). COVID-19 and Finance: Agendas for Future Research, Finance Research Letters, 35, 1-4.
- Referans23: Gregory, A. W. & Hansen, B. E., (1996). Residual-based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
- Referans24: Hasan, Z., (2020)., The Impact of Covid-19 on Islamic Banking in Indonesia During The Pandemic Era, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 8.(2), 19-32.
- Referans25: Hassan, M. K., Rabbani, M. R., Asad M., & Ali, M., (2020). Challenges for the Islamic Finance and Banking in Post COVID Era and the Role of Fintech, Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 41(3), 93-116.
- Referans26: ICD-Refinitiv, (2019), Islamic Finance Development Report 2019: Shifting Dynamics, Islamic Corporation for The Development of The Private Sector, https://icd-ps.org/uploads/files/IFDI%202019%20DEF%20digital1574605094_7214.pdf, (15.09.2021)
- Referans27: ICD-Refinitiv, (2020). Islamic Finance Development Report 2020: Progressing Through Adversity, Islamic Corporation for The Development of The Private Sector, https://icd-ps.org/uploads/files/ICD-Refinitiv%20IFDI%20Report%2020201607502893_2100.pdf (15.09.2021)
- Referans28: Ichsan, R. N., Suparmin, S., Yusuf, M., Ismal, R. & Sitompul, S., (2021), Determinant of Sharia Bank's Financial Performance during the Covid-19 Pandemic, Budapest International Research and Critics Institute Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 4(1), 298-309.
- Referans29: IsDB, (2020). The Covid-19 Crisis and Islamic Finance: Response of The Islamic Development Bank Group, Islamic Development Bank, Discussion Draft, https://www.isdb.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2020-10/1.%20IsDB%20Group%20Report%20on%20Covid-19%20and%20Islamic%20Finance__FINAL.pdf (18.09.2021)
- Referans30: İslatince, N., (2018). Türkiye’deki Katılım Bankaları ve Mevduat Bankalarının (2010-2017) Dönemi Finansal Performans Farklılıklarının Kruskal Wallis Testi ve All-Pairwise Karşılaştırma Yöntemi ile Karşılaştırılması, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 8(4), 255-276.
- Referans31: Istan, M., & Fahlevi, M. (2020). The Effect of External and Internal Factors on Financial Performance of Islamic Banking. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 21(1), 137- 145.
- Referans32: Johansen, S., (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models, Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
- Referans33: Karadaş, H. & Salihoğlu, E., (2020). Seçili Makroekonomik Değişkenlerin Konut Fiyatlarına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16, 63-80.
- Referans34: Khan, T., Ahmad, W., Khalil Ur Rahman M. & Haleem, F., (2018). An Investigation of the Performance of Islamic and Interest Based Banking Evidence from Pakistan, Holistica, 9(1), 81-112.
- Referans35: Köse, E., Yörük Eren, F., Özdağoğlu, A. & Bekci, İ., (2021). Katılım Bankalarına Ait CAMELS Oranlarının MAUT Yöntemi İle Analizi: Covıd-19 Öncesi ve Sürecinde Bir Karşılaştırma, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3), 991-1005.
- Referans36: Rabbani, M. R., Asad, M., Ali, M., Ur Rahiman, H., Atif, M., Zulfikar, Z. & Naseem, Y., (2021), The Response of Islamic Financial Service to the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Open Social Innovation of the Financial System, Journal of Open Innovation Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(85), 1-17.
- Referans37: Rizwan, M., S., Ghufran, A., & Dawood, A., (2021). Systemic Risk, Islamic banks and the COVID-19 pandemic: An Empirical Investigation, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3824207 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3824207 (20.08.2021).
- Referans38: Sakti, M. R. P. & Malik, R., (2020). The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Islamic Finance Industry in the Kingdom of Bahrain, https://salaamgateway.com/story/the-impacts-of-covid-19-on-the-islamic-finance-industry-in-the-kingdom-of-bahrain. (15.08.2021)
- Referans39: Sarı, S., (2021). COVID-19 Salgınının Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Etkileri, New Era International Journal of Interdisiplinary Social Researches, 6(8), 89-106.
- Referans40: Şensoy, N., Bayraktar, O. & Arslan, H., (2020). COVID-19 Salgınının Neden Olduğu Ekonomik Duraksamanın Katılım Bankaları Üzerindeki Etkileri, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi İslam Ekonomisi ve Ekonomik Sistemler Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi, Araştırma No. 1. İstanbul.
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- Referans43: Tetik, N. & Şahin, A., (2020). Katılım Bankalarının Finansal Performans Analizi, Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 34(2), 293-314.
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THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISES ON PERFORMANCE OF PARTICIPATION BANKS: THE CASE OF THE COVID-19 OUTBREAK
Abstract
The efficiency of Islamic banking practices operating under the name of Participation Banks in Turkey and their share in the financial system have gradually increased, and thanks to the products offered by these banks, significant progress has been made in bringing savings into the financial system, in obtaining resources from abroad as well as from within the country, and in the diversification of resources. Determining the impact level of global crises to the Islamic banking system, which is built on interest-free transactions, will enable the efficiency of the system to be determined and the necessary improvements to be made for the faulty aspects. In this context, in our study, the developments in the performance of participation banks operating in Turkey in the face of global economic/financial problems caused by the 2008 global financial crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic are discussed in comparison with deposit banks. By using the Gregory-Hansen cointegration test, which considers the structural breaks in the system, the effects of the ratio of operating expenses to assets, financing-deposit (participation fund) ratio, non-performing financing ratio, and capital adequacy ratio indicators on the return on assets were analyzed. According to the findings, there was a break in the performance of participation banks in 2010 (the period when the crisis turned into a debt crisis in Europe) after the 2008 global financial crisis, but no break in the pandemic process. In terms of deposit banks, a break occurred in 2009, right after the global financial crisis. Other findings of the study include that the Covid-19 process did not create a break on deposit banks.
Keywords
Islamic finance Participation banks Covid-19 pandemic Financial ratios Gregory-Hansen Co-integration Test
References
- Referans1: Adewale, A. A., (2020). Assessing the Stability of the Islamic Banking Industry amid the Covid-19 Pandemic, IFSB Working Paper Series, Islamic Financial Services Board.
- Referans2: Akdağ, S. & Ekinci, M. A., (2018). Çeşitli Finansal Oranlar İle Kârlılık Arasındaki İlişki: Katılım Bankaları Üzerine Bir Uygulama, in Kahyaoğlu, Sezer Bozkuş & Referans3: Özkara, Zülfi Umut, (Eds.), Katılım Finans: Teorik ve Ampirik Çalışmalar, Ankara, Turkey, Gazi Kitabevi Yayınları, 153 -170.
- Referans3: Akgüç, Ö., (2012). Banka Finansal Tablolarının Analizi, (2nd ed.), İstanbul, Turkey, Arayış Basım ve Yayıncılık.
- Referans4: Akkas, E. & Al Samman, Hazem, (2021). Are Islamic Financial Institutions more Resilient against the COVID-19 Pandemic in the GCC Countries?, International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-07-2020-0378
- Referans5: Akyüz, F., Soba, A. Ş. & Yeşil, Tolga, (2020). Katılım Bankalarının CAMELS Analizi Yöntemiyle Finansal Performanslarının Değerlendirilmesi, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (87), 145-166.
- Referans6: Ali, A., Bashir, M. F. & Afridi, M. A., (2021). Do Islamic Banks Perform Better than Conventional Banks? Turkish Journal of Islamic Economics (TUJISE), 8(1), 1-17.
- Referans7: Antonioa, M. S., Sanrego, Y. D. & Taufiq, M., (2012). An Analysis of Islamic Banking Performance: Maqashid Index Implementation in Indonesia and Jordania, Journal of Islamic Finance, 1(1), 12- 29.
- Referans8: Arslan, M. F. & Bayraktar, Y., (2020). Katılım Bankalarının Gelişimi ve Etkinliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Türkiye Deneyimi, Maliye Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(3), 107-123.
- Referans9: Arslantürk Çöllü, D., (2021). Katılım Bankaları mı? Geleneksel Bankalar mı? COVID-19 Salgınının Finansal Performans Üzerindeki Etkisine İlişkin Bir Değerlendirme, Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 12(2), 477-488.
- Referans10: Arzova, S. B. & Bertaç, Ş. Ş., (2021). COVID 19’un Yarattığı Ekonomik Etkilerle Mücadelede Felsefesi, Araçları ve Karakteristik Özellikleriyle İslami Finansman Modelinin Rolü, Bilimname, XLIV, 2021/1, 451-489.
- Referans11: BDDK, (2021), Monthly Banking Sector Data. http://www.bddk.org.tr/BultenAylik/en/Home/Gelismis, (20.09.2021)
- Referans12: Bumin, M., (2009). Türk Bankacılık Sektörünün Karlılık Analizi: 2002-2008, Maliye Finans Yazıları, 84, 39-61.
- Referans13: Canbaz, M. & Dur, S., (2019). Katılım Bankalarının Performansının Konvansiyonel Bankalar İle Karşılaştırılması: 2008 Kriz Dönemi Örneği, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(3), 1744-1756.
- Referans14: Çalışkan, E. & Eren, T., (2016). Bankaların Performanslarının Çok Kriterli Karar Verme Yöntemiyle Değerlendirilmesi, [Evaluation of the Multi-Criteria Decision Making Performance of Banks]. Ordu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 6(2), 85-107.
- Referans15: Demirguc-Kunt, A., Pedraza, A. & Ruiz-Ortega, C., (2020). Banking Sector Performance During the COVID-19 Crisis, Policy Research Working Paper, No. 9363, World Bank Group.
- Referans16: Dinç, Yusuf, (2017), Katılım Bankalarında Performansın Bileşenleri; Özel Cari Hesapların Rolü, Türkiye İslam İktisadı Dergisi, 4(1), 67-84.
- Referans17: Doğan, M., (2013). Katılım ve Geleneksel Bankaların Finansal Performanslarının Karşılaştırılması: Türkiye Örneği, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 58, 175-188.
- Referans18: Engle, R. F., & Granger C. W.J., (1987). Co-integration and Error Correction: Representation, Estimation, and Testing, Econometrica, 55(2), 251-276.
- Referans19: Ersoy, H., Gürbüz, A. O. & Fındıkçı Erdoğan, M., (2020). COVID-19’un Türk Bankacılık ve Finans Sektörü Üzerine Etkileri, Alınabilecek Önlemler, İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi COVID-19 Sosyal Bilimler Özel Sayısı, 19(37), 146–173.
- Referans20: Esmer, Y. & Bağcı, H., (2016). Katılım Bankalarında Finansal Performans Analizi: Türkiye Örneği, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(15), 17-30.
- Referans21: Gezen, A., (2019). Türkiye’de Faaliyet Gösteren Katılım Bankalarının Entropi ve WASPAS Yöntemleri ile Performans Analizi, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (84), 213-232.
- Referans22: Goodell, J. W., (2020). COVID-19 and Finance: Agendas for Future Research, Finance Research Letters, 35, 1-4.
- Referans23: Gregory, A. W. & Hansen, B. E., (1996). Residual-based Tests for Cointegration in Models with Regime Shifts. Journal of Econometrics, 70(1), 99-126.
- Referans24: Hasan, Z., (2020)., The Impact of Covid-19 on Islamic Banking in Indonesia During The Pandemic Era, Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 8.(2), 19-32.
- Referans25: Hassan, M. K., Rabbani, M. R., Asad M., & Ali, M., (2020). Challenges for the Islamic Finance and Banking in Post COVID Era and the Role of Fintech, Journal of Economic Cooperation and Development, 41(3), 93-116.
- Referans26: ICD-Refinitiv, (2019), Islamic Finance Development Report 2019: Shifting Dynamics, Islamic Corporation for The Development of The Private Sector, https://icd-ps.org/uploads/files/IFDI%202019%20DEF%20digital1574605094_7214.pdf, (15.09.2021)
- Referans27: ICD-Refinitiv, (2020). Islamic Finance Development Report 2020: Progressing Through Adversity, Islamic Corporation for The Development of The Private Sector, https://icd-ps.org/uploads/files/ICD-Refinitiv%20IFDI%20Report%2020201607502893_2100.pdf (15.09.2021)
- Referans28: Ichsan, R. N., Suparmin, S., Yusuf, M., Ismal, R. & Sitompul, S., (2021), Determinant of Sharia Bank's Financial Performance during the Covid-19 Pandemic, Budapest International Research and Critics Institute Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 4(1), 298-309.
- Referans29: IsDB, (2020). The Covid-19 Crisis and Islamic Finance: Response of The Islamic Development Bank Group, Islamic Development Bank, Discussion Draft, https://www.isdb.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2020-10/1.%20IsDB%20Group%20Report%20on%20Covid-19%20and%20Islamic%20Finance__FINAL.pdf (18.09.2021)
- Referans30: İslatince, N., (2018). Türkiye’deki Katılım Bankaları ve Mevduat Bankalarının (2010-2017) Dönemi Finansal Performans Farklılıklarının Kruskal Wallis Testi ve All-Pairwise Karşılaştırma Yöntemi ile Karşılaştırılması, Journal of Current Researches on Social Sciences, 8(4), 255-276.
- Referans31: Istan, M., & Fahlevi, M. (2020). The Effect of External and Internal Factors on Financial Performance of Islamic Banking. Jurnal Ekonomi & Studi Pembangunan, 21(1), 137- 145.
- Referans32: Johansen, S., (1991). Estimation and Hypothesis Testing of Cointegration Vectors in Gaussian Vector Autoregressive Models, Econometrica, 59(6), 1551-1580.
- Referans33: Karadaş, H. & Salihoğlu, E., (2020). Seçili Makroekonomik Değişkenlerin Konut Fiyatlarına Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği, Ekonomik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 16, 63-80.
- Referans34: Khan, T., Ahmad, W., Khalil Ur Rahman M. & Haleem, F., (2018). An Investigation of the Performance of Islamic and Interest Based Banking Evidence from Pakistan, Holistica, 9(1), 81-112.
- Referans35: Köse, E., Yörük Eren, F., Özdağoğlu, A. & Bekci, İ., (2021). Katılım Bankalarına Ait CAMELS Oranlarının MAUT Yöntemi İle Analizi: Covıd-19 Öncesi ve Sürecinde Bir Karşılaştırma, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(3), 991-1005.
- Referans36: Rabbani, M. R., Asad, M., Ali, M., Ur Rahiman, H., Atif, M., Zulfikar, Z. & Naseem, Y., (2021), The Response of Islamic Financial Service to the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Open Social Innovation of the Financial System, Journal of Open Innovation Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(85), 1-17.
- Referans37: Rizwan, M., S., Ghufran, A., & Dawood, A., (2021). Systemic Risk, Islamic banks and the COVID-19 pandemic: An Empirical Investigation, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3824207 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3824207 (20.08.2021).
- Referans38: Sakti, M. R. P. & Malik, R., (2020). The Impacts of COVID-19 on the Islamic Finance Industry in the Kingdom of Bahrain, https://salaamgateway.com/story/the-impacts-of-covid-19-on-the-islamic-finance-industry-in-the-kingdom-of-bahrain. (15.08.2021)
- Referans39: Sarı, S., (2021). COVID-19 Salgınının Türk Bankacılık Sektörüne Etkileri, New Era International Journal of Interdisiplinary Social Researches, 6(8), 89-106.
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Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Makaleler |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | August 28, 2022 |
| Publication Date | August 30, 2022 |
| Acceptance Date | April 25, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Issue: 62 |
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The Journal of Erciyes University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences is a free, open-access, peer-reviewed academic journal that has been in publication since 1981. The journal welcomes submissions in Turkish and English within the fields of economics, business administration, public finance, political science, public administration, and international relations.
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