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Evaluation of the Differences in the Body Composition of Childbearing and Non-Childbearing Women

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 18 - 30, 30.06.2025

İlhan Odabaş , Gökçe Akın

https://doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.53

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in body composition between parous and nulliparous women and to investigate whether giving birth influences body structure. This descriptive cross-sectional and prospective study included 806 women aged 25-50 who attended a health club between 2006 and 2016. While 375 of the participants had children, 431 did not. Personal information such as age, parity, exercise and health history were collected. All anthropometric measurements including height, subcutaneous fat thickness and circumference were performed according to the Heat & Carter Anthropometric Reference Manual. Body composition (% fat, fat weight (kg), lean body weight (kg) was measured using a Tanita MC-980A brand bioelectrical impedance device. Body mass index (weight/(height)²), sum of trunk skinfold thickness taken from four regions (chest (mm), subscapula(mm), suprailiac (mm), abdomen (mm)), sum of extremity skinfold thickness taken from four regions (biceps (mm), triceps (mm), thigh (mm), calf (mm)), waist circumference (cm) and waist-hip ratio (waist circumference / hip circumference) were calculated. Statistical analyzes were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 24. Independent Samples T-test was used to compare body composition components of parous and nulliparous women. Relationships between variables were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis. Differences between parous and nulliparous women in terms of % fat, fat weight, total trunk skinfold, total extremity skinfold, BMI, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio were assessed using basic linear regression analysis. Significant differences were found between women who have given birth and those who have not in terms of age, weight, % fat, fat weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, sum of trunk skinfolds, and sum of extremity skinfolds (p<0.05). In the regression model, childbirth had a weak yet significant positive effect on % fat (R²=0.38), fat weight (R²=0.31), and BMI (R²=0.23) (p<0.05). The study concludes that childbirth significantly affects women's body composition compared to women who have not given birth.

Keywords

Childbirth body composition BMI waist circumferences sum of trunk skinfolds sum of extremity skinfolds.

References

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Çocuk Doğuran ve Doğurmayan Kadınların Beden Yapısındaki Farklılıkların Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 18 - 30, 30.06.2025

İlhan Odabaş , Gökçe Akın

https://doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.53

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı doğum yapmış ve hiç doğum yapmamış kadınlar arasında vücut kompozisyonlarındaki farklılıkları değerlendirmek ve doğum yapmanın vücut yapısı üzerinde bir etkisi olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Tanımlayıcı, kesitsel ve prospektif olan bu çalışmaya 2006-2016 yılları arasında sağlık kulübüne giden 25-50 yaş aralığındaki 806 kadın dahil edildi. Katılımcıların 375'inin çocuğu varken, 431'inin çocuğu yoktu. Yaş, doğum sayısı, egzersiz ve sağlık geçmişi gibi kişisel bilgiler toplandı. Boy, vücut ağırlığı, deri altı yağ kalınlıkları(biceps, triceps, göğüs, subscapula, suprailiac, abdomen, thigh, and calf) ve çevre ölçümü (bel çevresi, kalça çevresi) dahil tüm antropometrik ölçümler Heat & Carter Antropometrik Referans Kılavuzu'na göre yapıldı. Vücut kompozisyonu (% yağ, yağ ağırlığı, yağsız vücut ağırlığı) Tanita MC-980A marka biyoelektrik empedans cihazı kullanılarak ölçüldü. Beden kütle indeksi(ağırlık/(boy)²), dört bölgeden alınan gövde deri altı yağı kıvrım kalınlıkları toplamları (göğüs(mm), subskapula(mm), suprailiak(mm), abdomen(mm) ve dört bölgeden alınan ekstremite deri altı yağı kıvrım toplamları (biseps(mm), triseps(mm), uyluk(mm), kalf(mm), bel çevresi(cm) ve bel-kalça oranı (bel çevresi /kalça çevresi) hesaplanmıştır. İstatistiksel analizler IBM SPSS Statistics 24 kullanılarak yapıldı. Doğum yapmış ve hiç doğum yapmamış kadınların vücut kompozisyon bileşenlerini karşılaştırmak için Bağımsız Örneklemler T-testi kullanıldı. Değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon analizi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Doğum yapmış ve yapmamış kadınlar arasındaki % yağ, yağ ağırlığı, gövde deri kıvrımı ve ekstremite deri kıvrımı toplamları, beden kütle İndeksi, bel çevresi ve bel-kalça oranı arasındaki farklar temel doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Doğum yapmış ve yapmamış kadınlar arasında yaş, kilo, % yağ, yağ ağırlığı, VKİ, bel çevresi, bel-kalça oranı, gövde deri kıvrımı toplamı ve ekstremite deri kıvrımı toplamı açısından anlamlı farklar bulundu (p<0,05). Regresyon modelinde doğumun % yağ (R²=0,38), yağ ağırlığı (R²=0,31) ve VKİ (R²=0,23) üzerinde zayıf ancak anlamlı pozitif etkisi vardı (p<0,05). Çalışmada, doğum yapan kadınların vücut kompozisyonunun, doğum yapmayan kadınlara göre önemli ölçüde etkilendiği sonucuna varıldı.

Keywords

Doğum vücut kompozisyonu vücut kitle indeksi bel çevresi gövde deri kıvrımı toplamı ekstremite deri kıvrımı toplamı.

References

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  • Aune, D., Schlesinger, S., Henriksen, T., Saugstad, O. D., & Tonstad, S. (2017). Physical activity and the risk of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 124(12), 1816-1826. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.14672
  • Belahsen, R., Mziwira, M., & Fertat, F. (2004). Anthropometry of women of childbearing age in Morocco: body composition and prevalence of overweight and obesity. Public health nutrition, 7(4), 523-530. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2003570
  • Bobrow, K. L., Quigley, M. A., Green, J., Reeves, G. K., & Beral, V. (2013). Persistent effects of women’s parity and breastfeeding patterns on their body mass index: results from the Million Women Study. International journal of obesity, 37(5), 712-717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.76
  • Brown, W. J., Hayman, M., Haakstad, L. A., Lamerton, T., Mena, G. P., Green, A., ... & Mielke, G. I. (2022). Australian guidelines for physical activity in pregnancy and postpartum. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 25(6), 511-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2022.03.008
  • Butte, N. F., & King, J. C. (2005). Energy requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Public health nutrition, 8(7a), 1010-1027. https://doi.org/10.1079/PHN2005793
  • Carter, J. E. L. (2002). Part 1: The Heath-Carter anthropometric somatotype-instruction manual. Department of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences San Diego State University.
  • Dalfra, M. G., Burlina, S., & Lapolla, A. (2022). Weight gain during pregnancy: A narrative review on the recent evidences. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 188, 109913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109913
  • DiPietro, L., Evenson, K. R., Bloodgood, B., Sprow, K., Troiano, R. P., Piercy, K. L., ... & Powell, K. E. (2019). Benefits of physical activity during pregnancy and postpartum: an umbrella review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 51(6), 1292. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001941
  • Evenson, K. R., & Wen, F. (2011). Prevalence and correlates of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior among US pregnant women. Preventive medicine, 53(1-2), 39-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.04.014
  • Evenson, K. R., Barakat, R., Brown, W. J., Dargent-Molina, P., Haruna, M., Mikkelsen, E. M., ... & Yeo, S. (2014). Guidelines for physical activity during pregnancy: comparisons from around the world. American journal of lifestyle medicine, 8(2), 102-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613498204
  • Fentie, A., Fetene, G., Kassahun, Z., & Ambachew, S. (2024). Prevalence and associated factors of metabolic syndrome among pregnant Ethiopian women: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 14424. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-65107-z
  • Ford, E. S., Giles, W. H., & Dietz, W. H. (2002). Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Jama, 287(3), 356-359. doi:10.1001/jama.287.3.356
  • Fraser, A., Tilling, K., Macdonald-Wallis, C., Hughes, R., Sattar, N., Nelson, S. M., & Lawlor, D. A. (2011). “Associations of gestational weight gain with maternal body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure measured 16 y after pregnancy: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). The American journal of clinical nutrition, 93(6), 1285-1292. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.110.008326
  • Frick, A. P. (2021). Advanced maternal age and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 70, 92-100.). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2020.07.005
  • Gunderson, E. P., Sternfeld, B., Wellons, M. F., Whitmer, R. A., Chiang, V., Quesenberry Jr, C. P., ... & Sidney, S. (2008). Childbearing may increase visceral adipose tissue independent of overall increase in body fat. Obesity, 16(5), 1078-1084. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.40
  • Gunderson, E. P. (2009). Childbearing and obesity in women: weight before, during, and after pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, 36(2), 317-332.
  • Harrison, C. L., Brown, W. J., Hayman, M., Moran, L. J., & Redman, L. M. (2016, March). The role of physical activity in preconception, pregnancy and postpartum health. In Seminars in reproductive medicine (Vol. 34, No. 02, pp. e28-e37). Thieme Medical Publishers. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2009.04.001
  • Ke, J. F., Liu, S., Ge, R. L., Ma, L., & Li, M. F. (2023). Associations of maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain with the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Chinese women with gestational diabetes mellitus. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(1), 414. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05657-8
  • Kinnunen, T. I., Pasanen, M., Aittasalo, M., Fogelholm, M., Hilakivi-Clarke, L., & Luoto, R. (2003). Reducing postpartum weight retention—A pilot trial in primary health care. Nutrition Journal, 2, 1. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-21
  • Li, N., Liu, E., Guo, J., Pan, L., Li, B., Wang, P., & Hu, G. (2013). Maternal prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes. PloS one, 8(12), e82310. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082310
  • Lovelady, C. A., Bopp, M. J., Colleran, H. L., Mackie, H. K., & Wideman, L. (2009). Effect of exercise training on loss of bone mineral density during lactation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(10), 1902-1907. DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a5a68b
  • Linné, Y., Barkeling, B., & Rössner, S. (2002). Long‐term weight development after pregnancy. Obesity Reviews, 3(2), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1467-789X.2002.00061.x
  • Liu, N., Wang, J., Chen, D. D., Sun, W. J., Li, P., & Zhang, W. (2020). Effects of exercise on pregnancy and postpartum fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 253, 285-295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.08.013
  • Magalhães, P. M., Cruz, S. P. D., Carneiro, O. A., Teixeira, M. T., & Ramalho, A. (2024). Vitamin D Inadequacy and Its Relation to Body Fat and Muscle Mass in Adult Women of Childbearing Age. Nutrients, 16(9), 1267. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16091267
  • Makama, M., Skouteris, H., Moran, L. J., & Lim, S. (2021). Reducing postpartum weight retention: a review of the implementation challenges of postpartum lifestyle interventions. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(9), 1891. doi: 10.3390/jcm10091891
  • Mottola, M. F. (2009). Exercise prescription for overweight and obese women: pregnancy and postpartum. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics, 36(2), 301-316. doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2009.03.005
  • Ochsenbein-Kölble, N., Roos, M., Gasser, T., & Zimmermann, R. (2007). Cross-sectional study of weight gain and increase in BMI throughout pregnancy. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 130(2), 180-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.03.024
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There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Activity and Health
Journal Section 2025 June
Authors

İlhan Odabaş 0000-0002-4578-5142

Gökçe Akın 0000-0001-8619-2493

Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date August 13, 2024
Acceptance Date June 16, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 10 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Odabaş, İ., & Akın, G. (2025). Evaluation of the Differences in the Body Composition of Childbearing and Non-Childbearing Women. Eurasian Research in Sport Science, 10(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.29228/ERISS.53
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