Abstract
Bu makale, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde yürütme emirlerini, Baş-kan’ın genellikle Kongre’ye başvurmaksızın hızlı ve etkili kararlar almasını sağlayan önemli bir idari araç olarak ele almaktadır. Yürüt-me emirleri, federal politikaları şekillendirme, bürokrasiyi yönlen-dirme ve yürütme organının etkinliğini artırma açısından merkezi bir rol oynamaktadır. Ancak, yürütme emirleri yetkisi, ABD Anayasası ve Kongre tarafından belirlenen yasal sınırlar ile demokratik denetim mekanizmaları çerçevesinde kısıtlanmaktadır. Makale, yürütme emirlerinin yayımlanma sürecini, tarihsel gelişimini, anayasal temel-lerini, işlevlerini, sınırlamalarını ve demokratik yönetişim üzerinde-ki etkilerini analiz ederek bu araçların ABD başkanlık sistemindeki önemli rolünü kapsamlı bir şekilde değerlendirmektedir. Ayrıca, di-ğer başkanlık direktiflerine, özellikle bildiriler ve genelgelere de de-ğinilmekte; bu araçların yürütme yönetimindeki işlev ve rolleri kar-şılaştırmalı bir perspektifle ele alınmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma, başkanlık yetkisi ile kurumsal denetim mekanizmaları arasındaki dinamik ilişkiyi federal politikaların şekillenmesi ve uygulanması açısından derinlemesine incelemektedir.
Keywords
Yürütme emirleri Başkanlık sistemi Kongre Yüksek Mahkeme Bil-diriler Genelgeler Anayasal sınırlar Demokratik denetim mekaniz-maları
References
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- Carp, Robert A., Kenneth L. Manning, Lisa M. Holmes, and Ronald Stidham. Judi-cial Process in America. 10th ed. CQ Press, 2019.
- Chemerinsky, Erwin. Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies. Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
- Chemerinsky, Erwin, Davis, Scott, Smith, Fred O., and Spaulding, Nancy W. Federal Courts in Context. Aspen Publishing, 2023.
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- Cooper, Phillip. By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Di-rect Action. 2nd ed. University Press of Kansas, 2016.
- Corwin, Edward S. The President: Office and Powers, 1787-1957: History and Analysis of Practi-ce and Opinion. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
- Cox, Adam B., and Cristina M. Rodríguez. The President and Immigration Law. Oxford University Press, 2020.
- Dallek, Robert. Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. Oxford University Press, 2004.
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- Devins, Neal, and Louis Fisher. The Democratic Constitution. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
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- Ertaş, Türker. Yürütme Organının Asli Düzenleyici İşlem Yapma Yetkisi Bağla-mında Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Anayasal Dü-zenlerdeki Benzer İşlemlerle Kıyaslanması ve Türk Hükümet Sistemine Etkisi. (2019): 5.
- Fendoğlu, Hasan Tahsin. “Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesinin Sınırları.” Adalet Dergisi 71, no. 2 (2023): 607-629. DOI: 10.57083/adaletdergisi.1391722.
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- Fisher, Louis. The Law of the Executive Branch: Presidential Power. Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Fisher, Louis. The Presidential War Power. 3rd ed. University Press of Kansas, 2013.
- Ginsberg, Benjamin, Theodore J. Lowi, Margaret Weir, Caroline J. Tolbert, And-rew L. Campbell, and Robert J. Spitzer. We the People: An Introduction to American Politics. 13th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2021.
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- Greenhouse, Linda. Justice on the Brink: A Requiem for the Supreme Court. Ran-dom House, 2022.
- Hebe, William. “Executive Orders and the Development of Presidential Power.” Villanova Law Review 17, no. 4 (1972): 688–712.
- Howell, William G. Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presiden-tial Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.
- Hult, Karen M. “Assessing the Trump White House.” Presidential Studies Quar-terly 51, 1 (2021).
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- Kelley, Christopher S., and Bryan W. Marshall. “The Last Word: Presidential Power and the Role of Signing Statements.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (2008): 248–267.
- Krutz, Gary, and Scott Waskiewicz. American Government 3e. OpenStax Rice University, 2023.
- Leffler, Melvyn P. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War. Stanford University Press, 2019.
- Leonnig, Carol D. “Trump Declares Emergency, Defying Congress on Border Wall Funding.” The New York Times, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com.
- Mayer, Kenneth R. With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power. Princeton University Press, 2002.
- McAuliffe, John. “Trump’s Emergency Declaration: The Political and Legal Implications.” The Washington Post, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com.
- McCloskey, Robert G., and Sanford Levinson. The American Supreme Court. 6th ed. The University of Chicago Press, 2016.
- McGinty, Brian. The Body of John Merryman: Abraham Lincoln and the Suspen-sion of Habeas Corpus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
- Meese, Edwin III. Reagan: The Inside Story. Simon & Schuster, 2015.
- Milkis, Steven M., and Michael Nelson. The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776-2021. CQ Press, 2022.
- Moe, Terry M., and William G. Howell. “The Presidential Power of Unilateral Action.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15, no. 1 (1999): 132-179.
- Neely Jr., Mark E. Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conf-lict in the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
- Neustadt, Richard E. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Poli-tics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. The Free Press, 1991.
- Nomer, Mert. ABD Başkanlık Sisteminde Başkanın Yetkileri. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2013.
- Oyez. “Zivotofsky v. Kerry.” Oyez, United States Court of Appeals for the Dist-rict of Columbia Circuit, June 8, 2015. https://www.oyez.org.
- Pika, Joseph A., John Anthony Maltese, and Andrew Rudalevige. The Politics of the Presidency. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2021.
- Powell, Jim. FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression. Crown Publishing Group, 2007.
- Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. Kindle ed., 2011.
- Reeves, Richard. President Nixon: Alone in the White House. Simon & Schuster, 2007.
- Rehnquist, William H. All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime. Vintage Books, 2000.
- Relyea, Harold C. Presidential Directives. DIANE Publishing, 2011.
- Robinson, Greg. By Order of the President. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
- Rossiter, Carl L. The American Presidency. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1987.
- Rossum, Ralph A., Gary A. Tarr, and Vincent P. Munoz. American Constitutional Law. 11th ed. Routledge, 2020.
- Rudalevige, Andrew. By Executive Order: Bureaucratic Management and the Limits of Presidential Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021.
- Sala, Brian R. “In Search of the Administrative President: Presidential Decree Powers and Policy Implementation in the United States.” In Executive Dec-ree Authority, edited by John M. Carey and Matthew Soberg Shugart, 257-281. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Imperial Presidency. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004.
- Schoen, Johanna. Abortion after Roe. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Caro-lina Press, 2015.
- Stack, Kenneth M. “The Statutory President.” Iowa Law Review 90, no. 3 (2005): 539-548.
- Stathis, Stephen W. Landmark Legislation 1774-2022: Major U.S. Acts and Trea-ties. 3rd ed. CQ Press, 2024.
- Sullivan, Kathleen M., and Gerald Gunther. Constitutional Law. 17th ed. Founda-tion Press, 2010.
- Thompson, Frank J., Kenneth K. Wong, and Barry George Rabe. Trump, the Ad-ministrative Presidency, and Federalism. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Ins-titution Press, 2020.
- Tushnet, Mark V. The Constitution of the United States of America: A Contextual Analysis. 3rd ed. Hart Publishing, 2018.
- Ustabulut, Batuhan. ABD ve Türkiye'de Yasama ve Yürütme Fonksiyonları Çer-çevesinde Yürütmenin Düzenleyici İşlem Yapma Yetkisi. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2023.
- Walker, Christopher J. “The Lost World of the Administrative Procedure Act: A Literature Review.” SSRN Electronic Journal 28, no. 2 (2021). https://lawreview.gmu.edu.
- Warber, Adam L. Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency: Legislating from the Oval Office. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
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Abstract
This article examines executive orders in the United States as a vital administrative instrument that enables the President to enact swift and impactful decisions, often without requiring prior Congressional approval. Executive orders play a pivotal role in shaping federal poli-cies, directing bureaucratic operations, and enhancing the efficiency of the executive branch. However, their scope is carefully constrained by the U.S. Constitution, legislative limits imposed by Congress, and mechanisms of democratic oversight. By analyzing the historical evolution, constitutional foundations, functions, limitations, and implications for democratic governance, this article provides a comprehensive assessment of the central role executive orders oc-cupy within the U.S. presidential system. Additionally, the study of-fers a comparative perspective on other presidential directives, such as proclamations and memoranda, emphasizing their unique roles and functions within the broader framework of executive governance. This approach illuminates the dynamic interplay between presiden-tial authority and institutional checks in shaping and implementing federal policies.
Keywords
Executive orders Presidential system Executive branch Congress Supreme Court Constitutional limits Presidential directives
References
- Aslan, Volkan. Karşılaştırmalı Anayasa Hukukunda ve Türkiye’de Devlet Baş-kanının Kararname Yetkisi. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2020.
- Atar, Yavuz. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamelerinin Hukuki Rejimi ve Anayasallık Denetimi. Anayasa Yargısı Dergisi 36/1, 2019.
- Bose, Meena, and Andrew Rudalevige. Executive Policymaking: The Role of the OMB in the Presidency. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers / Brookings Ins-titution Press, 2020.
- Burke, John P. The Institutional Presidency: Organizing and Managing the White House from FDR to Clinton. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000.
- Calabresi, Steven G., and Christopher S. Yoo. The Unitary Executive: Presidential Power from Washington to Bush. Yale University Press, 2008.
- Carp, Robert A., Kenneth L. Manning, Lisa M. Holmes, and Ronald Stidham. Judi-cial Process in America. 10th ed. CQ Press, 2019.
- Chemerinsky, Erwin. Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies. Wolters Kluwer, 2019.
- Chemerinsky, Erwin, Davis, Scott, Smith, Fred O., and Spaulding, Nancy W. Federal Courts in Context. Aspen Publishing, 2023.
- Collingwood, Loren, and Benjamin Gonzalez O’Brien. Sanctuary Cities: The Poli-tics of Refuge. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
- Cooper, Phillip. By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Di-rect Action. 2nd ed. University Press of Kansas, 2016.
- Corwin, Edward S. The President: Office and Powers, 1787-1957: History and Analysis of Practi-ce and Opinion. New York: New York University Press, 2008.
- Cox, Adam B., and Cristina M. Rodríguez. The President and Immigration Law. Oxford University Press, 2020.
- Dallek, Robert. Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. Oxford University Press, 2004.
- Deering, Christopher J., and Forrest Maltzman. “The Politics of Executive Or-ders: Legislative Constraints on Presidential Power.” Political Research Quarterly 52, no. 4 (1999): 779.
- Devins, Neal, and Louis Fisher. The Democratic Constitution. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Ellis, Richard J., and Michael Nelson, eds. Debating the Presidency: Conflicting Perspectives on the American Executive. 5th ed. Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, Sage Publications, 2021.
- Ertaş, Türker. Yürütme Organının Asli Düzenleyici İşlem Yapma Yetkisi Bağla-mında Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamelerinin Karşılaştırmalı Anayasal Dü-zenlerdeki Benzer İşlemlerle Kıyaslanması ve Türk Hükümet Sistemine Etkisi. (2019): 5.
- Fendoğlu, Hasan Tahsin. “Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararnamesinin Sınırları.” Adalet Dergisi 71, no. 2 (2023): 607-629. DOI: 10.57083/adaletdergisi.1391722.
- Fisher, Louis. Constitutional Conflicts between Congress and the President. 6th ed. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2014.
- Fisher, Louis. The Law of the Executive Branch: Presidential Power. Oxford University Press, 2015.
- Fisher, Louis. The Presidential War Power. 3rd ed. University Press of Kansas, 2013.
- Ginsberg, Benjamin, Theodore J. Lowi, Margaret Weir, Caroline J. Tolbert, And-rew L. Campbell, and Robert J. Spitzer. We the People: An Introduction to American Politics. 13th ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2021.
- Goodwin, Doris K. Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. Simon & Schuster, 2005.
- Greenhouse, Linda. Justice on the Brink: A Requiem for the Supreme Court. Ran-dom House, 2022.
- Hebe, William. “Executive Orders and the Development of Presidential Power.” Villanova Law Review 17, no. 4 (1972): 688–712.
- Howell, William G. Power without Persuasion: The Politics of Direct Presiden-tial Action. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.
- Hult, Karen M. “Assessing the Trump White House.” Presidential Studies Quar-terly 51, 1 (2021).
- Jacobs, Andrew. “Despite Claims, Trump Rarely Uses Wartime Law in Battle Against Covid.” The New York Times, September 22, 2020. https://www. nytimes.com.
- Kelley, Christopher S., and Bryan W. Marshall. “The Last Word: Presidential Power and the Role of Signing Statements.” Presidential Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (2008): 248–267.
- Krutz, Gary, and Scott Waskiewicz. American Government 3e. OpenStax Rice University, 2023.
- Leffler, Melvyn P. A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War. Stanford University Press, 2019.
- Leonnig, Carol D. “Trump Declares Emergency, Defying Congress on Border Wall Funding.” The New York Times, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com.
- Mayer, Kenneth R. With the Stroke of a Pen: Executive Orders and Presidential Power. Princeton University Press, 2002.
- McAuliffe, John. “Trump’s Emergency Declaration: The Political and Legal Implications.” The Washington Post, 2020. https://www.washingtonpost.com.
- McCloskey, Robert G., and Sanford Levinson. The American Supreme Court. 6th ed. The University of Chicago Press, 2016.
- McGinty, Brian. The Body of John Merryman: Abraham Lincoln and the Suspen-sion of Habeas Corpus. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.
- Meese, Edwin III. Reagan: The Inside Story. Simon & Schuster, 2015.
- Milkis, Steven M., and Michael Nelson. The American Presidency: Origins and Development, 1776-2021. CQ Press, 2022.
- Moe, Terry M., and William G. Howell. “The Presidential Power of Unilateral Action.” Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 15, no. 1 (1999): 132-179.
- Neely Jr., Mark E. Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation: Constitutional Conf-lict in the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011.
- Neustadt, Richard E. Presidential Power and the Modern Presidents: The Poli-tics of Leadership from Roosevelt to Reagan. The Free Press, 1991.
- Nomer, Mert. ABD Başkanlık Sisteminde Başkanın Yetkileri. İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık, 2013.
- Oyez. “Zivotofsky v. Kerry.” Oyez, United States Court of Appeals for the Dist-rict of Columbia Circuit, June 8, 2015. https://www.oyez.org.
- Pika, Joseph A., John Anthony Maltese, and Andrew Rudalevige. The Politics of the Presidency. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2021.
- Powell, Jim. FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression. Crown Publishing Group, 2007.
- Reeves, Richard. President Kennedy: Profile of Power. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993. Kindle ed., 2011.
- Reeves, Richard. President Nixon: Alone in the White House. Simon & Schuster, 2007.
- Rehnquist, William H. All the Laws but One: Civil Liberties in Wartime. Vintage Books, 2000.
- Relyea, Harold C. Presidential Directives. DIANE Publishing, 2011.
- Robinson, Greg. By Order of the President. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009.
- Rossiter, Carl L. The American Presidency. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1987.
- Rossum, Ralph A., Gary A. Tarr, and Vincent P. Munoz. American Constitutional Law. 11th ed. Routledge, 2020.
- Rudalevige, Andrew. By Executive Order: Bureaucratic Management and the Limits of Presidential Power. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021.
- Sala, Brian R. “In Search of the Administrative President: Presidential Decree Powers and Policy Implementation in the United States.” In Executive Dec-ree Authority, edited by John M. Carey and Matthew Soberg Shugart, 257-281. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
- Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr. The Imperial Presidency. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004.
- Schoen, Johanna. Abortion after Roe. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Caro-lina Press, 2015.
- Stack, Kenneth M. “The Statutory President.” Iowa Law Review 90, no. 3 (2005): 539-548.
- Stathis, Stephen W. Landmark Legislation 1774-2022: Major U.S. Acts and Trea-ties. 3rd ed. CQ Press, 2024.
- Sullivan, Kathleen M., and Gerald Gunther. Constitutional Law. 17th ed. Founda-tion Press, 2010.
- Thompson, Frank J., Kenneth K. Wong, and Barry George Rabe. Trump, the Ad-ministrative Presidency, and Federalism. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Ins-titution Press, 2020.
- Tushnet, Mark V. The Constitution of the United States of America: A Contextual Analysis. 3rd ed. Hart Publishing, 2018.
- Ustabulut, Batuhan. ABD ve Türkiye'de Yasama ve Yürütme Fonksiyonları Çer-çevesinde Yürütmenin Düzenleyici İşlem Yapma Yetkisi. Ankara: Adalet Yayınevi, 2023.
- Walker, Christopher J. “The Lost World of the Administrative Procedure Act: A Literature Review.” SSRN Electronic Journal 28, no. 2 (2021). https://lawreview.gmu.edu.
- Warber, Adam L. Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency: Legislating from the Oval Office. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
- Zelizer, Julian E., ed. The Presidency of Barack Obama: A First Historical As-sessment. Princeton University Press, 2018.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Constitutional Law, Public Law (Other) |
| Journal Section | Kamu Hukuku |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 24, 2025 |
| Submission Date | December 18, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | January 20, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 20 Issue: 1 |
Erciyes University Journal of Law Faculty by Erciyes University Law Faculty is licensed under CC BY-NC4.0