Research Article
Year 2025,
Volume: 27 Issue: 2, 249 - 256
Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı Clark ve Malecki (2019) tarafından geliştirilen Akademik Azim Ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışmasının yapılmasıdır. Ölçeğin uyarlama sürecindeki geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları iki farklı grup üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci katılımcı grup ortaokul öğrencilerinden, ikinci katılımcı grup ise lise öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Bu kapsamda çeşitli okullardan ortaokul ve lise öğrencileri uygun örnekleme yöntemine göre belirlenerek araştırmanın örneklemine dâhil edilmiştir. İki farklı örneklem grubu içerisinde ilgili yapının doğrulanıp doğrulanmadığını test etmek için Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi uygulanmıştır. Yapılan DFA sonuçlarına göre ölçeğin 10 madde ve tek boyuttan oluşan yapının iyi uyum değerlerine sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Akademik Azim Ölçeği’nin iç tutarlık katsayıları Cronbach Alpha güvenirlik katsayısı ile hesaplanmıştır. Buna göre; ölçeğin ortaokul öğrencileri için iç tutarlık katsayıları .89, lise öğrencileri için .92 ve bu iki gruptan oluşan örneklemin tamamı için ise .92 olarak belirlenmiştir. İç tutarlık katsayılarının belirlenmesinin ardından ölçeğin test tekrar test güvenirliği de hesaplanmıştır. Buna göre ortaokul öğrencilerinden oluşan grubun test tekrar test güvenirliği .82, lise öğrencilerinden oluşan grubun test tekrar test güvenirliği .86 ve bu iki gruptan oluşan örneklemin tamamı için ise .85 olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda Akademik Azim Ölçeğinin ortaokul ve lise öğrencilerinde geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Ethical Statement
Makale yer alan bilgilerin tamamı etik ilkelere uygun olarak hazırlanmıştır.
Supporting Institution
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Thanks
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References
- Banupriya. V., & Rajan. R. (2019). Grit and academic achievement: Is it related? International Journal of Indian Psychology, 7(2), 679-686. https://www.doi.org/10.25215/0702.081
- Barete, L. S., Apag, J., & Bracero, S. (2019). Grit and subjective well-being: The mediating and moderating role of spirituality. (Master Thesis), Psychology, Mindanao State Universty. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32676.94081
- Başol, G. (2013). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Bennett, D., McCarty, C., & Carter, S. (2020). The relationship between grit and academic performance in the classroom. Journal for Economic Educators, 20, 2, Retrieved from https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jfee/article/view/1900
- Brown, T. A. (2015). Methodology in the social sciences. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd Ed.). The Guilford Press.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (1999). Testing factorial invariance across groups: A reconceptualization and proposed new method. Journal of Management, 25(1), 1–27. doi: 10.1177/014920639902500101
- Clark, K. N., & Malecki, C. K. (2019). Academic grit scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction. Journal of School Psychology, 72, 49–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.001
- Credé, M., Tynan, M. C., & Harms, P. D. (2017). Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 492–511. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000102
- Datu, J. A. D., Valdez, J. P. M., & King, R. B. (2016). Grit counts but consistency does not! Validating the Short Grit Scale in a collectivist setting. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 35(1), 121–130. doi: 10.1007/s12144-015-9374-2
- De Vellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed., Vol. 26). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT–S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174. doi: 10.1080/00223890802634290
- Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Grit and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1087–1101. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087.
- Eskreis-Winkler, L., Duckworth, A. L., Shulman, E. P., & Beal, S. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 36. https://www.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036
- Flowers, C.P., Raju, N.S. & Oshima, T. C. (2002). A comparison of measurement equivalence methods based on confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans.
- Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ishitani, T. T., & DesJardins, S. L. (2002). A longitudinal investigation of dropout from college in the United States. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 4(2), 173–201. doi:10.2190/V4EN-NW42-742Q-2NTL
- Kirchgasler, C. (2018). True grit? Making a scientific object and pedagogical tool. American Educational Research Journal, 55, 4, 693-720. doi:10.3102/0002831217752244
- Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Methodology in the social sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Lam, K. K. L., & Zhou, M. (2019). Examining the relationship between grit and academic achievement within K‐12 and higher education: A systematic review. Psychology in the Schools, 56(10), 1654-1686.
- Lan, X. (2020). Grit and peer relationships in early adolescence: A person-centered approach. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(7), 2250–2269. doi:10.1177/0265407520921557
- Maravillas, M. A. (2016). Academic grit scale. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-28 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3559726
- Mason, H. D. (2018). Grit and academic performance among first-year university students: A brief report. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(1), 66–68. doi:10.1080/14330237.2017.1409478
- Mertler, C. A. & Vannatta, R. A. (2005) Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. 3rd Edition, Pyrczak, Los Angeles.
- Noronha, A.P.P, Dias-Viana, J.L. & Cavallaro, A.P.O. (2024). The influence of grit on life satisfaction of Brazilian undergraduate students: academic adaptation as a mediator. Fronties Psychology, 15:1331259. https://www.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331259
- Osborne, J. W., & Jones, B. D. (2011). Identification with academics and motivation to achieve in school: How the structure of the self influences academic outcomes. Educational Psychology Review, 23(1), 131-158. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011- 9151-1
- Özdoğan, A.Ç. (2023). Mediating role of academic grit and subjective vitality in the relationship between school belongingness and school satisfaction among middle school students who migrated after an earthquake. Journal of Happiness and Health, 3(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v3i2.64
- Palisoc, A., Matsumoto, R. R., Ho, J., Perry, P. J., Tang, T. T., & Ip, E. J. (2017). Relationship between grit with academic performance and attainment of postgraduate training in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 81(4), 67. doi:10.5688/ajpe81467
- Peker, A., & Cengiz, S. (2023). Academic monitoring and support from teachers and school satisfaction: The sequential mediation effect of hope and academic grit. Child Indicators Research, 16(4), 1553-1579.
- Postigo, Á., Cuesta, M., Fernández-Alonso, R., García-Cueto, E., & Muñiz, J. (2020). Temporal stability of grit and school performance in adolescents: A longitudinal perspective. Psicología Educativa, 27(1), 77 - 84. https://www.doi.org/10.5093/psed2021a4
- Prince, J. P. (2015). University student counseling and mental health in the United States: Trends and challenges. Mental Health & Prevention, 3(1—2). https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2015.03.001
- Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17, 268-274. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
- Spoeskes, J. (2018). The effect of grit on orientation to well-being, well-being and their relationship. Behavioural, Department of Psychology, (Master Thesis), University of Twente, Holland. Retrieved from http://purl.utwente.nl/essays/74852
- Stoffel, J. M., & Cain, J. (2018). Review of grit and resilience literature within health professions education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(2), 6150. doi:10.5688/ajpe6150
- Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve Davranışsal Ölçümlerde Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik (Reliability and Validity in Social and Behavioral Measurements), Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. ed.) Pearson, Boston
- Telef, B. (2014). Turkish Adaptation Study of Overall School Satisfaction Scale for Children/Çocuklar İçin Kapsamlı Okul Doyumu Ölçeği'nin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 10(2), 478-490.
- Terry, D., & Peck, B. (2020). Academic and clinical performance among nursing students: What's grit go to do with it?. Nurse Education Today, 88, 104371. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104371
- Vainio, M. M., & Daukantaitė, D. (2016). Grit and different aspects of well-being: Direct and indirect relationships via sense of coherence and authenticity. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 17(5), 2119–2147. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9688-7
- Weir, C. J. (2005). Language testing and validation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Williams, J. (2024). Associations Between Grit, Life Satisfaction, and Academic Outcomes in Elementary and Middle School Students (Master's thesis, The University of Alabama at Birmingham).
- Yıldırım, İ, ve Ergene, T. (2003). Lise Son Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Akademik Başarılarının Yordayıcısı Olarak Sınav Kaygısı, Boyun Eğici Davranışlar ve Sosyal Destek. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hunefd/issue/7813/102587
Academic Grit Scale: Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Study for Middle and High School Students
Abstract
The aim of this study is to adapt the Academic Grit Scale, developed by Clark and Malecki (2019), into Turkish. Validity and reliability studies for the adaptation process were conducted on two different groups. The first participant group consisted of middle school students, while the second participant group included high school students. Middle and high school students from various schools were selected using an appropriate sampling method and included in the study sample. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to test whether the construct was confirmed within these two distinct sample groups. According to the CFA results, the scale’s 10-item, single-factor structure demonstrated good fit indices. Internal consistency coefficients of the Academic Grit Scale were calculated using Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient. Accordingly, the internal consistency coefficient was determined to be .89 for middle school students, .92 for high school students, and .92 for the entire sample. After determining the internal consistency coefficients, the test-retest reliability of the scale was also calculated. Test-retest reliability was found to be .82 for the middle school group, .86 for the high school group, and .85 for the entire sample. As a result of the study, the Academic Grit Scale was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for middle and high school students.
References
- Banupriya. V., & Rajan. R. (2019). Grit and academic achievement: Is it related? International Journal of Indian Psychology, 7(2), 679-686. https://www.doi.org/10.25215/0702.081
- Barete, L. S., Apag, J., & Bracero, S. (2019). Grit and subjective well-being: The mediating and moderating role of spirituality. (Master Thesis), Psychology, Mindanao State Universty. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.32676.94081
- Başol, G. (2013). Eğitimde Ölçme ve Değerlendirme. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
- Bennett, D., McCarty, C., & Carter, S. (2020). The relationship between grit and academic performance in the classroom. Journal for Economic Educators, 20, 2, Retrieved from https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/jfee/article/view/1900
- Brown, T. A. (2015). Methodology in the social sciences. Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd Ed.). The Guilford Press.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (1999). Testing factorial invariance across groups: A reconceptualization and proposed new method. Journal of Management, 25(1), 1–27. doi: 10.1177/014920639902500101
- Clark, K. N., & Malecki, C. K. (2019). Academic grit scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction. Journal of School Psychology, 72, 49–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.001
- Credé, M., Tynan, M. C., & Harms, P. D. (2017). Much ado about grit: A meta-analytic synthesis of the grit literature. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(3), 492–511. doi: 10.1037/pspp0000102
- Datu, J. A. D., Valdez, J. P. M., & King, R. B. (2016). Grit counts but consistency does not! Validating the Short Grit Scale in a collectivist setting. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues, 35(1), 121–130. doi: 10.1007/s12144-015-9374-2
- De Vellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed., Vol. 26). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
- Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT–S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(2), 166–174. doi: 10.1080/00223890802634290
- Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Grit and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1087–1101. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.1087.
- Eskreis-Winkler, L., Duckworth, A. L., Shulman, E. P., & Beal, S. (2014). The grit effect: Predicting retention in the military, the workplace, school and marriage. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 36. https://www.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00036
- Flowers, C.P., Raju, N.S. & Oshima, T. C. (2002). A comparison of measurement equivalence methods based on confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Council on Measurement in Education, New Orleans.
- Hair, J., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. & Black, W. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
- Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Ishitani, T. T., & DesJardins, S. L. (2002). A longitudinal investigation of dropout from college in the United States. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 4(2), 173–201. doi:10.2190/V4EN-NW42-742Q-2NTL
- Kirchgasler, C. (2018). True grit? Making a scientific object and pedagogical tool. American Educational Research Journal, 55, 4, 693-720. doi:10.3102/0002831217752244
- Kline, R. B. (1998). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
- Kline, R. B. (2011). Methodology in the social sciences. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
- Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin karşılaştırılması. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Ankara.
- Lam, K. K. L., & Zhou, M. (2019). Examining the relationship between grit and academic achievement within K‐12 and higher education: A systematic review. Psychology in the Schools, 56(10), 1654-1686.
- Lan, X. (2020). Grit and peer relationships in early adolescence: A person-centered approach. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 37(7), 2250–2269. doi:10.1177/0265407520921557
- Maravillas, M. A. (2016). Academic grit scale. SSRN Electronic Journal, 1-28 doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3559726
- Mason, H. D. (2018). Grit and academic performance among first-year university students: A brief report. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 28(1), 66–68. doi:10.1080/14330237.2017.1409478
- Mertler, C. A. & Vannatta, R. A. (2005) Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. 3rd Edition, Pyrczak, Los Angeles.
- Noronha, A.P.P, Dias-Viana, J.L. & Cavallaro, A.P.O. (2024). The influence of grit on life satisfaction of Brazilian undergraduate students: academic adaptation as a mediator. Fronties Psychology, 15:1331259. https://www.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1331259
- Osborne, J. W., & Jones, B. D. (2011). Identification with academics and motivation to achieve in school: How the structure of the self influences academic outcomes. Educational Psychology Review, 23(1), 131-158. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011- 9151-1
- Özdoğan, A.Ç. (2023). Mediating role of academic grit and subjective vitality in the relationship between school belongingness and school satisfaction among middle school students who migrated after an earthquake. Journal of Happiness and Health, 3(2), 127–138. https://doi.org/10.47602/johah.v3i2.64
- Palisoc, A., Matsumoto, R. R., Ho, J., Perry, P. J., Tang, T. T., & Ip, E. J. (2017). Relationship between grit with academic performance and attainment of postgraduate training in pharmacy students. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 81(4), 67. doi:10.5688/ajpe81467
- Peker, A., & Cengiz, S. (2023). Academic monitoring and support from teachers and school satisfaction: The sequential mediation effect of hope and academic grit. Child Indicators Research, 16(4), 1553-1579.
- Postigo, Á., Cuesta, M., Fernández-Alonso, R., García-Cueto, E., & Muñiz, J. (2020). Temporal stability of grit and school performance in adolescents: A longitudinal perspective. Psicología Educativa, 27(1), 77 - 84. https://www.doi.org/10.5093/psed2021a4
- Prince, J. P. (2015). University student counseling and mental health in the United States: Trends and challenges. Mental Health & Prevention, 3(1—2). https://www.doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2015.03.001
- Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross-cultural health care research: A clear and user-friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17, 268-274. https://www.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2753.2010.01434.x
- Spoeskes, J. (2018). The effect of grit on orientation to well-being, well-being and their relationship. Behavioural, Department of Psychology, (Master Thesis), University of Twente, Holland. Retrieved from http://purl.utwente.nl/essays/74852
- Stoffel, J. M., & Cain, J. (2018). Review of grit and resilience literature within health professions education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 82(2), 6150. doi:10.5688/ajpe6150
- Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve Davranışsal Ölçümlerde Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlilik (Reliability and Validity in Social and Behavioral Measurements), Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
- Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (6. ed.) Pearson, Boston
- Telef, B. (2014). Turkish Adaptation Study of Overall School Satisfaction Scale for Children/Çocuklar İçin Kapsamlı Okul Doyumu Ölçeği'nin Türkçeye Uyarlama Çalışması. Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama, 10(2), 478-490.
- Terry, D., & Peck, B. (2020). Academic and clinical performance among nursing students: What's grit go to do with it?. Nurse Education Today, 88, 104371. Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2020.104371
- Vainio, M. M., & Daukantaitė, D. (2016). Grit and different aspects of well-being: Direct and indirect relationships via sense of coherence and authenticity. Journal of Happiness Studies: An Interdisciplinary Forum on Subjective Well-Being, 17(5), 2119–2147. https://www.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9688-7
- Weir, C. J. (2005). Language testing and validation. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Williams, J. (2024). Associations Between Grit, Life Satisfaction, and Academic Outcomes in Elementary and Middle School Students (Master's thesis, The University of Alabama at Birmingham).
- Yıldırım, İ, ve Ergene, T. (2003). Lise Son Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Akademik Başarılarının Yordayıcısı Olarak Sınav Kaygısı, Boyun Eğici Davranışlar ve Sosyal Destek. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/hunefd/issue/7813/102587
There are 46 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | School Counseling |
| Journal Section | In This Issue |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 19, 2025 |
| Publication Date | |
| Submission Date | November 14, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | May 5, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 27 Issue: 2 |