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Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 164 - 176, 13.07.2025

İbrahim Hakkı Çağıran

https://doi.org/10.62425/esbder.1522715

Abstract

Obesity is defined as a condition characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that poses a risk to health. Various behavioral changes include current dietary practices. One of the contemporary dietary approaches, intermittent fasting. Intermittent fasting refers to the cycle between periods of eating and fasting. This review article aims to examine the potential effects of intermittent fasting on health. The study included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted between 2013 and 2024. In the study, a total of 20 different articles were included, examining 1667 participants. Intermittent fasting holds promise for the management and alleviation of symptoms of various non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. While current research suggests that intermittent fasting has beneficial effects on human health, including improved metabolic health and weight management, more clinical studies are needed to better understand this interaction.

Keywords

Diet intermittent fasting nutrition obesity type-2 diabetes

References

  • Anton, S. D., Lee, S. A., Donahoo, W. T., McLaren, C., Manini, T., Leeuwenburgh, C., & Pahor, M. (2019). The Effects of Time Restricted Feeding on Overweight, Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 11(7), 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071500
  • Antoni, R., Johnston, K. L., Collins, A. L., & Robertson, M. D. (2018). Intermittent v . continuous energy restriction: differential effects on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism following matched weight loss in overweight/obese participants. British Journal of Nutrition, 119(5), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517003890
  • Arciero, P. J., Arciero, K. M., Poe, M., Mohr, A. E., Ives, S. J., Arciero, A., Boyce, M., Zhang, J., Haas, M., Valdez, E., Corbet, D., Judd, K., Smith, A., Furlong, O., Wahler, M., & Gumpricht, E. (2022). Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women. Nutrition Journal, 21(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0
  • Arnason, T. G., Bowen, M. W., & Mansell, K. D. (2017). Effects of intermittent fasting on health markers in those with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. World Journal of Diabetes, 8(4), 154. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.154
  • Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., & Varady, K. A. (2013). Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity, 21(7), 1370–1379. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20353
  • Bowen, J., Brindal, E., James-Martin, G., & Noakes, M. (2018). Randomized Trial of a High Protein, Partial Meal Replacement Program with or without Alternate Day Fasting: Similar Effects on Weight Loss, Retention Status, Nutritional, Metabolic, and Behavioral Outcomes. Nutrients, 10(9), 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091145
  • Carter, S., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2016). The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.10.010
  • Carter, S., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2019). The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: 24-month follow-up of a randomised noninferiority trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 151, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.022
  • Chair, S. Y., Cai, H., Cao, X., Qin, Y., Cheng, H. Y., & Ng, M. T. (2022). Intermittent Fasting in Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nursing Research, 30(1), e185. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000469
  • Cho, A.-R., Moon, J.-Y., Kim, S., An, K.-Y., Oh, M., Jeon, J. Y., Jung, D.-H., Choi, M. H., & Lee, J.-W. (2019). Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Metabolism, 93, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002
  • Corley, B. T., Carroll, R. W., Hall, R. M., Weatherall, M., Parry‐Strong, A., & Krebs, J. D. (2018). Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine, 35(5), 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13595
  • Coutinho, S. R., Halset, E. H., Gåsbakk, S., Rehfeld, J. F., Kulseng, B., Truby, H., & Martins, C. (2018). Compensatory mechanisms activated with intermittent energy restriction: A randomized control trial. Clinical Nutrition, 37(3), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.002
  • Erdem, N. Z., Bayraktaroğlu, E., Samancı, R. A., Geçgil-Demir, E., Tarakçı, N. G., & Mert-Biberoğlu, F. (2022). The effect of intermittent fasting diets on body weight and composition. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 51, 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.030
  • Gabel, K., Hoddy, K. K., & Varady, K. A. (2019). Safety of 8-h time restricted feeding in adults with obesity. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 44(1), 107–109. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0389
  • Guo, Y., Luo, S., Ye, Y., Yin, S., Fan, J., & Xia, M. (2021). Intermittent Fasting Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Alters Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome Patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa644
  • Headland, M. L., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2019). Effect of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on weight loss and weight maintenance after 12 months in healthy overweight or obese adults. International Journal of Obesity, 43(10), 2028–2036. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0247-2
  • Hutchison, A. T., Liu, B., Wood, R. E., Vincent, A. D., Thompson, C. H., O’Callaghan, N. J., Wittert, G. A., & Heilbronn, L. K. (2019). Effects of Intermittent Versus Continuous Energy Intakes on Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Risk in Women with Overweight. Obesity, 27(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22345
  • Kunduraci, Y. E., & Ozbek, H. (2020). Does the Energy Restriction Intermittent Fasting Diet Alleviate Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12(10), 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103213
  • Obermayer, A., Tripolt, N. J., Pferschy, P. N., Kojzar, H., Aziz, F., Müller, A., Schauer, M., Oulhaj, A., Aberer, F., Sourij, C., Habisch, H., Madl, T., Pieber, T., Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Stadlbauer, V., & Sourij, H. (2023). Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Fasting in People With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes (INTERFAST-2)—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care, 46(2), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1622
  • Teong, X. T., Liu, K., Vincent, A. D., Bensalem, J., Liu, B., Hattersley, K. J., Zhao, L., Feinle-Bisset, C., Sargeant, T. J., Wittert, G. A., Hutchison, A. T., & Heilbronn, L. K. (2023). Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Nature Medicine, 29(4), 963–972. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02287-7

Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 164 - 176, 13.07.2025

İbrahim Hakkı Çağıran

https://doi.org/10.62425/esbder.1522715

Abstract

Obesity is defined as a condition characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that poses a risk to health. Various behavioral changes include current dietary practices. One of the contemporary dietary approaches, intermittent fasting. Intermittent fasting refers to the cycle between periods of eating and fasting. This review article aims to examine the potential effects of intermittent fasting on health. The study included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted between 2013 and 2024. In the study, a total of 20 different articles were included, examining 1667 participants. Intermittent fasting holds promise for the management and alleviation of symptoms of various non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type-2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. While current research suggests that intermittent fasting has beneficial effects on human health, including improved metabolic health and weight management, more clinical studies are needed to better understand this interaction.

Keywords

Diet intermittent fasting nutrition obesity type-2 diabetes

References

  • Anton, S. D., Lee, S. A., Donahoo, W. T., McLaren, C., Manini, T., Leeuwenburgh, C., & Pahor, M. (2019). The Effects of Time Restricted Feeding on Overweight, Older Adults: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 11(7), 1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071500
  • Antoni, R., Johnston, K. L., Collins, A. L., & Robertson, M. D. (2018). Intermittent v . continuous energy restriction: differential effects on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism following matched weight loss in overweight/obese participants. British Journal of Nutrition, 119(5), 507–516. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517003890
  • Arciero, P. J., Arciero, K. M., Poe, M., Mohr, A. E., Ives, S. J., Arciero, A., Boyce, M., Zhang, J., Haas, M., Valdez, E., Corbet, D., Judd, K., Smith, A., Furlong, O., Wahler, M., & Gumpricht, E. (2022). Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women. Nutrition Journal, 21(1), 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0
  • Arnason, T. G., Bowen, M. W., & Mansell, K. D. (2017). Effects of intermittent fasting on health markers in those with type 2 diabetes: A pilot study. World Journal of Diabetes, 8(4), 154. https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v8.i4.154
  • Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., & Varady, K. A. (2013). Alternate day fasting and endurance exercise combine to reduce body weight and favorably alter plasma lipids in obese humans. Obesity, 21(7), 1370–1379. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20353
  • Bowen, J., Brindal, E., James-Martin, G., & Noakes, M. (2018). Randomized Trial of a High Protein, Partial Meal Replacement Program with or without Alternate Day Fasting: Similar Effects on Weight Loss, Retention Status, Nutritional, Metabolic, and Behavioral Outcomes. Nutrients, 10(9), 1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091145
  • Carter, S., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2016). The effects of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; a pragmatic pilot trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 122, 106–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2016.10.010
  • Carter, S., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2019). The effect of intermittent compared with continuous energy restriction on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: 24-month follow-up of a randomised noninferiority trial. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 151, 11–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.03.022
  • Chair, S. Y., Cai, H., Cao, X., Qin, Y., Cheng, H. Y., & Ng, M. T. (2022). Intermittent Fasting in Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Nursing Research, 30(1), e185. https://doi.org/10.1097/jnr.0000000000000469
  • Cho, A.-R., Moon, J.-Y., Kim, S., An, K.-Y., Oh, M., Jeon, J. Y., Jung, D.-H., Choi, M. H., & Lee, J.-W. (2019). Effects of alternate day fasting and exercise on cholesterol metabolism in overweight or obese adults: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Metabolism, 93, 52–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2019.01.002
  • Corley, B. T., Carroll, R. W., Hall, R. M., Weatherall, M., Parry‐Strong, A., & Krebs, J. D. (2018). Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetic Medicine, 35(5), 588–594. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.13595
  • Coutinho, S. R., Halset, E. H., Gåsbakk, S., Rehfeld, J. F., Kulseng, B., Truby, H., & Martins, C. (2018). Compensatory mechanisms activated with intermittent energy restriction: A randomized control trial. Clinical Nutrition, 37(3), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.002
  • Erdem, N. Z., Bayraktaroğlu, E., Samancı, R. A., Geçgil-Demir, E., Tarakçı, N. G., & Mert-Biberoğlu, F. (2022). The effect of intermittent fasting diets on body weight and composition. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, 51, 207–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.08.030
  • Gabel, K., Hoddy, K. K., & Varady, K. A. (2019). Safety of 8-h time restricted feeding in adults with obesity. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 44(1), 107–109. https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2018-0389
  • Guo, Y., Luo, S., Ye, Y., Yin, S., Fan, J., & Xia, M. (2021). Intermittent Fasting Improves Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Alters Gut Microbiota in Metabolic Syndrome Patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 106(1), 64–79. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa644
  • Headland, M. L., Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2019). Effect of intermittent compared to continuous energy restriction on weight loss and weight maintenance after 12 months in healthy overweight or obese adults. International Journal of Obesity, 43(10), 2028–2036. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0247-2
  • Hutchison, A. T., Liu, B., Wood, R. E., Vincent, A. D., Thompson, C. H., O’Callaghan, N. J., Wittert, G. A., & Heilbronn, L. K. (2019). Effects of Intermittent Versus Continuous Energy Intakes on Insulin Sensitivity and Metabolic Risk in Women with Overweight. Obesity, 27(1), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22345
  • Kunduraci, Y. E., & Ozbek, H. (2020). Does the Energy Restriction Intermittent Fasting Diet Alleviate Metabolic Syndrome Biomarkers? A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12(10), 3213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103213
  • Obermayer, A., Tripolt, N. J., Pferschy, P. N., Kojzar, H., Aziz, F., Müller, A., Schauer, M., Oulhaj, A., Aberer, F., Sourij, C., Habisch, H., Madl, T., Pieber, T., Obermayer-Pietsch, B., Stadlbauer, V., & Sourij, H. (2023). Efficacy and Safety of Intermittent Fasting in People With Insulin-Treated Type 2 Diabetes (INTERFAST-2)—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Diabetes Care, 46(2), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-1622
  • Teong, X. T., Liu, K., Vincent, A. D., Bensalem, J., Liu, B., Hattersley, K. J., Zhao, L., Feinle-Bisset, C., Sargeant, T. J., Wittert, G. A., Hutchison, A. T., & Heilbronn, L. K. (2023). Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Nature Medicine, 29(4), 963–972. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02287-7
There are 20 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

İbrahim Hakkı Çağıran 0000-0003-3125-1198

Publication Date July 13, 2025
Submission Date July 26, 2024
Acceptance Date July 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çağıran, İ. H. (2025). Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences, 8(2), 164-176. https://doi.org/10.62425/esbder.1522715
AMA Çağıran İH. Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences. July 2025;8(2):164-176. doi:10.62425/esbder.1522715
Chicago Çağıran, İbrahim Hakkı. “Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting”. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences 8, no. 2 (July 2025): 164-76. https://doi.org/10.62425/esbder.1522715.
EndNote Çağıran İH (July 1, 2025) Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences 8 2 164–176.
IEEE İ. H. Çağıran, “Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting”, Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 164–176, 2025, doi: 10.62425/esbder.1522715.
ISNAD Çağıran, İbrahim Hakkı. “Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting”. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences 8/2 (July 2025), 164-176. https://doi.org/10.62425/esbder.1522715.
JAMA Çağıran İH. Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences. 2025;8:164–176.
MLA Çağıran, İbrahim Hakkı. “Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting”. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences, vol. 8, no. 2, 2025, pp. 164-76, doi:10.62425/esbder.1522715.
Vancouver Çağıran İH. Current Diet Practice: Intermittent Fasting. Journal of Midwifery and Health Sciences. 2025;8(2):164-76.
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